History of the city of Bonn
Map with all linked sites: Bonn's city history has its origins in a Germanic settlement. After the establishment of a Roman exploratory camp in the time of Emperor Augustus on the left side of the Rhine ,a legionary camp was established after the Varus Battle . After a loss of importance in Franconian times, Bonn gainedincreasing importanceas a city in the Middle Ages and became the residence of the Cologne electors in the 16th century. From 1815 to 1945 Bonn belonged to Prussia .
After the Second World War , Bonn was the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany until 1990 and the seat of government until 1999 . In the course of the Unification Treaty , Berlin was declared a federal capital in 1990 and Bonn a federal city.
Stone Age and Early History
Long before the beginning of the era , people lived in the Bonn region. The slightly elevated location on the Rhine favored these settlements.
Finds in the entire city area of Bonn testify to this, which document settlement activities for almost all prehistoric times - from the Paleolithic to the time of the Teutons . A dozen hand axes, found in the Bad Godesberg district of Muffendorf, were dated to the Paleolithic (around 50,000 BC).
Two well-preserved skeletons of the double grave of Oberkassel are the oldest finds of anatomically modern humans ( Homo sapiens ) in Germany. The human remains of the 50-year-old man and the 20- to 25-year-old woman are around 14,000 years old. In addition to the female and male skeletons, according to the find report by Professors Verworn, Bonnet and Steinmann from February 18, 1914, skeletal remains of a dog and jewelry were found in the Oberkassel basalt quarry. They are classified as an advanced type of Cro-Magnon .
A trench and wooden palisades , which have been proven in the area of the Venusberg and date from around 4080 BC. B.C. belong to the finds that prove settlement activities in the left bank of the Rhine area of Bonn. Whether this is a “ refuge ” or a fortified settlement can only be clarified after further excavations within the area.
Hallstatt and Latène Period
The roughly 600 years before Christ are largely in the dark. Probably the Hunsrück-Eifel culture shaped the region on the Marne , Saar , Moselle and Middle Rhine until the arrival of the Romans . However, these times give clues about the origin of the name. It may have been a Celtic settlement from which the name Bonn goes back. Bona means in Celtic "foundation, tribe" (cf. Old Irish bonn , Welsh bôn ) as with the many Bonnes, Bonne in France. As a component, the bona can be found in Vindobona "white village"> Vienna and Ratisbona "fortified village"> Regensburg . According to another interpretation, Bonn describes the ridge that extends from Graurheindorf in the north over the Belderberg to today's Koblenzer Strasse in the south at a height of 15 m above the Rhine. The Celtic variant of meaning "sole, support, base" (cf. Central Irish bond , bonn ), which, with the Latin equivalent ( Latin fundus "ground, ground, property, estate"), refers to a Gallic * bonum to be reconstructed in Gallic , * bona can be concluded with meanings such as “base, flat ridge, fortified base, castle”. This would then apply well to the pedestals in the Bonn city area, which can be proven to have already been settled in pre-Roman times, as well as in the area of the “ vicus bonnensis ” excavated in 2006 at the Bundeshaus (see below).
Teutons and harbingers of Roman occupation
In the last century BC Sugambrers settled on the right bank of the Rhine and Eburonen on the left bank of the Rhine .
The Roman era on the Rhine began with the advance of a Roman legion under Julius Caesar in 55 BC. To the Rhine.
After Caesar had defeated the tribes who settled here during his campaigns and completely ousted them from the area of the Middle and Lower Rhine , Ubier followed them . In the period between 39/38 BC BC and 20 BC The Roman governor in Gaul , Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa , settled the Ubier from the Neuwied basin in the Bonn area. However, the main residence of the resettled Ubioum is the oppidum Ubioum , from which Cologne will later develop.
The Romans in Bonn
Reconnaissance camp
In connection with exploratory campaigns and campaigns, Roman soldiers also came to the settlement of the West Germanic Ubier on the Rhine and built on the site of what is now Bonn's inner city from 18 BC. A reconnaissance camp, a so-called auxiliary camp , which was built around 12 BC. Was expanded to a fort.
The Rhine now formed the border between Romans and Teutons. The Lower Germanic Limes (also called "Nasser Limes") between the North Sea near Katwijk in the Netherlands and Bad Breisig south of Bonn was one of the most important external borders of the mighty Roman Empire.
In 13 BC BC Emperor Augustus gave his stepson, the general Nero Claudius Drusus , the order to build 50 forts along the Rhine. Augustus's aim was to build forts on the Rhine as fortified weapon locations in order to create a base of operations for the conquest of Germania as far as the Elbe , as Lucius Annaeus Florus reported a century and a half later .
In the year 12 BC In BC Augustus began a war against the Teutons, which led the Roman troops far across the Rhine to the Elbe . Roman advances ( Drusus campaigns ) took place in the area of the Chatti, Cheruscans and the North Sea coast, but failed in 9 AD after the grueling defeat of the general Publius Quinctilius Varus in the Battle of Varus . At this time Germanic tribes such as Ubier, Batavians and Texuanians , Celtic-Germanic tribes such as Vangioner and Nemeter , and Celtic tribes such as the Treverer settled on the Roman Empire .
Both the Ubian settlement and the presence of Roman soldiers are documented by archaeological finds. The Ubic settlement was on the left bank of the Rhine between the Rhine and Gumme , where the university and the minster are today . There is no precise time when the Romans first came to this settlement. It must have been in the period between the preparation or the beginning of the war and the death of Drusus - 9 BC. BC - have been. When Bonn celebrated its 2000th birthday in 1989, the year 11th BC was chosen. " Since the exact year cannot be determined ," said the then Mayor Hans Daniels , "we decided on the year 11, the middle between 13 and 9."
In addition to archaeological finds in the Bonn city area, there is a literary source that is cited to prove the presence of Roman soldiers in the time of Drusus. It is the two-volume work Epitoma de Tito Livio bellorum omnium annorum DCC libri duo by the Roman writer Florus . In it the author mentions a place name, which is read differently in the manuscripts on which it is based. One reading is "Bonna". With him it is then according to this reading: "Bonnam et Gesoriacum pontibus iunxit classibusque firmavit." Translated: "He (Drusus) connected Bonna and Gesoriacum with bridges and strengthened them with a fleet." Not just since the 2000 anniversary of Bonn this point was used as evidence that there was a Roman bridge in Bonn, which is very controversial today.
Gravestone of Vonatorix (50/60 AD) - found on the corner of Kölnstrasse / Rosenstrasse
Funeral meal relief (early 2nd century) - place of discovery: Bonn Adenauerallee
Altar for Mercurius Gebrinius (2nd half of the 2nd century) - place of discovery: Bonn Minster
Portrait of a Roman woman (180/200 AD) - location: Bonn- Schwarzrheindorf
Roman legion camp
After the defeat against the Teutons in the Varus Battle in 9 AD, the Romans began building a fortified camp (Drusus fort) in order to secure the border on the Rhine. The camps on the right bank of the Rhine were abandoned. Excavations in 1952 locate this Drusus fort in the area of the Bonn town hall on the market.
In the year 16 BC The Roman governor Marcus Lollius suffers a defeat with the Legio V Alaudae in the fight against the Sugambri, Tenkerites and Usipeters near Bonn.
Around 17 AD, the Romans created an auxiliary camp in the northern part of the Ubier settlement .
Around 30 AD the Legio I Germanica was moved from Cologne to Bonn, which required the construction of a new camp, which was now further north than the already existing Drusus fort. It was opposite the confluence of the Sieg in the Rhine on the Roman Rhine Valley Road . As a result of the conversion of the nearby Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (later Cologne) into a civilian settlement, the Legio I and two other auxiliary units were stationed in the wood / earth warehouse . This troop, around 7,000 strong, expanded the camp in the following years as part of the Roman defense line on the Rhine. The almost square fortress had an area of 528 by 524 meters with a port facility that was naturally bounded by the Rhine in the east and can still be seen in its ground plans at low tide. In the final stage it held 10,000 soldiers and was around 25 hectares in size. In front of the camp, at today's Wichelshof, the Romans built a port basin around 350 m long. The outlines of the fortress are still marked today by the banks of the Rhine, Rosental, Rheindorfer Straße and the Augustusring. A Roman provincial road ran through the camp in a north-south direction, which essentially followed today's federal road 9 .
Canabae and vicus bonnensis
In the vicinity of the camp, the “ canabae legionis ”, and in a settlement further south, the “ vicus bonnensis ”, craftsmen (such as masons, potters, stonecutters, blacksmiths and Carpenters, butchers and bakers, tanners and saddlers, walkers and rope makers) and traders. Weapons workshops, glass smelters and potteries were built. Traders, merchants, pawnbrokers and money changers went about their business. The health service was represented by doctors and pharmacists. Estimates suggest that up to 10,000 people lived in the Bonn area who lived according to the laws of a highly differentiated division of labor.
Under the Roman governor A. Pompeius Paulinus, the Bonn legionary camp received a solid stone wall in 54–56.
During the Batavian revolt in 69 the Roman camp fell but was quickly rebuilt.
Around the year 70 the Legio XXI Rapax (nickname "the Fast", originally from Vindonissa ) was relocated to Bonn and replaced the Legio I Minervia .
- Finds from the vicus
Cellar of a Roman house that belonged to the "vicus". Preserved in the Roman cellar of the House of History in Bonn
Roman loom
Drunk satyr
From May to October 2006, archaeologists examined the four football fields to the west of the Federal Palace where the new congress center was being built. They found remains of the vicus bonnensis . Jürgen Kunow , the head of the Rhenish Office for the Preservation of Ground Monuments , commented while presenting the finds: “We found far more than we had expected. The life of Roman citizens on the Rhine has never looked like this for us. ” In addition to the approximately 60,000 broken pieces, a precious hairpin made of bones with a stylized human head was found, a unique find in Germany. The remains of monumental stone buildings are just as much a part of it as a bathing complex equipped with underfloor heating , a brick kiln and a square Gallo-Roman temple. All in all, a settlement with an urban character is now assumed, not just a village-like complex. Potters and glassblowers had their workshops here, as shown by pits filled with clay and a glass river. The settlement also included so-called strip houses made of timber framework, the remains of which were also found, as well as huge clay u. Garbage pits. It is suspected that it has its own dock on the Rhine nearby. In the near and far Bonn area, farms were established that were connected to the garrison by a network of roads and roads. Place names of today's Bonn districts (for example Endeich, Kessenich or Lessenich) are reminiscent of the Roman past. LVR archaeologists have been talking about the Roman civilian settlement (vicus) of Bonn since the excavation when referring to these new finds. They have been dated from the 1st to the 3rd century.
