Fort Op de Hoge Woerd

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Fort Op de Hoge Woerd
Alternative name Fletio, Fletione
Hoge Woerd
Castle De Meern
Castle Vleuten-De Meern Castle
limes Lower Germanic Limes
Dating (occupancy) A) 47 to 69
B) 70 to around 150
C) around 150 to 270/275
Type Cohort fort
unit A) unknown cohort
B) Cohors I classica pia fidelis (Domitiana)
C) Cohors I classica pia fidelis
size 85 m × 120 m = 1.02 ha
Construction A) -B) Wood-earth warehouse
C) Stone fort
State of preservation partially reconstructed floor plans and paths; abstract reconstruction
place Vleuten-De Meern
Geographical location 52 ° 5 '11.9 "  N , 5 ° 2' 29.2"  E Coordinates: 52 ° 5 '11.9 "  N , 5 ° 2' 29.2"  E
height 2  m NAP
Previous Traiectum (east)
Subsequently Laurium (west)

The fort "Op de Hoge Woerd" was a Roman auxiliary fort along with a port facility and civil settlement ( vicus ) on the Lower Germanic Limes . Today's ground monument is in the area of Vleuten-De Meern , a Wijk (district) of the municipality of Utrecht in the Dutch province of Utrecht . The Roman military camp is possibly identical to the Fletio (also: Fletione ) mentioned in late antique and early medieval documents .

Location, sources and research history

Fletione on the Tabula Peutingeriana

Topographically, the garrison was on the eastern bank of a river called Mare , which was silted up in post-Roman times and shifted further west and flowing into the Oude Rijn , on an elevation called Hoge Woerd today (up to 3.5 m above the surrounding terrain level), north of the canalised Leidsche Rijn . The surrounding area consisted of a swampy landscape, which was characterized by frequent shifts of the river channels and in which - around 50 kilometers behind the coast at a time when the Rhine-Maas delta was not yet protected against the sea and the rivers still were not diked - the destructive effects of the tides and irregular tides in the North Sea were still clearly noticeable.

Situated on the High Middle Ages , dating back to late antique sources Tabula Peutingeriana as Fletione designated fort was in ancient times between Traiectum ( Utrecht , 5.5 kilometers east of Fletio) and Laurium ( Woerden , some 10 km west). In addition to the Tabula Peutingeriana, Fletio was also mentioned in the Cosmography of Ravenna , a geographical work from the late 7th / early 8th century. Nevertheless, and in spite of the linguistic similarity between the names Fletio and Vleuten , equating Fletio with the garrison place on the Hoge Woerd is not without problems, as there is no clear epigraphic evidence and conventionally a prescription for the clearly documented Fectio is available.

The occurrence of Roman finds has been reported continuously since the 16th century; scientific excavations have only taken place since the 1940s. In the next few decades there were only a few studies. This situation changed significantly, however, since the mid-1990s the settlement area of ​​the city of Utrecht expanded massively to the west with the construction of 35,000 apartments, combined with corresponding development measures, which necessitated large-scale archaeological measures prior to and accompanying the construction. These began in 1996 and have continued until today with almost no interruptions. The research results so far have been reflected in the publication series “Basisrapportages Archeologie” (BRArch) published by the genome department of the municipality of Utrecht, with 90 episodes so far. Further editions are in preparation.

Fort

Fletio in the course of the Lower Germanic Limes
On the left the reconstructed
Via Principalis , on the right the visitor center Archeoregio 13

Fletio belongs to the group of forts that were built in AD 47 for the defensive reinforcement of the northern Rhine border, when Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo was commander-in-chief ( legatus Augusti pro praetore ) of the Lower Germanic army district ( Exercitus Germaniae Inferioris ) under Emperor Claudius . It served the barracking of a cohort not known by name from this early phase - an infantry unit of almost 500 men - and was initially designed as a wood-earth camp. This first fort lasted until 69 AD, when it - like almost all other garrisons in Lower Germany - was destroyed during the Batavian uprising .

After the suppression of the uprising and the overcoming of the civil war , the military camp was first rebuilt in wood and earth. Brick stamps indicate the Cohors XV voluntariorum civium Romanorum (15th cohort of volunteer Roman citizenship), who probably only supplied the bricks or, at best, assigned a construction team. The main unit of the garrison was the Cohors I classica pia fidelis Domitiana (1st cohort of naval soldiers, nicknamed the Pious and Faithful of Domitian ), a formation that was either originally recruited from sailors or that was a kind of ancient marine infantry .