So far, however, no researcher has clarified the relationship between the “settlement core” discovered here and the civilian settlement that stretched between Kölnstrasse and Belderberg into the area of the historic old town (i.e. not Nordstadt, but where the Beethoven Hall and Opera are today , Theaterstrasse, Oxfordstrasse). This area was regularly referred to until 2006 when the civil settlement was mentioned; the extent of the settlement in the government district was not known. The settlement was called "canabae legionis" by archaeologists, "suburb" of the legion fortress in what is now Bonn-Castell. But only one of the two places will have had the name Bonn; Since burials were carried out along the Adenauerallee (between the two “settlement centers”), but burials were only carried out out of town, the “vicus” is more of a neighboring place and in any case is not directly connected to the Roman Bonn.
Burial grounds
Graves have been found in the area of the vicus bonnensis . Burials are also known from the area between the vicus and the military camp. Cemetery sections with cremation and body graves were discovered several times in the vicinity of the camp . The military camp also includes a larger cemetery section on Irmintrudisstrasse with around 300 late antique burials.
"Bonna" at Tacitus
A much more reliable source for the name "Bonna" or "Castra Bonnensia" than the text by Florus are the " Histories " of Tacitus . In his description of the Batavian uprising in 69/70 he mentions "Bonna" in several places. This also applies to the legionary camp ("castra Bonnensia"). Whether "Bonna" was the name of the place at this time - possibly even earlier - cannot be definitively clarified by the "Histories", because they did not appear until 40 years after the uprising. Renaming of places was not uncommon.
Following the Batavian uprising reported by Tacitus and the associated destruction of the Bonn camp, a new camp, now made of stone, was built in the same place and was completed in 80. The Legio XXI Rapax stationed here was replaced by the Legio I Minervia in 83 . The Bonn aqueduct was built to supply the castra Bonnensia with drinking water and was completed in 83.
The matron cult flourished in Bonn and the surrounding area in the 2nd century . Up to 17,000 people, including about 7,000 members of the military, lived in Bonn in the 2nd century. In 252 the two Romans Venconius and Julius Felix consecrated an altar to Jupiter in Bonn .
The franc incidence in 274 n. Chr. Did not lead to current knowledge, to the destruction of the camp. However, the residential areas outside the camp were given up, the remaining civilian population lived in the camp itself with the military unit, which was soon reduced to 1,000 men. Burials were concentrated around the camp and the area around Münsterplatz . A "small necropolis " was built there in the second half of the 3rd century .
There is evidence that the camp was destroyed by the Franks in 353; since then there have been no reports of Legio I, which some researchers believe had been largely wiped out as early as 351 in the battle of Mursa . Julian had the camp rebuilt around the year 357, fortified and equipped with storage structures. Whether it was the same size as the previous one is disputed among historians.
The Roman administration of the province of Germania II functioned in some areas until the middle of the 5th century. This can possibly also be assumed for the Bonn camp, as indicated by the grave find of a Germanic warrior in Roman service from the first third of the 5th century, who was buried in front of the eastern wall of the camp. Little is known about the condition of the camp in the following decades and centuries. It later traded under the name "Bonnburg"; strategic importance can hardly be assumed. An early church complex, the later “Dietkirche” (= Volkskirche), was probably built around 795 in the Franconian- Merovingian period as the first parish church in the area of the former camp. It preceded today's cathedral as a Christian place of prayer and assembly in Bonn.
Period of the Franks (Merovingians and Carolingians) - Bonnburg and Bonngau
With the Franks incursions in the last quarter of the 3rd century, the decline of Roman Bonn began and the population of Bonn shrank to 3,000 to 4,000 people. Around 458 the Roman general Aegidius gave up the Rhine border and withdrew to the south. In 475 the Franconian Ripuarians finally ousted the Romans from the Rhine with the conquest of Trier and established an independent empire between the Rhine delta and Trier, the Francia Rhinensis , with the capital Cologne as its center. The Franconians referred to the Franconian fiscal estate Bonn, referring to the Roman fort, also as "Bonnburg" or "Castrum Bonna".
Around 540, the Frankish king Theudebert I from the Merovingian family in Bonn had coins minted for the first time.
From the 7th century and then completely in the 9th / 10th centuries. In the 19th century, the focus of Bonn's settlement shifted to the areas of today's city center: to where the market is today and to the area of today's cathedral. The name of this settlement area is "villa basilica". A grave field has been located here since Roman times.
Where the cathedral was built in the middle of the 11th century, a hall was built in the Merovingian period, in the middle of the 6th century. It rose above the place where a Roman memorial to the dead, a cella memoriae , had been in late antiquity . The hall building was a stone building that stood on mighty foundations made from second-used matronal altars and other ancient spoils . Graves were dug in the building and outside, and the dead were buried until the end of the 8th century.
At the end of the 7th century at the latest, clerics settled in the place and the appearance of the hall building was repeatedly changed through additions and renovations. Two burial chapels and several living and utility rooms were added. In the following centuries the building was considered to be the burial church of the two Christian martyrs Cassius and Florentius . With the establishment of a monastery in Carolingian times (canons monastery ) it became the collegiate church “St. Cassius and Florentius ”(“ Basilica sancta Cassii et Florentii ”). The deacon and abbot Giso is mentioned in the oldest document of the Cassius monastery in 691. This old collegiate church was demolished in the 11th century and the minster was built in its place. The settlement surrounding the minster was initially called Verona by the church , a name that can also be read on the coins minted here. While Cologne joined forces with the proud Roman Empress Agrippina and Xanten in the Lower Rhine region called itself Troy, Bonn decided on Verona. In the long run, however, he was unable to assert himself against Bonn ( Bunne in the local dialect ), which was preferred by the population .
The Franconian Ripuaria is organized as a duchy around 680. It consists of 8 districts (pagi). The Bonngau (sometimes also called Ahrgau ) extends to the left of the Rhine from Wesseling to the Vinxtbach near Brohl . This spatial planning will be retained until the reorganization of the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne . In the 8th century a settlement in the area of today's marketplace is called "vicus Bunnense", which was initially a small settlement for long-distance traders.
To secure the Rhine border, a Carolingian castle is being built on the right bank of the Rhine in Schwarzrheindorf . Geislar is mentioned for the first time in 873 .
Around the year 881 the Carolingian Empire began to show signs of disintegration. During the Viking raids in the Rhineland , Bonn was burned twice in 882. In the year 883 the city, which had just been rebuilt and now fortified, was attacked, sacked and plundered once more by the Normans . In 891 the Normans occupied Bonn again.
In the year 913 a brother of the East Franconian King Konrad I, named Eberhard, was named as " Graf des Bonngau " in a document .
On November 7th, 921, Charles the Simple and Heinrich I signed the " Peace of Bonn " on a ship anchored in the Rhine : The West Frankish King Karl recognized Heinrich I as King of the East Franconia on an equal footing.
Flowering in the high and late Middle Ages
Around the turn of the millennium, the focus of the settlement - and with it the place name - shifted from the Bonnburg to the monastery town and the bourgeois market settlement in front of it, which was built on archbishop's land and was called " oppidum Bonnense " in 1211 ,
In the course of the 11th and 12th centuries, these two new settlement centers enlarged. In the High Middle Ages and the Late Middle Ages , Bonn was able to expand its economic and cultural importance on the right and left banks of the Rhine. There was a farmer's settlement and the wine trade was profitable. Wealthy clergymen and canons - the inhabitants of the monastery, the "Villa Basilica" - were a class of buyers for high-quality products. They ensured that the market settlement expanded and the number of traders, merchants and craftsmen increased. Bonn experienced a heyday and prosperity. Today's minster is a building from the 11th to the early 13th century, with the east choir from the middle of the 12th century (client: Provost Gerhard von Are) having a particular style.
In 1210 the foundation stone of the Godesburg was laid, the northernmost hilltop castle on the Rhine. At the beginning of the 13th century, an Augustinian convent was founded in Godesberg, which adopted the Birgitten rule in 1450 (Marienforst). A commander of the Teutonic Order came into being in Muffendorf.
In order to secure these settlement areas, Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden ordered in 1244 that the populated area between Münster and the Rhine should be surrounded by a city wall. By the end of the 13th century, a wall was built around the monastery city, as a sign that the process of becoming a city of Bonn was completed. The Archbishop of Cologne, Siegfried von Westerburg, completed Bonn's legal status as a city in 1286 by introducing the council constitution. A mayor was mentioned for the first time in 1331. Bonn became the seat of an Electoral Cologne Office and Upper Office, and for a long time it had been a market, customs and mint.
In addition to the Cassiusstift there was a Benedictine convent, which was founded shortly before 1015 in a late antique parish church (Dietkirche) built in the former legionary camp and which adopted the monastery constitution in the 15th century, an Augustinian convent (Engelthal) built in 1324, a minorite convent (since 1274) and numerous other smaller, partly only short-lived spiritual communities. A Cistercian convent was built in the 13th century in Graurheindorf, which is located outside the city wall but is part of the urban area together with Dransdorf.
Bonn Jews are first attested in 1096. In the 12th century, the community owned important scholars such as the crusade writer Ephraim von Bonn . In the years 1348–1349, the Jews of Bonn fell victim to the plague pogrom . A Jewish community in Bonn seems to have existed continuously since the end of the 14th century.
Bonn on the right bank of the Rhine belonged - with the exception of Vilich and Schwarzrheindorf - to the territory of the Counts of Sayn , after 1246 of the Lords of Blankenberg and von Löwenberg and became part of the county or the Duchy of Berg in the 14th and 15th centuries . The last Count of Sayner, Heinrich III., Founded a branch of the Teutonic Knight Order in Ramersdorf soon after 1217 . Benedictine convents were founded in Vilich (around 978, first abbess was Saint Adelheid, who has also been the city patroness of Bonn since 2008) and in Schwarzrheindorf with its art-historical double church of St. Maria and Clemens (after 1156), which were later converted into women's monasteries. Both belonged to the territory of the Electorate of Cologne as so-called subordinates.
Electoral Cologne residence
After the Battle of Worringen in 1288, Bonn became one of the preferred residences of the Cologne electors .
In 1597 Bonn, with an estimated 3,000 inhabitants, officially became the royal seat of Kurköln , the secular territory of the Archbishops of Cologne, under Ferdinand of Bavaria , coadjutor of Elector Karl Theodor . The favorable traffic situation on the Rhine, a differentiated trade, (long-distance) trade and the increasing residential function created the prerequisites for positive urban development.
Ten years earlier, in 1587, troops of the deposed Elector Gebhard I von Waldburg had conquered and devastated the city during the Syrian War . The city, occupied by Gebhard's supporters, was besieged by the Spaniards for six months in 1588 and finally captured.
From the dispute with Gebhard, Duke Ernst of Bavaria from the House of Wittelsbach emerged victorious. With him the epoch of the electoral Cologne rulers from the House of Wittelsbach began. Ernst von Bayern was followed by Ferdinand of Bavaria in 1612 , then Maximilian Heinrich . Joseph Clemens and - as the last Wittelsbacher - Clemens August . At the end of the electoral era it was a Habsburg - Maximilian Franz , Maria Theresa's youngest son - who resided in Bonn.
Expansion to a royal seat and efforts to reformation
A “court of the archbishop” in Bonn is mentioned as early as 1112, which was expanded in the 13th century by Engelbert II von Falkenburg into a palace with a hall and chapel. This began the first frequent and later permanent residence of the Archbishops in Bonn, especially after Siegfried von Westerburg lost his capital Cologne after the Battle of Worringen in 1288.
After 1500, a permanent presence of the electors in Bonn is documented, who accordingly moved the Electoral Cologne Chancellery ("Kanzley"), the heart of the archdiocese administration, to Bonn in 1525 and officially elevated Bonn to the capital and residence city in 1597. A " Council and Chancellery Regulations " document this in writing.
The elector himself moved to Bonn in 1601. With the electoral civil service, the traditional upper class of the city was joined by a group of well-educated councilors of bourgeois origin who also took on municipal offices.
Between 1515 and 1547 there were attempts at the Reformation at court. In 1515 Hermann V von Wied became elector and archbishop of Cologne. Pope Leo X awarded him the pallium . Hermann V tended towards the Reformation Catholicism of Erasmus of Rotterdam , convened councils, had the electoral parliament deliberated on several occasions and thus largely met with approval from the population. Exponents of the Bonn Reformation attempt were the Alsatian reformer Martin Bucer , a colleague of Martin Luther , on the one hand and as an adversary and supporter of the counter-movement Cardinal Johannes Gropper . The efforts called from 1543 onwards Emperor Charles V and the curia. The trigger was a book printing, commissioned by Prince Elector Hermann V, of around 33 Reformation publications in April 1543, which was carried out by the book printer Laurenz von der Mühlen in Bonn. On August 17, 1543, Emperor Charles V and his troops entered Bonn "peacefully" after his soldiers had trampled fields and vineyards for days. The consequences were foreseeable: Martin Bucer had to leave Bonn immediately. The elector was on April 16, 1546 by Pope Paul III. excommunicated and Adolf von Schauenburg was appointed the new elector by the estates under pressure from the emperor. On February 25, Hermann V renounced his electoral status, retired to his home in the Neuwied area and died there in 1552.
Archbishop Salentin von Isenburg had already taken into account the growing importance of Bonn in 1575 with an extensive Renaissance building on the south side of the city, next to today's Old Customs .
The further expansion was interrupted in the next decade by the Truchsessian War (1581–1584). In 1584 the city was captured by the opponent of the deposed Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg , Duke Ernst of Bavaria , after a month's wintry siege. In the course of the war, Godesburg was blown up by Bavarian troops in 1583 . The Poppelsdorf moated castle was also destroyed.
On December 23, 1587 Bonn was attacked, looted and occupied by Gebhard's partisan, Martin Schenk von Nideggen . The mercenary army leader Nideggen acted on behalf of Count Adolf von Neuenahr , who had entered Dutch service with the rest of the Truchsessian troops. The city is not only sacked by the mercenaries. Nideggen imposes heavy contributions on its citizens .
It was not until September 26, 1588, that Spanish and German troops were able to recapture the city after heavy bombardment. Nideggen fled to Nijmegen in the Netherlands , where he was drowned in the Rhine on August 11, 1589 and then quartered. The Electoral Cologne War was over. However, at the price that the Spaniards were now occupying forces. But the methods of the occupation remained: the Spanish and Walloon mercenaries of Baron Adolf von Schwarzenberg behaved rudely and ruthlessly. Only after the estates had raised the backward pay of the Spaniards in 1594 could the Spaniards be persuaded to end the occupation and withdraw.
A key result of these disputes was the establishment of almost 180 years of Wittelsbach rule in the Electorate of Cologne. Recatholization and the Counter Reformation were the signs of the times.
Bonn in the 17th century
Bonn in the Thirty Years War
In the Thirty Years' War from 1618–1648, Bonn repeatedly suffered from military campaigns, looting, raids and pillage. For three years from September 1620, Dutch troops lay on the Rhine island of Kemper Werth , the "Paffenmütze", because the Netherlands 'war of independence against Spain (Eighty Years' War) was partly fought on imperial territory.
In 1631 it was the Swedes under Wolf Heinrich von Baudissin , in the next decade Hessian and again Swedish troops who plundered the Rhine Valley. In 1632 the Swedish General Baudissin moved against the Archdiocese of Cologne. There was fighting, looting and pillaging everywhere. In November 1632 the Swedes conquered the Drachenfels and razed the outer works of the castle. But probably shortly afterwards they were expelled by the Spaniards. Around the same time, in 1633, the Löwenburg was destroyed.
Even during the war, under the influence of these threats, work began on re- fortifying Bonn using the bastionary system . It took almost a century to complete. Elector Ferdinand of Bavaria had undertaken a new construction of the residential palace in the protection of this double ring in 1633. “A number of new monasteries had also sprung up in the city in the wake of the Counter Reformation, the settlements of the Jesuits, the Capuchins and the Franciscans. As early as 1646, Matthaeus Merian called Bonn a 'beautiful, funny wolerbawete place, there are also funny chased around, and the air is there uesund'. "
Thanks to Archbishop Ferdinand's clever policy of neutrality , Bonn survived the Thirty Years' War significantly better than many other German cities. Kurköln refused to join the Catholic League , although internally it was pursuing a radically anti-Protestant course. The war hit the surrounding areas around Bonn harder. In 1638, Wolfgang Wilhelm von Pfalz-Neuburg , the Duke of Jülich-Kleve-Berg reported that barely a sixth of the inhabitants in the Bergisches Land had survived.
Bonn after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648
The Westphalian Peace of 1648 also hardly brought any feelings of peace to Bonn: Bonn had to endure further sieges in 1673, 1689 and 1703. The siege of 1689 brought the worst consequences for the city . The French troops called into the country by the Electoral Cologne Minister Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg , a partisan of Louis XIV. , Occupied Bonn, whereupon the allied Brandenburg, Imperial, Münster and Dutch troops under the command of Friedrich III. - Elector and Duke of Brandenburg-Prussia enclosed the city in the summer of 1689. The bombardment lasted from July 24, 1689 until the occupation surrendered on October 15, 1689. Most of the new fortifications, bastions and entrenchments had been demolished, and most of the houses had been destroyed in the electoral palace, town hall and many church buildings.
The city, which had hardly been restored in a makeshift manner and had come to rest, had to endure another bombardment during the siege in 1703 in the War of Spanish Succession . Again there was a French garrison in the city and Dutch and imperial troops stood at the gates. Before that, Elector Joseph Clemens went into French exile on October 12, 1702. On May 16, 1703, the French surrendered and surrendered the city after the city had been shelled by hundreds of cannons and mortars.
On May 18, 1703, the 3800-strong French garrison withdrew. Dutch troops and troops from the Westphalian Empire moved into the city. Bonn began to suffer more and more from the billeting of the Dutch, but it was to last until 1715, although the Treaty of Utrecht took place in 1713, since only an imperial convention would clarify the withdrawal of the Dutch and the future razing of the fortifications on the right and left of the Rhine revealed.
Officially, Joseph Clemens regained his electoral rights in 1713, but because of the Dutch soldiery it would take until December 11th, 1715 before the elector regained control of the royal seat of Bonn.
Electoral Cologne royal seat in the 18th century
Electoral Cologne royal seat under Joseph Clemens (Wittelsbacher)
At the beginning of the 18th century a new era began for Bonn, a time full of courtly splendor and princely willingness to build. The city was successively the residence of two of the most powerful and enterprising builders among the absolutist ruling princes.
In 1697, Elector Joseph Clemens gave the starting signal to erect a massive new castle on the site of the castle that had been destroyed in 1689 . The Italian master builder Enrico Zuccalli had already built the south wing of the main facade facing the courtyard garden when the elector had to flee from Bonn to France in 1702. That is why the construction remained unfinished for the time being. When the Elector was allowed to return after the Peace of Baden in 1715 , he immediately developed the most lively building activity. The old building plan for the castle was revised and expanded by the French architect Robert de Cotte , and the long gallery wing facing the Rhine was added. Construction began in 1715. The design for the built-in Michael's (Koblenz today Gate) was built around 1725 by the court of the Wittelsbach in Munich making François de Cuvilliés. Ä. , as well as Balthasar Neumann . Michael Leveilly was responsible for the construction .
The minutes of the Bonn city council recorded on June 22nd, 1718 that the razing of the fortifications, initiated in 1715 under pressure from the Dutch, had been completed. Only the Old Customs on the Rhine still reminds of the bastions of that time. The forced removal of the former fortress ring enabled a generous redesign of the city. New streets were built. The original plans of the elector to re-fortify Bonn in 1726 failed due to diplomatic resistance from the Dutch.