Around 150 the military camp was converted into a stone fort. Around 270/275 the fort was given up in connection with the withdrawal of the Limes to the line of the Waal further south .

The ground plan of the camp was determined by several smaller excavations between 1940 and 1994 and confirmed in 1991/1992 by means of boreholes and resistance measurements. It was in the shape of a rectangle, which, with sides of around 85 m × 120 m (corresponds to 1.03 hectares), was one of the smaller systems of its kind. With the long Praetorial Front (front) it was oriented to the west, towards the river. The enclosing wall had a gate flanked by towers on each side. Towers at the rounded corners of the fort and intermediate towers, however, could not be made out. From the internal structures, in particular the Principia (staff building), a team barrack with its Contubernia and a part of the Via Principalis (the main camp street that crosses the camp and the Principia ) were recorded. The Via Principalis was bordered on its west side by one or more buildings with portico . In its last phase of expansion, the road surface consisted of compacted brick rubble. It was reconstructed in this form over a length of around 175 m north of the camp.

Vicus and Balineum

The vicus , the civil settlement that can be found at almost every Roman fort and in which the relatives of the soldiers as well as innkeepers, prostitutes, veterans, craftsmen, traders and other service providers, nestled in the form of a street village in the north, east and west around the military camp. Its north-south extension was around 550 m, its width varied slightly around 100 m.

Part of the floor plan reconstruction of the fort thermal baths

As early as 1940, traces of a stone building had been found immediately north of the fort. Ceramic finds from this area have dated the building to the year 180. However, the investigations could not be continued as a result of the Second World War. Attempts to determine the exact contours of the structure in 1973 and 1992 were negative. It was only through electrical resistance measurements in 2006 that a building with a size of 16 m by 30 m could be determined, which can be referred to as the thermal baths of the fort. A floor plan reconstruction in the area makes the size and spatial structure of the fort bath clear.

Burial grounds

The terms “Gräberfeld Nord” (18 graves), “Gräberfeld Südwest” (7 graves) and “Gräberfeld Südost” (36 graves) found in the literature can be a little misleading because they all refer to the south / southeast of the fort and the vicus are located cemeteries and do not take into account the northern burials, which can be assumed with certainty. The excavating archaeologist Annemarie Luksen-IJtsma also explicitly points out in her publication that these areas must be understood as different “clusters” of one and the same burial site, for which there is no actual spatial or temporal separation. In 2004, a total of 64 graves were examined and their inventories recovered in the three areas mentioned and in three isolated locations. Of these, 46% were campfire graves , 30% were fire- filled graves and 8% were urn graves. 16% could no longer be determined. The grave field was occupied from the second half of the first century ( Flavian period ) to the first half of the third century, whereby the urn graves could only be assigned to the second century. In 27 graves (= 42%) burned animal bones were found.

Limesstrasse and watchtowers

The fort and vicus are connected to the Limes Road by a north-south connecting route. The path initially follows the axis of the Via Principalis running in a south-south-westerly direction, but bends just south of the camp by almost 50 ° to the south-south-east and in this escape strives towards the Limes road from Castra Herculis to Lugdunum Batavorum, which runs just under a kilometer south of the camp . In the area of ​​Fletio, the street was between eight and nine meters wide and flanked on both sides by drainage ditches. In the area of ​​the connection between the extension of the Via Principalis of the camp and Rheintalstrasse, a total of 1024 ceramic shards made of hand-made earthenware with a total weight of 49 kg were recovered from one of the drainage trenches. As a result, the seven strata of the trench filling could be dated as follows

layer number Weight in g from to event
1 14th 442 unknown 2nd century End of siltation
3-4 110 3119 70 to 80 AD unknown Progressive silting up of the trench
5 96 6702 around 40 AD 70 to 80 AD Construction of a bridge (around 40 AD) during the increasing siltation
5-6 71 2904 10 to 20 AD 70 to 80 AD See layer 5 and layer 6
6th 724 35,396 10 to 20 AD around 40 AD Beginning of siltation
7th 9 458 10 to 20 AD 10 to 20 AD