Electoral Cologne royal seat under Clemens August (Wittelsbacher)
The second elector willing to build was the successor Clemens August of Bavaria . The generous Clemens August, always concerned about new sources of income, was appointed elector on January 2, 1724 at the age of just 23 (coadjutor from May 17, 1722).
One of the first political decisions was the amalgamation of the Electors of Bavaria, Trier, Cologne and the Palatinate to form the Wittelsbach House Union on May 15, 1724. A special political event was the visit of the Prussian royal family to Bonn on August 8, 1730. Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm I. came to the electoral residence with his son, who later became King Frederick the Great .
In the first year of office, however, there was initially a power struggle between the city and the elector. The elector, constantly in need of money, intended to add municipal income from the excise to his state income using legal titles. It was not until 1753 that the elector gave in and the confiscated excise was returned.
Gradually, however, he gained a reputation as a builder, patron, heartthrob and hunter - that is, apart from politics. It brought Bonn courtly splendor and prosperity to the citizens and was probably also popular with the population for this reason. Another reason for the popularity was the elector's enthusiasm for balls, masquerades and participation in the Rhenish carnival . A carnival mask parade through Bonn is documented for February 6, 1731. On June 11, 1737, the elector took part in the shooting of the Sebastianus riflemen - and became the rifle king . In 1760 Casanova arrives at the court and takes part in a masked ball of the elector.
His first architectural interest was in the Weinbergschlösschen, the " Vinea Domini ", south of Bonn. Commissioned by Joseph Clemens and built by the architect Guillaume d'Hauberat , Clemens August leases the castle and makes it one of his favorite places for entertainment and festive dining.
The proximity to the Kottenforst had long been a reason for choosing Bonn as the electoral residence: In 1549, Siegburg Abbey sold the basic rights to use the Kottenforst to the Archbishops of Cologne, who already had the right to hunt large game in the Kottenforst and built hunting castles in Poppelsdorf and Buschhoven had.
Around 1727, the Kottenforst was systematically surveyed for the first time under Clemens August von Bayern in order to create avenues for his parforce hunts . These mostly wide avenues were piled up dead straight and ditches were provided on both sides because of the wet subsoil. In 1730 Clemens August had the Schönwaldhaus forest service building built and later, from 1754 to 1756, the Herzogsfreude hunting lodge in Röttgen was built by the electoral builder Johann Heinrich Roth in the center of this system of avenues. The exact alignment of the paths in relation to the electoral palace and also to Schloss Brühl is remarkable .
At the end of 1741, Kurköln was on the side of Bavaria and France in the struggle for succession in Austria . French troops moved into the archbishopric for protection.
Then a construction period began: One of the most original creations of the early Rococo was the construction of Clemensruhe Castle in Poppelsdorf on the site of the old Poppelsdorf Castle ( 'Star Castle ' ) from the 16th century. In 1746, the electoral building manager, Count August Wilhelm Wolff Metternich, acquired the ground and construction of the 'Sterneburg' for the conversion to a rococo castle, which was carried out by Michael Leveilly and others. Joseph Clemens' bold plan to connect the two castles in one canal was never realized. His successors would build an imposing chestnut avenue on this axis, which still today connects the two palace buildings as an optical axis. However, it must also be noted that Clemens August's extensive construction work in Bonn, in Brühl and other places led to a high level of national debt in Kurköln.
An important construction site also opened up in 1746: the pilgrimage church and monastery on the Kreuzberg had suffered severely during the siege of 1689 and served as the headquarters of the English commander-in-chief, John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough . Elector Clemens August had the pilgrimage church restored and expanded by an extension to the choir of the church by 1751. He donated the Holy Stairs, the planning of which was implemented by the famous master builder Balthasar Neumann , in the style of the staircase in Augustusburg Castle in Brühl (built from 1740 to 1746).
In 1755, almost 60 years after the foundation stone was laid by the previous prince, construction work on the residential palace was completed, although the wing facing the Rhine remained a torso. Possibly related to this: In 1755, Clemens August separated from his director, Count August Wilhelm Wolff Metternich.
In the same year Clemens August had a ' Porcellain-Fabrick' set up in Katzenburg near Poppelsdorf Castle . Johann Jacob Kaisin and Ferdinand von Stockhausen were supposed to make porcelain for the court here . Porcelain was one of the elector's numerous costly passions. Since this did not succeed, the company was continued as a faience manufacture .
Regarding the reigns of Joseph Clemens and Clemens August, it must be noted that both electors developed Bonn as a center of European music. Numerous musicians were hired from all over Europe, especially from Italy and France. The composer Joseph Clemens dall 'Abaco was appointed director of court chamber music in 1738 . His successor was the composer Joseph Gottwald in 1752 . In 1760 Joseph Touchemoulin became court conductor. The bassist and singer Ludwig van Beethoven , the grandfather of the composer Ludwig van Beethoven, has been working in Bonn since 1733 .
Elector Clemens August died unexpectedly on February 6, 1761, during a trip to Munich near Ehrenbreitstein . Joyful as he was, he had not chosen a successor, but left behind an elaborate court, partly unfinished palace buildings and an enormous mountain of debt. On 6 April 1761 which elected cathedral chapter to Domdechanten Graf Maximilian Friedrich von Koenigsegg-Rothfels the new Elector and Archbishop. The almost 180-year-old Wittelsbach era in Kurköln came to an end.
Electoral Cologne residence city under Maximillian Franz (Habsburg)
Count Maximilian Friedrich von Königsegg-Rothenfels, who partially delegated the official business to Minister Kaspar Anton von Belderbusch, began to deal with the auction of the estate in order to restore the state finances to some extent. As sovereign, the count is prudent, economical, efficient and a little colorless. But even this sober sovereign still knows how to tie the musicians to Bonn and there were numerous opera performances. In 1778 the electoral court theater ( Bonn National Theater ) was founded. Plays by Lessing , Schiller and Shakespeare were staged by the director and playwright Gustav Friedrich Wilhelm Grossmann . During his reign, however, there were also catastrophes for Bonn and the people of Bonn: in 1771 there was a famine in Bonn and the country, in 1777 the castle burned and in 1784 Bonn suffered from the flooding of the Rhine.
The repeal of the Jesuit order by Pope Clement XIV gave the chance to reform the Jesuit high school in Bonngasse. In 1774 the grammar school was transformed into the 'Maxischen Akademie' . The academy is the nucleus of the later University in Bonn, which is officially founded on November 20, 1786. It quickly gained the reputation of an institution whose teachers sympathized with the ideas of the Enlightenment . The list of the Bonn Illuminati and the reading society founded in 1787 includes numerous other prominent citizens as well as numerous teachers and professors; including the musical teachers Ludwig van Beethoven , Christian Gottlob Neefe and Franz Anton Ries .
In 1780, Maximilian Friedrich von Königsegg-Rothenfels, was now 72 years old, it was time to look after the successor. The Austrian Maximillian Franz was therefore appointed coadjutor for Cologne and Münster (August 7, 1780). The sovereign died on April 15, 1784. His successor Maximilian Franz, who was to become the last elector, entered Bonn on April 27, 1784.
The reign of the Habsburg Maximilian Franz was to last about 10 years. He worked as a patron of the arts and sciences, appeared in a simple skirt and kept in close contact with his subjects. In 1789 Christian Gottlob Neefe wrote about the sovereign that he was one of "the most enlightened German princes".
Godesberg owes him the rise to a spa and bathing town towards the end of the residential epoch. Between 1790 and 1792 the elector had the Rédoute built near the mineral fountain as a ball and concert hall for visitors to the spa . In addition, a (Godesberger) court theater. The architect was Michael Leydel. Parks were created around the mineral fountain and a company was commissioned to use the healing power of the fountain ( 'Godesberger Wasser' ).
On November 2, 1792, in the calm before the storm (the aftermath of the French Revolution ), Ludwig van Beethoven left his hometown Bonn to continue his studies in Vienna.
End of Kurköln in Bonn and French occupation
As early as April 20, 1792, the French National Assembly in Paris had declared war on the (German) Reich in the course of the coalition wars. On December 22nd, the revolutionary troops invaded the Rhineland under the tricolor . The elector resigned for Munster . After the Battle of Aldenhoven (March 1, 1793), apparently a turning point, the Elector Maximilian Franz returned to Bonn on April 21, 1793.
On October 8, 1794, the French troops of the Northern Army under General Jean-Charles Pichegru entered Bonn. The elector had left for Dorsten a few days earlier . Maximillian Franz fled to Vienna and left his electorate, in a hopeless situation, to the revolutionary troops without a fight. Kurköln was history.
In the Peace of Lunéville in 1801, all areas on the left bank of the Rhine of Kurköln were ceded to Napoleonic France. The Rhine now formed the eastern border of France. Bonn and the associated canton belonged to the Département de Rhin-et-Moselle in the following years ; the capital of the department was Koblenz .
The French occupation brought serious changes for Bonn. With the end of the electoral era in the Rhineland, the time in which the city had held the function of a residence ended. Most of the members of the court and with them a large number of residents left the city with the elector. In addition, the still young university was closed. The population fell rapidly and citizens faced major economic problems in the years that followed. For the year 1809, an area of 333.3 hectares was designated for viticulture in the Bonn area, which shows the economic importance of Rhine wine .
The new legal system introduced by the French was of far-reaching importance. On May 1, 1798, the French government commissioner François Joseph Rudler issued an ordinance which ensured that the laws on civil status that came into force in France in 1792 also apply to the Rhenish department. Four years later, on April 8, 1802, the Organic Articles were promulgated, which meant freedom of worship and full civil rights for Protestants and Jews . On March 21, 1804, efforts to create a new legal system were crowned with the introduction of the Napoleonic Code .
On November 6, 1811, Emperor Napoleon I visited . Bonn for the second time, this time to examine the possibility of fortifying the city. On January 5, 1812, the first edition of the "Bonner Nachrichtens- und Anzeige-Blatt" appeared. At the beginning of 1814 the French had evacuated Bonn and on January 17, 1814 Prussian troops arrived in Bonn.
However, Prussia's presence in Bonn was initially ambivalent: the Prussian army entered Bonn with hussars and lancers, plus Cossacks and an East Prussian hunter battalion. To the annoyance of the Bonn residents, they behaved like victors in a conquered province. It is well known that contemporary Bonners always pointed out that they were not Prussians, but “ booty Prussians ”. The end of the French occupation was nevertheless a longed-for event for the population and the freedom movement. The Bonn writer Ernst Moritz Arndt had supported the national unity movement with various writings, including Der Rhein, Germany's river, but not Germany's border , in which he called for the German-speaking Rhineland to be replaced by France. In his honor, a memorial was set on the old customs in 1865, the inscription of which u. a. "The Rhine, Germany's river, but not Germany's border" reads.
Prussian Bonn
District town in the Prussian Rhine Province
As a result of the Congress of Vienna , Bonn fell de jure to Prussia in 1815 . Bonn became a district town in the administrative district of Cologne in the Rhine province . In general, the city developed enormously under Prussian rule. This was mainly due to the founding of the university and its popularity, also among the military, as a place of retirement and retirement. The revival of public life may also have been due to the arrival of Protestants in the middle of the “Catholic Rhineland”. After all, the deliberate favoritism by the House of Hohenzollern had an extremely favorable effect on urban development.
In 1818, today's Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn was re-founded - as a counterpart to the also newly founded Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin (the Prussian re-establishment was expressly not a continuation of the first University of Bonn, which went down in 1794). It shaped the life of the city in the next decades. In political and social terms, the antagonism between the Catholic majority and the Protestant upper class was decisive until the end of the Empire .
March and revolution of 1848
During the pre- March period and especially after the Hambach Festival (1832), Bonn's students became politicized. They too were affected by the general suppression of freedom of the press, freedom of association and freedom of assembly during the Prussian reaction , but from 1832 onwards there were repeated clashes with the police.
After the February revolution in Paris in 1848 , the events calling for democratic reforms also tumbled in Bonn. Important protagonists from Bonn were Ernst Moritz Arndt , Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann and Gottfried Kinkel . On March 20, 1848, Kinkel spoke to the citizens of Bonn from the steps of the town hall under the black, red and gold flag. Since May 18, 1848, the German National Assembly , which also included seven professors from Bonn , met in the Paulskirche in Frankfurt am Main . In August 1848, Kinkel took over the editing of the “Bonner Zeitung”, which professed “social democracy”. The closest collaborator was the student Carl Schurz . Kinkel and Schurz founded the Democratic Association in Bonn with the aim of popular sovereignty and German unity. On November 17, 1848, Kinkel called up the Bonn vigilante group. There were tumults on November 18 and 19, 1848, which were ended under the pressure of a Prussian infantry battalion advancing on November 20, 1848. Between 1848 and 1852 all associations were dissolved, the actors arrested or driven into exile. Kinkel himself went into exile in London .
From 1844 Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander , since 1837 professor for astronomy in Bonn, carried out the so-called Bonn survey at the Bonn observatory of the University of Bonn . It was carried out and published between 1846 and 1863 with the support of Adalbert Krüger and Eduard Schönfeld . The catalog and atlas contain 324,198 stars from the northern hemisphere with precise locations and brightnesses of celestial objects.
From February 15, 1844, a railway operated by the Bonn-Cölner Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft ran between Cologne and Bonn . The railway is extended to Koblenz in 1858. On October 1st, 1846, the Agricultural College for Rhenish Prussia was established (from 1861: Agricultural Academy Bonn-Poppelsdorf, from 1920 Agricultural University, from 1934: Agricultural Faculty of the University). The lectures began in the 1847 summer semester.
Bonn before the founding of the Empire
In 1850, Bonn received its own regional court as part of the new Prussian municipal ordinance of 1850. Around 1852 the city had around 20,000 inhabitants. In 1852, gas-powered street lighting was started, the nucleus of the Bonn municipal utilities . In the same year, on September 5, 1852, Hussar Regiment No. 7 , coming from West Prussia , moved into garrison in Bonn. On July 29, 1856, the composer Robert Schumann died in Endenich, after a two-year stay in the local sanatorium. He was buried in the old cemetery .
Bonn was part of a certain Rhine romanticism , as the following quote shows:
"Bonn is no longer in the heart of beauty, but it still belongs to the most beautiful section of the Rhine Valley, that Rhenish paradise, whose center we see the Siebengebirge."
On June 1, 1863, the "Bonn Citizens' Association" was founded, a meeting point for the Catholic, upper middle class, which determined the social and cultural life of the city in addition to the Protestant "reading and recreation society". Since Bonn and Beuel were not yet connected with a real bridge (so-called "flying bridge"), a steam ferry was used from July 2, 1863. In the 1860s, numerous student associations were founded and the relationship life determined the social and cultural life of the mostly male students and their elders, the so-called Philistines, including numerous lecturers and professors.
In 1865 the Arndt memorial was inaugurated on the Alter Zoll after Ernst Moritz Arndt died in Bonn in 1860 at the age of 90. In 1865 part of the population boycotted the celebrations for the 50th anniversary of the annexation of the Rhineland to Prussia. This happened out of opposition to the Prussian attitude in religious school questions. Quite a few citizens refer to themselves as “ booty Prussia ”, which was due to the Kulturkampf of that epoch. In 1868 the 50th anniversary celebrations of Bonn University took place. In 1866 Joseph Meyer, who came from Koblenz, founded a flag factory, which will later be called the " Bonner Flag Factory " and which still exists today.
The founding of the empire in 1871 brought Bonn some boom in the wake of the euphoria of the founding years . Since Bonn had become known in Prussia as a retirement home, numerous millionaires who had made a fortune through industrialization settled in Bonn with their magnificent villas. New schools and churches were built, and a water and gas works were built. The university also built new buildings, for example for the Chemical Institute (1864–67), Anatomy (1869–72) and the Physiological Institute (1875–78). In the southern part of the city, numerous representative houses of the middle and upper classes were built, which still shape the cityscape today.
Bourgeois, Prussian, Wilhelmine Bonn
The new Beethovenhalle was completed on December 17, 1870 and inaugurated in August 1871. From 1872 the Catholic " Deutsche Reichszeitung " appeared in Bonn. In 1872 the Behrendt bookstore was founded. A number of civic and veterans' associations emerged. In 1876 the restaurant "Hähnchen" opened, a popular meeting place for citizens, students, professors and garrison soldiers. In the same year the Soennecken-Verlag settled in Bonn. In 1877 the new main post office was opened in the Fürstenberg Palace on Münsterplatz .
In 1879, the new synagogue built between 1877 and 1878 on the banks of the Rhine, not far from today's Kennedy Rhine Bridge, was inaugurated according to plans by the architect Hermann Eduard Maertens. It was burned down in 1938 - a plaque on the bridge (north side) still reminds of it today.
On October 1, 1887, Bonn left the Bonn district in order to become an independent university town.
On June 7th, 1880 the railway line Bonn- Rheinbach - Euskirchen to the Voreifel was inaugurated. In the 1890s Godesberg, Dottendorf, Endenich, Kessenich and Poppelsdorf were incorporated. At the same time the fortifications were removed except for the old customs and only the star gate remained of the city gates.
From 1883 to 1885 a new station building (today's main station) was built. The main hall still suggests a pompous city gate. The building plot is in the lowest part of the city, an old, silted up arm of the Rhine. Around the train station there is still a muggy, hot climate in midsummer, which is why the vernacular speaks of the “Bonner Loch”.
On November 1, 1889, a new type of newspaper appeared for the first time, the “ General-Anzeiger ”. The publisher of the Bonner Zeitung, Hermann Neusser, dealt with the changes caused by the Kulturkampf . In connection with this, the publisher also founded a book printing company, which he combined under the umbrella of a stock corporation. The General-Anzeiger, subtitled “... for Bonn and the surrounding area”, was conceived as a daily advertising paper, highlighted local and regional reporting and was distributed free of charge. The new paper abstained from any political, social or religious partisanship ( editorial line ), in contrast to the Catholic-oriented " German Reichszeitung " published in Bonn .
From 1891 horse trams were set up for inner-city traffic. From 1893 a steam tram ran to Godesberg and Mehlem.
In 1898 the first massive Rhine bridge was built between Bonn and Beuel. It was inaugurated on December 17, 1898, after three years of construction. Apart from the Roman bridging of the Drusus, this was the first permanent connection between Bonn and the area on the right bank of the Rhine. Since, from Bonn's point of view, the people of Beuel initially did not contribute to the construction costs (4 million marks), then not enough, the bridge toll was levied until 1938 and on the Bonn side on the land pillar, the steel bridge built by the Gutehoffnungshütte , the Bonner Bridge Man ( "Bröckemännche") attached. The little bridge man shows his bare buttocks on the Beuel side, called "de schääl Sigg", and still exists today. From May 21, 1902, the first electric tram ran over this bridge between Bonn and Beuel.
In 1882, the provincial, insane, remedial and nursing home , today's LVR Clinic Bonn , was opened on Kaiser-Karl-Ring . In 1886 the Bonner Heimat- und Geschichtsverein (BHGV) was founded. In 1890 the "Provinzialmuseum" opened (today's Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn ).
In 1897 the Bonn garrison was expanded as part of the Prussian army reform . The 9th Rhenish Infantry Regiment No. 160 moves into quarters in the Ermekeil barracks in Bonn .
From 1898 the Rheinuferbahn ran to Cologne. At the same time, the foothills railway will be opened as a steam-powered narrow-gauge railway between Bonn and Cologne after six years of planning and construction. The railway, popularly known as " Fiery Elias ", ran until 1929. In 1905, the Bonn horse-drawn trams were taken over by the city and switched to electrical operation. Electric trams have been running to Mehlem, Königswinter and Siegburg since 1911/13. This essentially laid the network of today's local public transport.
As everywhere in the German Reich, the new century was celebrated in Bonn with balls on New Year's Eve and church services on New Year's Eve. On January 1, 1900, the royal hussars and the 160 infantry regiment marched in the courtyard garden in spring-like weather.
In 1902 a second synagogue was inaugurated in Poppelsdorf, and in 1903 a new synagogue in Beuel. Approx. In 1914 the Jewish community in Bonn had 1,200 members.
On October 1, 1907, Bonn received its first orchestra, led by Heinrich Sauer. The city orchestra is now called the " Orchester der Beethovenhalle Bonn ". The Beethoven-Haus association founded in 1889 also enriched Bonn's musical life. August Macke, who moved to Bonn with his parents at the age of four in 1901 , is one of Bonn's most important painters and is considered an exponent of the Expressionism he helped shape . The expressionist Hans Thuar also lived in Bonn from 1911 until the evacuation in World War II .