Shortly after the discovery of the ship De Meern 1 (see below) in 1997, the foundations of a watchtower were found near Vleuterweide. At that time it was a sensational first find, as such watchtowers were not expected on the Lower Rhine. It gradually became clear that the “Nasse Limes” had been monitored much more closely than had previously been assumed. It was equipped with watchtowers at regular intervals within sight (about 1.5 km). The crews of the towers could communicate with each other and with the forts at the rear by means of signal fires or smoke signals, so that an alarm could be passed on to the nearest garrison in a relatively short time. The towers were used to monitor the river and the Rhine Valley Road . The tower of Vleuterweide was surrounded by a palisade and a moat filled with water and provided with pointed obstacles. The floor plan of the tower was 3 by 3 meters, its height was probably five meters. It had two floors. The first phase of construction dates from around 40, the second phase around 160 AD. The layout of the watchtower was reconstructed in the area and is publicly accessible. In the meantime, similar watchtowers have been found at several locations in the area west of Utrecht, some of which were in function up to the year 260.

Bank fortifications and ship finds

Bank reinforcements and piers southwest of the fort area were discovered as early as 1960. In 1994 bank fortifications were also found to the northwest of the camp.

Model of De Meern 1
Replica of Meern 1 in Woerden

Along with Laurium ( Woerden ) and Nigrum Pullum ( Zwammerdam ), Vleuten-De Mern is the most important find place of Roman ships in north-western Europe, not least because the permanently moist soils in this part of the Netherlands, which are below sea level, have naturally preserved the wood. In the area of ​​de Meern, the remains of six different wrecks were recovered, which have been numbered from "De Meern 1" to "De Meern 6" in the specialist literature.

  • De Meern 1 was discovered in 1997, recovered in 2003 and then preserved by the Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed (Reich Service for the Cultural Heritage of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science) in its branch in Lelystad . The ship is a pram made of Dutch oak , the felling date of which could be dendrochronologically dated to the year 148 AD ± 6. De Meern 1 was repaired at least twice in the second half of the second century (felling dates 157 and 164) and was probably in use for 50 to 60 years, which is supported by the findings of leather sandals that were cut like the ones in 190-200 was en vogue . The ship was around 25 meters long and a good two and a half meters wide. A captain's cabin was available as a deck superstructure, in which a tool box and personal belongings of the skipper were located during the investigations. In addition to the findings , the findings also indicated that the prahm was left in great haste and sank quickly, possibly during an unsuccessful mooring maneuver. The Prahm De Meern 1 served as a model for the ship replica Per Mare ad Laurium . The original ship is now exhibited in the “Castellum Hoge Woerd” museum.
  • De Meern 4 was discovered in 2003, one week after the recovery of De Meern 1 and only 150 m east of it. In 2005 the scientific investigations took place on an exposed part of the ship. It is a pram made from Dutch oak, the date of which was felled to the year 85 AD ± 5. This makes De Meern 4 the oldest Roman cargo ship ever found in northwest Europe. The individual planks were connected with wooden dowels and tenons . The maximum perceived width of the ship was 4.75 m. With a postulated width-to-length ratio of 1: 7, the assumed length was estimated at just under 30 m to a maximum of just under 35 m. De Meern 4 points in the design features to both Mediterranean and local shipbuilding traditions and is likely to represent a unique hybrid of both. After the investigations, De Meern 4 was left in situ in the ground for reasons of monument protection .
  • De Meern 6 was found in 2008. It is a ship shape similar to the Dutch punter with a very shallow draft. The maximum width and length measurements were 1.05 m by 9.00 m, the draft should not have exceeded 10 cm. In contrast to the construction method for De Meern 1 and De Meern, 4 nails were used to connect the frames to the planking . The boat has an Italian shipbuilding tradition and may date from the third century. De Meern 6 served as a model for the Fiducia ship replica .

The finds for De Meern 2 and De Meern 3 are fragments of dugout canoes from the second century. De Meern 5 was discovered a few decades ago, but the location can no longer be localized.

Civilian settlements outside the military complex

Traces of an indigenous civilian settlement were found to the south-east of the vicus, also to the south-east directly adjacent to the northern burial ground and bordered in the east by a north-south trench. The settlement was inhabited from the late La Tène period to around the year 110.

"Castellum Hoge Woerd"

"Castellum Hoge Woerd"
"Castellum Hoge Woerd"

With the laying of the foundation stone on March 14, 2014, work began on building a new fort under the name “Castellum Hoge Woerd” as a cultural center for residents and visitors. The Castellum opened on August 30, 2015. The sponsor is the municipality of Utrecht in cooperation with the Historical Association Vleuten-De Meern-Haarzuilens. The modern construction, which does not burden the ground monument, imitates the appearance of the Roman barracks in a highly abstract form. The complex covers the entire area of ​​the former fort. It contains, among other things, an archaeological museum with Roman finds and a permanent exhibition of "De Meern 1", a small theater with 260 seats and a restaurant.