The period between 1900 and 1914 was generally characterized by the founding of numerous clubs, including some sports associations, such as the Bonn Football Club (1901) or the Bonner Swim Club 05 (BSV) in 1905. Around 30 sports clubs joined together in 1908 to form the “Association of Bonn Gymnastics and Sports Clubs " together. Numerous sports facilities were built during this time, including the Bonn Victoriabad from 1903–05. The Beueler Strandbad on the Rhine, the Rheinbadeanstalt, built in 1905, was very popular. This Rheinbadeanstalt was a floor-less wooden structure on pontoons and moored on the bank. The bath existed until 1967.
Art Nouveau was also reflected in the urban architecture : numerous Art Nouveau facades in the southern part of the city have been preserved. The Victoriabad, built in the Jugend style, fell victim to the bombs of World War II. The tram depot at Graurheindorfer Straße 157, built in 1905 according to the plans of the municipal civil engineering department, has been preserved. It consists of four hall facades with three gates each and is considered a prime example of Art Nouveau in industrial architecture.
For Bonn, the epoch is also known as the "Imperial Era". This was the expansion of the garrison, the special goodwill of the Hohenzollern over the city and the reputation of the university as " Prince University ," and " Prince-Universita t", a reputation that Bonn after 1843, as a preferred training location of the male Offspring of the Hohenzollern acquired. Both Kaiser Wilhelm II . himself and four of his sons studied in Bonn. The princes were given a spacious and comfortably furnished study room in the east wing of the university.
On June 1, 1904, after incorporation, Bonn already had 78,000 inhabitants. There were three different zones of the agglomeration: Bonn-Stadt was the core city, the later incorporated Beuel on the right bank of the Rhine had an industrial character and Godesberg was a rather dreamy bath. The population was over-aged, with the highest quota of "unemployed" after Wiesbaden , ie retirees and pensioners (nickname "Pensionerstadt") and, probably in connection with the university, had a high level of education. Godesberg had the somewhat derisive nickname " Pensionopolis ". Bonn consciously cultivated the image as an elegant residential town with magnificent villas (such as the Palais Schaumburg-Lippe ), the nimbus of well-known local personalities from culture, politics or science and as a charming travel destination. Extensive avenues, gardens and parks, "odorless and noise-free" industrial operations carefully selected by the city fathers, a lively club, music, theater and cultural life underlined this claim. The Wilhelmine Bonn also scored points from an economic point of view: at the turn of the century, Bonn was the fourth richest city in Prussia after Frankfurt am Main, Charlottenburg and Wiesbaden.
In 1912 the zoologist Alexander Koenig laid the foundation stone for the construction of a natural history museum (the shell was completed in 1914 according to the plans of the Royal Building Councilor G. Holland; it was not opened until 1934). In 1913, Wilhelm Stollfuß founded the Stollfuß publishing house in Bonn. In 1913, the Stadtsparkasse Bonn was rebuilt according to plans by the Cologne architect Peter Recht on today's Friedensplatz.
In 1913 Bonn had around 8,000 industrial employees. Half of these employees worked in the three largest industrial companies in Bonn: The Soennecken stationery factory , the Franz Anton Mehlem stoneware factory and art pottery and the Ludwig Wessel porcelain and stoneware factory .
Bonn from 1914 to 1919
On August 1, 1914, the garrison in Bonn was mobilized and cheering Bonners said goodbye to the generally surging enthusiasm for war with cheers, flowers and flags. Soon, in 1914, the first rationing measures were issued and appeals for donations were made. By September 20, 1914, the Bonners subscribed around 17.5 million Reichsmarks in war bonds .
In 1915 "bread books" were given out to the population, without which baked goods could no longer be given out. Meat-free days are introduced in November 1915, the second winter of the war. In the summer of 1917, six of the eight bells at the collegiate church were dismantled and handed over to the army administration. Joseph Goebbels left Bonn in March 1918 after studying here for two semesters.
Shortly before the end of the First World War , the city was hit by nine bombs from six British day bombers coming from Ochey in France on October 31, 1918 during an air raid originally planned for Cologne- Deutz and the industrial facilities there, killing 26 people and 56 injured.
On November 9, 1918, the republic was proclaimed in Berlin . The 1st World War was now over and the Kaiser abdicated. A total of 2,241 soldiers from Bonn-Stadt died in this war from 1914-18. For Bonn, Godesberg and Beuel together there were 2,783 fallen soldiers.
In the course of the November Revolution, in Bonn on November 9, 1918, in response to looting and gunfire in the city the day before, which was mainly caused by a group of armed sailors and soldiers who had arrived from Cologne, a workers', Citizens 'and soldiers' council as the highest authority for the city. This advice took over a. Administrative, welfare and police duties. A vigilante group emerged. The representatives covered a broad spectrum of society: center, liberals, social democrats and trade unions. The inclusion of the bourgeoisie, which occurred due to the local minority position of the workers in the general population, and its intensive cooperation with the city administration can be regarded as an exception for cities of this size. The council met 23 times, each with around 40 members, until it ceased its activities on December 11, 1918. According to administrative reports and chroniclers of the time, this council ensured that the revolution proceeded in an orderly manner despite all the excitement.
On November 16, 1918, the German troops returning from the western front began to move through Bonn. The demobilized field grays were greeted with flowers and cheers. The houses were flagged. A refreshment hall was opened for the soldiers on the grounds of the Chamber of Agriculture in Endeicher Allee.
On December 8, 1918, British occupation troops entered Bonn with an advance guard of 150 soldiers. The areas on the left bank of the Rhine of the German Empire were now occupied. As a result, Bonn briefly became the Canadian corps headquarters. At the end of January 1919, the Canadians were replaced by the British.
Bonn in the Weimar Republic
The consequences of the First World War did not leave Bonn unaffected. Between 1918 and 1939 the population rose only slowly from 91,000 to 100,000. The Allied occupation of the Rhineland from 1919 to 1930 also hit Bonn. The British occupiers stationed in Bonn since December 1918 were replaced by the French in February 1920. The French chief delegate of the High Inter Allied Commission, Gélin, Lieutenant Colonel de Boissy, the commissioner for the city of Bonn and General Leconte, commander of the 33rd French Army Corps, resided in Bonn. The occupation zone in the vicinity of Cologne, and thus also in Bonn, was evacuated with a one-year delay in January 1926 as a result of the Locarno treaties .
On January 20, 1919, the Bonn citizens elected the Weimar National Assembly for the first time . The strongest force in Bonn-Stadt is the German Center Party (21,748 votes), followed by the SPD (9,779 votes), the German Democratic Party (5,656 votes), the German National Party (4,058 votes), the German People's Party (2,395 votes) and the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) (74 votes).
In September 1919, the war kitchen in the university building ceased operations because parts of the university building were confiscated by the British occupation. In the same month the association "Studentenwohl" was founded. Professor Fritz Tillmann , the rector of the university, took over the management . The association was supported by the city of Bonn and citizens of Bonn. The war kitchen became a student kitchen. In October 1924 a newly built student residence with a cafeteria , burse , reading and social rooms was inaugurated. The tasks of the association "Studentenwohl" are continued today by the Studierendenwerk Bonn .
Immediately after the war the idea of separating the Rhineland from Prussia came up. The background was French security interests, which, however, were never supported by the US or the British. The Rhineland was to be detached from the Prussian state or given autonomy. At the invitation of Cologne's Lord Mayor Konrad Adenauer , all Rhenish members of the Weimar National Assembly met in Cologne in the winter of 1919. An important representative of the Rhenish separatists was the Bonn lawyer Hans-Adam Dorten . Around 1923 there was a Rhenish republic , which was demanded by the separatists and the party "Free Rhineland", but was ultimately foiled by the Prussian police in autumn 1923. The year 1923 was politically extremely troubled anyway due to the German October 1923 . The separatists who had fled the cities in the Rhineland were chased away in the "Separatist Battle of the Siebengebirge". Ultimately, the idea of a Rhenish Republic found too few supporters in the population during the economically difficult period of the Weimar Republic, even if the separatists could trust the historical skepticism of the Catholic population in the Rhineland towards Prussia. The ties to Prussia were ultimately too strong: Bonn councilors Eduard Spoelgen and Otto Meyer made this clear to the French in discussions with the Rhineland Commission in Paris.
At the same time, after the Ruhr uprising , the Ruhr was occupied by the French and Belgians. The people of Bonn had accompanied the uprising on the Ruhr with passive resistance - on January 15, 1923, citizens of Bonn demonstrated with a minute's silence - the French occupiers regard this as an affront. Railway officials, including the Bonn railway officials, had tried to divert trains and shut down stations to prevent the coal from reaching France and Belgium from the Ruhr area. 432 Bonn railway officials and work were convicted. The Mayor of Bonn, Johannes Falk, was brought before a French court martial in April 1923 (sentence: three years in prison and 3 million marks fine), but was expelled shortly afterwards, like other Bonn citizens, and was only able to return to Bonn in October 1924.
In the autumn of 1920, the Institute for Historical Regional Studies of the Rhineland was founded in Bonn and affiliated with the university. In 1925 Bonn celebrated the millennium that the Rhineland belonged to the German Reich (May 16-27, 1925) and in 1926 a celebration of liberation from the French occupation. On March 23, 1926, President Paul von Hindenburg visited the "liberated Bonn". He is the first person to sign the new "Golden Book of the City of Bonn".
On July 10, 1926, Godesberg received the addition "Bad" by decree of the Prussian Interior Minister.
In 1927 a new wholesale market hall is put into operation near the Ellerbahnhof. The main university building was expanded from 1926 to 1930. At the beginning of the 1929 summer semester, over 7,000 students were enrolled in Bonn.
Ultimately, however, the 1920s in Bonn were marked by inflation, an increase in welfare cases and political radicalization. However, the city of Bonn became almost debt-free in the wake of inflation.
From 1932 (construction period from 1929) the first German motorway connected Bonn with Cologne. It was inaugurated on August 6, 1932.
During the Weimar Republic , Bonn remained a stronghold of the Catholic German Center Party . At the beginning of the 1920s, however, the German People's Party also had successes and in some cases became the second strongest force in Bonn. Although the NSDAP achieved a significant increase in votes, despite measures to prevent and intimidate the other parties, it did not succeed in overtaking the center as the strongest party. Since the local elections in Bonn in autumn 1924, the increase in votes for the NSDAP became apparent. In July 1926 the NSDAP formed a local group in Bonn. On November 28, 1926, the chairman of the NSDAP, Adolf Hitler, spoke at a (non-public) meeting in the Beethovenhalle. Hitler is officially forbidden to speak. The NS university group, which has existed since 1928, is heavily involved in the political agitation. Young voters, students and small traders were among the important voters.
Mayor Johannes Falk was sentenced on August 23, 1930 to a fine of 100 marks for insulting. After a defamatory article against the city administration in the " Westdeutscher Beobachter ", a Nazi party newspaper, Falk described the publication as a " Revolverblatt " and said that it was written by criminals against the German people and only taken seriously by limited people. On January 24, 1931, Reichstag President Paul Löbe (SPD) spoke to the Bonners in the overcrowded Beethoven Hall and described the political and economic situation in Germany and in the world. He explained that the Nazis' fascism could not fight the economic crisis.
The elections for the 4th German Reichstag on May 20, 1928 resulted in losses for the Center Party in the Rhineland, including in Bonn. The left parties, the NSDAP and the German National People's Party (DNVP) received a boost in Bonn and in the Reich. In the state elections of April 1932, the NSDAP's share of the vote was just under 24%. In the parliamentary elections in March 1933 , the NSDAP in Bonn received 32% of the vote, which, however, was well below the proportion in the German Reich (43.9%).
Construction of the Rhineland Pedagogical Academy in Gronau began in the Weimar Republic in 1930 . After the war, the building would serve as an administrative and plenary building for the German Bundestag. The building was inaugurated on October 2, 1933, but the expansion continued until 1938. The building plans came from government master builder Martin Witte, who consistently adopted the design language of the Dessau Bauhaus . The architectural style therefore absolutely did not correspond to the ideas of the new rulers. But they only changed the title of the institution to "College for Teacher Training".
Bonn during the National Socialism
Bonn until the start of the war
The Center Party won 36% of the vote in the local elections on March 12, 1933, the NSDAP 34%, the SPD 10% and the KPD 7%. That did not prevent the National Socialists from taking power in Bonn. One day after the election, on March 13th, they hoisted the swastika flag over the town hall. On the evening of the same day, NSDAP man Ludwig Rickert was appointed "State Commissioner" by Hermann Göring after the incumbent Lord Mayor Franz Wilhelm Lürken was given a leave of absence . Everywhere in the Reich, including Bonn, leading city officials were replaced in the course of the " Gleichschaltung ". In June 1933, Rickert was also formally mayor. In August 1934, the vote on the law on the head of state in Bonn resulted in 18.6% no votes.
On May 13, 1934, the Alexander Koenig Zoological Research Institute and Museum was opened.
From 1933, violence by the SA was also used in Bonn, resulting in arrests (protective custody), professional bans, intimidation, propaganda marches and torchlight procession. Above all, however, the Jews suffered from the new conditions, were initially subject to defamation, and in April 1933 the first boycotts of Jewish businesses took place. Beginning with the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, expropriations took place and Jews were deported. In 1938 the Jews of Bonn were forced to pay a "property levy" of 1.5 million Reichsmarks. During the Reichskristallnacht on November 9 and 10, 1938, uniformed troops of the SA and SS came to the city and set fires in the synagogues of Bonn, Poppelsdorf, Bad Godesberg, Mehlem and Beuel. The supposedly spontaneous upsurges of popular anger were anti-Jewish smear campaigns ordered and organized by the NSDAP and SA. The acts of terrorism were also intended to induce Jews to leave voluntarily.
More than 1,000 Bonn residents, mostly citizens of the Jewish faith, were murdered during the Nazi era . About 8,000 people had to leave their hometown, were arrested or imprisoned in concentration camps . The Jewish community in Bonn had around 1,300 members in 1933; in 1939 there were only 464 people. In the course of the “ Final Solution to the Jewish Question ” in June 1941, they were initially transferred to the “For Eternal Adoration” monastery in Endich, which was evacuated by the Gestapo , and from there to the extermination camps . On January 26, 1942, the mathematician Felix Hausdorff took his own life, his wife and his sister-in-law, because he was to be assigned to the monastery. As far as is known, only 7 of those kidnapped Bonn survived the Holocaust .
Victims statistics after twelve years of Nazi dictatorship in Bonn:
| Group of people | Total pursued | killed by it |
|---|---|---|
| Jews | between 1600 and 1700 | about 770 |
| Forced sterilization and “ euthanasia ” victims |
about 4800 | about 380 |
| Sinti | about 100 | about 50 |
| Slave labor | about 10,000 | at least 8 |
A number of prominent Bonn citizens and their families were among the victims of the persecution; so the mathematician Felix Hausdorff and the geographer Alfred Philippson . In Bad Godesberg it was the chairman of the Center Party, Joseph Roth . The Bonn city councilor of the KPD , Otto Renois , was the first victim of the Nazi regime in April 1933. The fate of the Christian trade unionist Heinrich Körner , who was arrested again and again, was shot dead by a stray SS patrol in Berlin in 1945, two hours after the liberation from Plötzensee by Russian soldiers, was tragic .
For the university, too, the "synchronization" meant strong interventions in organization, content and personnel policy. Around 24% of the professors belonged to the NSDAP, but the proportion of National Socialists among the students was much higher, even though they did not constitute the majority in the General Student Committee (ASTA) in February 1933 . On May 10, 1933, a book burning “against the un-German spirit” took place on the market square, attended by numerous “folk-enthusiastic” students, representatives of the Stahlhelm , as well as professors Hans Neumann and Eugen Lüthgen.
There was quiet resistance from the two theological faculties and the religious communities. For the Catholics, Professor Wilhelm Neuss , worked out together with colleagues, published an illegal script as a counter-position to Alfred Rosenberg's The Myth of the 20th Century . The Protestant theologians, who were generally considered to be left-liberal by the National Socialists, were "transferred" numerous times. However, there was no exchange of a pastor in Bonn between 1933 and 1945.
From April 1935, the University of Bonn was completely deprived of its autonomy and self-administration. Rector and deans with Nazi party membership were appointed by a Reich Minister. In December 1936 line faithful Dean ordered the withdrawal of the honorary doctorate of Thomas Mann . However, none of the professors protested either. By the beginning of the war, 33 lecturers had been dismissed, including many “non-Aryans”. In addition to some committed National Socialists and fellow travelers, there were also men of the Nazi resistance at the University of Bonn , such as Professors Ernst Robert Curtius , Felix Hausdorff , Paul Ernst Kahle , Karl Barth and Heinrich Lützeler . An academic assistant in history, Walter Markov , headed a group of opposition students, including socialists and Catholics, from the fall of 1933 to February 1935, who worked to educate and counter-propaganda. This group included Walter Bader , Hannes Schmidt and Anthony Toynbee. Among other things, the group took over the publishing of the KPD magazine Sozialistische Republik , which was relocated from Cologne to Bonn . Walter Markov was imprisoned until the end of the war, but became a respected history professor after the war.
There was also resistance in networks that met regularly in Bonn. For example, former members of the Center Party or people from Christian structures maintained contacts in fundamental opposition to the Nazi state. The Christian trade unionist Heinrich Körner kept in touch with the resistance group of center politicians around Paul Franken , managing director of the Cartel Association of Catholic German Student Associations (KV) . From here there were connections to people such as Andreas Hermes , Konrad Adenauer , Karl Arnold , Otto Schumacher-Hellmold (founder of the DDB (German Democratic Movement)) or Jakob Kaiser . Since 1934 there was the Antifa in Bonn , divided into many groups of workers, social democrats and communists who often knew nothing about each other. Most of the Antifa activists were arrested in June 1935. 74 Antifa members were sentenced to long prison terms by the Hamm special court, which met in Bonn, and later transferred to concentration camps or the 999 punishment battalion . In 1940 a group of Bündischer Jugend “ Grauer Orden ” around Michael Jovy and Edgar Lohner , as well as a socialist group around Hubert Peter, were tried by the Berlin People's Court . In those years there were around 400 special court proceedings against critics of the regime in the Bonn area . Around 1942/43 there were public executions of two Polish and two Russian prisoners of war on the Beueler Finkenberg in the Siebengebirge. Estimates assume around 400 political deaths for Bonn during the Nazi regime.
The preparations of the National Socialists for military targets came to light from the 1936 Olympic Games. New barracks were built in Bonn in 1937/1938: The flak barracks on the Venusberg , which were given the name "Hermann Göring barracks". In the same year the Duisdorf infantry barracks, into which the III. Battalion of the 77th Infantry Regiment moved in. In 1938 the artillery barracks followed in Duisdorf, which was occupied by the I. Department of Artillery Regiment 62.
In September 1938 , a conference on the Sudeten question took place in the Rheinhotel Dreesen , one of the first hotels in Bad Godesberg, in the run-up to the Munich Agreement , the delegations of which were led by Adolf Hitler for the German Reich and Neville Chamberlain for the United Kingdom.
Bonn during World War II
The city and its residents were largely spared from very heavy bombing raids in the Allied air war until autumn 1944 . A total of 79 air raids took place on Bonn. The second heaviest took place on August 12, 1943. The most devastating air strike on October 18, 1944, however, destroyed almost the entire city center of Bonn from the second Fährgasse to the wax bleaching. 250 bombers with 50 mines, 2,000 high-explosive bombs and around 80,000 stick incendiary bombs as well as liquid bombs weighing up to 100 kg were used. 700 houses were totally destroyed, 100 badly damaged. Bonn's old town became a desert of rubble.
By the end of the fighting on March 9, 1945, around 30 percent of Bonn had been destroyed, and over half of all apartments were uninhabitable. Among other things, the Rheinviertel fell completely victim to the war. 1,564 residents lost their lives as a result of the bombing raids. There were 2,107 destroyed residential buildings and 7,800 damaged residential buildings, which corresponded to 18.9% and 70.3% of the substance. This damage was repaired after the end of the war, with the exception of the Boeselager Hof, a city palace from the 18th century.