See also

literature

Series, periodicals

Web links

Commons : Fletio  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Anneke C. Aarts: Scherven, schepen en schoeiingen. Archeologically onderzoek in a fossiele rivierbedding bij het castellum van De Meern. Basic report archeology 43 . Team Erfgoed Gemeente Utrecht, Utrecht 2012, ISBN 978-90-73448-51-3 .
  2. ^ A b Saskia G. van Dockum: The Dutch river basin . In: Tilmann Bechert and Willem J. H. Willems (eds.): The Roman border between the Moselle and the North Sea coast . Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8062-1189-2 , p. 86
  3. ^ According to van Dockum (Saskia G. van Dockum: The Dutch river area . In: Tilmann Bechert and Willem J. H. Willems (eds.): The Roman border between the Moselle and the North Sea coast . Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8062-1189-2 , P. 86.) the elevation of the terrain was at least one meter higher in Roman times
  4. ↑ Pliny the Elder : Naturalis historia . 16, 2f.
  5. ^ Tilmann Bechert : Germania Inferior. A province on the northern border of the Roman Empire. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2007, ISBN 978-3-8053-2400-7 , pp. 7-11.
  6. ↑ Alexander Willem Byvanck: Excerpta Romana. De Bronnen of Romeinsche Geschiedenis van Nederland . Nijhoff, S'Gravenhage 1931, pp. 580f.
  7. ↑ JHJ Joosten: Fletione, Fectione, en Fictione . In: Tijdschrift van de Historische Vereniging Vleuten-De Meern-Haarzuilens, 1997, 2, ISSN  0928-4893 pp. 38-42.
  8. ↑ a b Jona Lendering: Utrecht-Leidsche Rijn on the website livius.org, accessed on January 18, 2015.
  9. ^ Corinna Scheungraber, Friedrich E. Grünzweig: The old Germanic toponyms and un-Germanic toponyms of Germania. A guide to their etymology. (= Philologica Germanica , 34). Fassbaender, Vienna 2014, ISBN 978-3-902575-62-3 , p. 159.
  10. ^ Saskia G. van Dockum: The Dutch river basin . In: Tilmann Bechert and Willem J. H. Willems (eds.): The Roman border between the Moselle and the North Sea coast . Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8062-1189-2 , p. 85
  11. ^ Official website of the Utecht community, Afdeling Erfgoed .
  12. ↑ Complete list of publications from the series Basic Reports Archeologie der Gemeente Utecht, Afdeling Erfgoed.
  13. ↑ Jasper Oorthuijs: Marines and Mariners in the Roman Imperial Fleets . In: The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC-AD 476). Economic, Social, Political, Religious, and Cultural Aspects. Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Roman Empire, 200 BC-AD 476), Capri, March 29-April 2, 2005 . Brill, Leiden 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-16044-6 , pp. 169-180.
  14. ^ Julianus Egidius Bogaers: Vleuten-De Meern . In: Julianus Egidius Bogaers and Christoph B. Rüger: The Lower Germanic Limes. Materials on its story . Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1974, ISBN 3-7927-0194-4 , pp. 55-57.
  15. ^ Saskia G. van Dockum: The Dutch river basin . In: Tilmann Bechert and Willem J. H. Willems (eds.): The Roman border between the Moselle and the North Sea coast . Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8062-1189-2 , pp. 85f.
  16. ↑ Jan Hendrik Jongkees: Opgravingen op de Hoge Woerd bij De Meern 1957 1960 . Wolters, Groningen 1963, (= Archaeologica Traiectina, 5).
  17. ^ Maurice CM Langeveld, Annemarie Luksen-IJtsma en Peter GH Weterings: Een goede buur ?. Definitely archeological onderzoek naar een vicus, grafvelden, infrastructuur en een inheemse nederzetting in de omgeving van het Romeinse castellum in De Meern, deelgebied 'De Woerd' (Gemeente Utrecht). Basic report archeology 19 . Cultuurhistorie gemeente Utrecht, Utrecht 2010, ISBN 978-90-73448-38-4 .
  18. ↑ Linda Dielemans: Eighth het castellum. Inventorying archeologische veldonderzoek (IVO) en een waarneming ten oosten van de Hoge Woerd, Utrecht. Basic report archeology 47 . Afdeling Erfgoed gemeente Utrecht, Utrecht 2012, ISBN 978-90-73448-59-9 .
  19. ↑ RAAP Archeologische Adviesbureau (Ed. :) Een balneum in De Meern RAAP Nieuwsbrief 2006-2, pp. 8-11.
  20. ↑ Grave Cluster North: 52 ° 5 ′ 4.4 ″  N , 5 ° 2 ′ 38.1 ″  E
  21. ↑ Grave cluster southwest: 52 ° 4 ′ 58.6 ″  N , 5 ° 2 ′ 26.15 ″  E
  22. ↑ Southeast grave cluster: 52 ° 4 ′ 58 ″  N , 5 ° 2 ′ 35 ″  E
  23. ↑ Annemarie Luksen-IJtsma: De graven . In: Maurice CM Langeveld, Annemarie Luksen-IJtsma and Peter GH Weterings: Een goede buur ?. Definitely archeological onderzoek naar een vicus, grafvelden, infrastructuur en een inheemse nederzetting in de omgeving van het Romeinse castellum in De Meern, deelgebied 'De Woerd' (Gemeente Utrecht). Basic report archeology 19 . Cultuurhistorie gemeente Utrecht, Utrecht 2010, ISBN 978-90-73448-38-4 , p. 148f.
  24. ↑ : Three individual graves at 52 ° 5 ′ 3 ″  N , 5 ° 2 ′ 24 ″  E
  25. ↑ Annemarie Luksen-IJtsma: De graven . In: Maurice CM Langeveld, Annemarie Luksen-IJtsma and Peter GH Weterings: Een goede buur ?. Definitely archeological onderzoek naar een vicus, grafvelden, infrastructuur en een inheemse nederzetting in de omgeving van het Romeinse castellum in De Meern, deelgebied 'De Woerd' (Gemeente Utrecht). Basic report archeology 19 . Cultuurhistorie gemeente Utrecht, Utrecht 2010, ISBN 978-90-73448-38-4 , pp. 125–156.
  26. ↑ Annemarie Luksen-IJtsma: De Limesweg in West-Nederland. Inventory, analysis and synthesis of archeological onderzoek naar de Romeinse weg tussen Vechten en Katwijk. Basic report archeology 40 . Cultuurhistorie, gemeente Utrecht, Utrecht 2010, ISBN 978-90-73448-41-4 .
  27. ^ Peter GH Weterings en Yolande Meijer: Op zoek naar de weg. Onderzoek naar de Romeinse limes away in De Meern (municipality of Utrecht). Basic report archeology 33 . Gemeente Utrecht, Team Erfgoed, Utrecht 2011, ISBN 978-90-73448-47-6 .
  28. ↑ Connection area at approximately 52 ° 4 ′ 43.5 ″  N , 5 ° 2 ′ 49.7 ″  E
  29. ↑ Eef Stoffels: Handgevormd aardewerk . In: Peter GH Weterings and Yolande Meijer: Op zoek naar de weg. Onderzoek naar de Romeinse limes away in De Meern (municipality of Utrecht). Basic report Archeology 33  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.utrecht.nl  Gemeente Utrecht, Team Erfgoed, Utrecht 2011, ISBN 978-90-73448-47-6 , pp. 73-90, in particular Table 5.1, p. 74 and Table 5.2, p. 76.
  30. ^ S. Lange: Hout . In: Peter GH Weterings and Yolande Meijer: Op zoek naar de weg. Onderzoek naar de Romeinse limes away in De Meern (municipality of Utrecht). Basic report Archeology 33  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.utrecht.nl  Gemeente Utrecht, Team Erfgoed, Utrecht 2011, ISBN 978-90-73448-47-6 , pp. 125–140, in particular pp. 129ff.
  31. ↑ Reconstruction of the floor plan at 52 ° 5 ′ 26.9 ″  N , 4 ° 59 ′ 49.8 ″  E
  32. ^ Jeroen S. van der Kamp et al .: Vroege wacht. Archeological onderzoek van twee eerste-eeuwse wachttorens in Leidche Rijn. Basic report archeologie 16  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.utrecht.nl   . Sectie Cultuurhistorie gemeente Utrecht, Utrecht 2007, ISBN 978-90-73448-21-6 .
  33. ^ Saskia G. van Dockum: The Dutch river basin . In: Tilmann Bechert and Willem J. H. Willems (eds.): The Roman border between the Moselle and the North Sea coast . Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8062-1189-2 , p. 86.
  34. ↑ De Meern 1: 52 ° 4 ′ 51.5 ″  N , 5 ° 1 ′ 12.4 ″  E
  35. ↑ Aukjen Nauta: Dateren met behulp van jaarringpatronen. Het vergaan van het Romeinse schip 'De Meern 1' . In: Gea 1 (2008), pp. 19-22.
  36. ^ Esther Jansma & Jaap-MAW Morel: Een Romeinse Rijnaak, evonden in Utrecht-De Meern. Results from het onderzoek noor de platbodem 'De Meern l' . In: Rapportage Archeologische Monumentenzorg 144 (2007), pp. 283–296.
  37. ↑ Per Mare ad Laurium. De first varende reconstructie van een Romeins vrachtschip . On the website of the Romeins Schip Woerden Foundation, accessed on January 20, 2015.
  38. ↑ De Meern 4: 52 ° 4 ′ 50.2 ″  N , 5 ° 1 ′ 22.7 ″  E
  39. ↑ Erik P. Graafstal: Het schip De Meern 4 . In: Maurice CM Langeveld, Annemarie Luksen-IJtsma and Erik P. Graafstal: Wegens Wateroverlast. LR 39 De Balije II: wachttorens, rivierdynamiek en Romeinse infrastructuur in a rivierbocht van de Heldammer Stroom. Basic report Archeologie 11  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.utrecht.nl  Cultuurhistorie gemeente Utrecht, Utrecht 2010, ISBN 978-90-73448-30-8 , pp. 103-115.
  40. ↑ F. Dallmeijer, RM van Heeringen, DJ Huisman, Esther Jansma, K. Linthout, Jaap-MAW Morel en A. Smit: Het schip uit de Romeinse tijd De Meern 4 nabij boerderij de Balije, Leidsche Rijn, gemeente Utrecht. Waardestellend onderzoek naar de kwaliteit van het schip en het conserverend vermogen van het bodemmilieu . Rijksdienst voor Archeologie, Cultuurlandschap en Monumenten, Amersfoort 2007, ISBN 978-9057-991-05-9 .
  41. ↑ RM van Heeringen, T. de Groot, Jaap-MAW Morel, Esther Jansma, F. Dallmeijer, DJ Huisman, A. Smit, K. Linthout: Romeins schip in Utrechtse bodem ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.vakbladvitruvius.nl. In: Vitruvius 1 (2007).
  42. ↑ Gait L. Berk: De Punter . De Boer Maritiem, Weesp 1984, ISBN 9022818586 .
  43. ↑ Jaap-MAW Morel: Unieke Romeinse punter gevonden . RCAM Nieuwsbrief 5 (2008).
  44. ↑ Fiducia. De enige varende reconstructie van a Romase punter . On the website of the Romeins Schip Woerden Foundation, accessed on January 19, 2015.
  45. ↑ Annemarie Luksen-IJtsma, Erik P. Graafstal, Maurice CM Langeveld: Utrecht - Vleuten / De Meern. Bali II . In: Archeologische Kroniek Provincie Utrecht, 2002-2003 , ISSN  1386-8527 , pp. 190-193.
  46. ^ R. de Kam, Erik P. Graafstal, Herre Wynia: Utrecht Leidsche Rijn, Time Team . In: Archeologische Kroniek Provincie Utrecht, 2004-2005 , ISSN  1386-8527 , pp. 114-120.
  47. ^ Maurice CM Langeveld, Annemarie Luksen-IJtsma and Peter GH Weterings: Een goede buur ?. Definitely archeological onderzoek naar een vicus, grafvelden, infrastructuur en een inheemse nederzetting in de omgeving van het Romeinse castellum in De Meern, deelgebied 'De Woerd' (Gemeente Utrecht). Basic report Archeology 19  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.utrecht.nl  Cultuurhistorie gemeente Utrecht, Utrecht 2010, ISBN 978-90-73448-38-4 .
  48. ↑ Website of the historical association Vleuten-De Meern-Haarzuilens .
  49. ↑ Official website of the Castellum Hoge Woerd project on the website of the municipality of Utrecht, accessed on January 19, 2015.