The final phase of the fighting in Bonn was dramatic, as Bonn had been declared a fortress: Combat commander Major General Richard von Bothmer prevented further victims and destruction of the city by ordering all units to retreat across the Rhine on the evening of March 7, 1945. He refused to fight the fight for Bonn "down to the last cartridge". The Rhine bridge was blown up. The next day he went to his superior office in Jüngsfeld . There he was tried before a court martial for his act. Sentenced to five years in prison and demotion, he committed suicide.
Legal Department Max Horster handed over the city to the advancing US troops on March 9, together with other administrative officials. The local Nazi leadership, like elsewhere, had run away. The US pioneers built the Hodges Bridge as a replacement for the blown up Bonn bridge near Bad Godesberg . Bad Godesberg itself was taken on March 8th without a fight. US troops slowly worked their way north over the bridgehead at Remagen ( Ludendorff Bridge ), which they captured on March 7, and reached Ober- and Niederholtorf south of Beuel on March 19, 1945 . The withdrawn forces of the Wehrmacht offered resistance in Beuel until March 21st. From March 21st, the guns were finally silent in Bonn. It was not until the beginning of April 1945 that the Wehrmacht gave up its line of defense along the Sieg , i.e. north of Beuels, and withdrew to the east. 56 German soldiers died in the fighting around Bonn, 1,700 were taken prisoner by the US .
2,783 Bonn residents who took part in the war as soldiers fell between 1939 and 1945.
Bonn after 1945
Bonn in the post-war period
In March 1945, the Allied occupation in Bonn began, initially by the US Army. When the European fighting of the Second World War ended on May 8, 1945, peace had long been established for Bonn, but misery and misery remained. On May 28, 1945 British troops took over the city as an occupying power . Bonn was now part of the British zone of occupation . In 1945 Bonn was added to the North Rhine Province and in 1946 was assigned to the newly formed state of North Rhine-Westphalia .
After the end of the war, Bonn ( building of the Rhineland Chamber of Agriculture ) was the seat of the High Presidium for the Rhineland, Hesse and the Saar for a short time from June 4, 1945 , which was limited to the northern part of the former Rhine province in the same month due to the establishment of the French occupation zone was then relocated to Düsseldorf .
From 1945 the reconstruction of the destroyed city was decisive for many Bonn residents. However, this also gave the opportunity to replace the old streets laid out in the Middle Ages with new traffic routes. In a west-east direction, Oxfordstrasse and Bertha-von-Suttner-Platz were cut across the northern old town towards the future Rhine bridge. It was also possible to renovate the old town and to take flood protection measures.
Since the supply of food, clothing, heating material and living space was initially poor to very poor, the black market and bartering flourished . The " cigarette currency " replaces the old Reichsmark, which has become worthless. The troubled Bonners also set out on hamster trips to the surrounding area , for example to the Eifel, the Westerwald or, upstream the Rhine, illegally into the French occupation zone . The situation in Bonn was also tense because thousands of refugees or evacuees returned to the city or displaced persons from the eastern regions were looking for a new home here.
In 1947, the hunger in Bonn was particularly great: in 1945 the food ration per person per day was 1,240 calories, in 1946 it was only 748 calories. On April 1, 1947, a mass rally took place on Münsterplatz on the occasion of the poor supply situation. Doctors found 220 cases of starvation edema in 1947, 11 of which were fatal.
The crew did their best to help the administration. In February 1946 provisional city and community councils were appointed. The Bonners got a foretaste of the impending democracy that the Allies were striving for at the local elections in autumn 1946: In Beuel, the re-founded Center Party achieved a majority, in Bonn and Bad Godesberg it was the newly founded CDU . Local government was organized along the lines of the British model: (Upper) city and / or community directors ran the administration as electoral officers , while elected politicians acted as (lord) mayors chaired the council and represented the community externally. The first mayor of Bonn was Eduard Spoelgen , who was already an alderman of the city from 1922 until his forced retirement in 1933. On April 1, 1946, Johannes Langendörfer became Bonn's first senior city director. The municipal reorganization of Bonn now made it possible to operate schools, the university, local public transport and the municipal utilities ( Stadtwerke Bonn ).
With the currency reform in 1948 , reconstruction could also be tackled in Bonn. On June 20, 1948, a Sunday, 105,000 Bonn residents exchanged "old money" for "new money". 220 cashiers and 1,800 auxiliaries were working at 110 exchange points that day.
On November 18, 1948, Bonn became the seat of the newly founded German Raiffeisen Association .
At the turn of the year 1948/1949 the British occupation troops withdrew from Bonn and were replaced by the Belgian military. The Belgians moved into their headquarters in the Palais Schaumburg.
The rebuilt Rhine bridge between Bonn and Beuel was opened on November 12, 1949. The cost was 10.2 million DM.
On May 1, 1950, the management with food cards in Bonn ended. Most Bonn residents had been dependent on food for survival since the beginning of the war in 1939, almost 12 years.
Federal capital of the Federal Republic of Germany
Preparation of the seat of government
The West German Prime Minister's Conference , authorized by the military governors of the three western zones , designated Bonn on August 16, 1948 as the meeting place for a constituent assembly. Eight of the eleven Prime Ministers of the western zone voted for Bonn as the conference venue. On September 1, 1948, the Parliamentary Council met in the almost completely rebuilt city for its constituent session in the Alexander König Museum . On May 8, 1949, the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (GG) was passed at this location and promulgated on May 23, 1949.
In a decisive session of the Parliamentary Council on May 10, 1949, Bonn won the capital question against Frankfurt am Main , primarily on the initiative of Konrad Adenauer ( Stuttgart and Kassel had also applied ). 33 of the members of the council voted for Bonn, 25 against. On November 3, 1949, the Bundestag confirmed the vote in favor of Bonn: 200 members voted for Bonn, 179 for Frankfurt.
Bonn was now the (provisional) federal capital of the Federal Republic of Germany, provisionally because the new Basic Law stipulated that it would be renegotiated in the event of a reunification of Germany.
Bonn had recommended itself as the conference venue, the city of Bonn and the state of North Rhine-Westphalia left nothing undone to put Bonn in the limelight. The state government provided z. B. for the fact that the NWDR put a transmitter into operation on September 6, 1949 on the Venusberg. The undestroyed representative premises in and outside the city were the decisive factors for the choice of Bonn. The Troilo and Gallwitz barracks were ideal locations for the ministries; On the Rhine, for example, the capital city planning envisaged the Villa Hammerschmidt (seat of the Federal President) and the Palais Schaumburg (Federal Chancellery) as future, representative government buildings. What was also positively convincing: All future institutions, such as the Office of the Federal President, the Federal Chancellery, the Bundeshaus with the Bundestag and the Bundesrat would only be a short walk away from each other. There was no such thing in a grown capital.
However, even before the election, nothing was left to chance: the former Pedagogical Academy , which had already served as a conference venue for the Parliamentary Council, was expanded into the Bundeshaus and a new plenary hall built before the election according to the plans of Professor Hans Schwippert . All work was completed on time for the constituent session of the first German Bundestag on September 7, 1949.
On July 9, 1949, Bonn became part of the exzonal enclave Bonn , which was supposed to ensure the establishment of the federal organs in the region around the provisional capital. On November 3, 1949, the German Bundestag confirmed the vote of the Parliamentary Council to make Bonn the provisional federal capital. After that, the basis for the work of the Bundestag and the federal government was first created. Bonn's special status was aptly described as follows:
“Bonn has no surroundings. Bonn is a city in a landscape, in a sense the federal capital in front of a river landscape. "
On November 13, 1949, the new federal capital experienced its first state visit: The US Secretary of State, Dean Acheson , visited Bonn.
On July 12, 1950, the budget committee of the German Bundestag blocked all funds for federal buildings because the expenditures significantly exceeded the planned values.
Bonn remained a "provisional solution". The barracks were symbols: press barracks or SPD party barracks, which, according to legend, should have been constructed in such a way that they could have been dismantled, transported to Berlin and erected again there.
Bonn was by no means the economic or cultural center of the Federal Republic. Bonn was a place of politics and diplomacy, which earned the city the derisive title of " Federal Village ".
Expansion of the federal capital
The first new ministry buildings were built between 1953 and 1955 along Koblenzer Allee for the Foreign Office and the Ministry of Post .
The urban planners in the region countered the settlement pressure created by the government function with the construction of several satellite towns such as the Reutersiedlung , built from 1950 to 1952 , according to plans by the Berlin architect Max Taut . The town hall in Bad Godesberg built in 1956 and the new Beethoven hall completed in September 1959 were also the result of the expansion of the capital. For a long time, great care was taken to focus the measures only on a provisional stay in Bonn. In 1955, the German Bundestag decided not to erect any further federally owned buildings in Bonn and issued an official building ban for the federal government. The still increasing demand for administrative buildings was covered by the private development of the tulip field, for example . Buildings created there were rented by ministries. The "provisional" Bonn ensured an unusual spread of offices and ministerial departments across the city.
In 1958, the city of Bonn's water supply was connected to the Wahnbach dam on the right bank of the Rhine .
On May 26, 1959, the new synagogue in Tempelstrasse was inaugurated. In 2008 the Jewish community had around 1,000 members.
In 1959, the " Godesberg Program " was adopted at the SPD party conference in Bad Godesberg . In 1960 the new university library went into operation.
From the mid-1960s the federal government began to prepare for a longer presence in the provisional capital after the GDR had fortified the inner-German border from 1961 and drawn the " Berlin Wall " around West Berlin . During this time, many new ministry buildings and the Lange Eugen were built as an office tower for the members of the German Bundestag. The traffic infrastructure was expanded by several motorways and a city rail tunnel . The relief of the central Kennedy-Rheinbrücke , which meant a bottleneck when crossing the Rhine, was essential . In the north a new bridge ("north bridge") was built, the Friedrich-Ebert-Brücke opened in 1967 , while in the south the Konrad-Adenauer-Brücke ("south bridge") was opened in 1972.
Bonn also made a name for itself in the media because it was necessary to depict current political events in parliament and government: the " Report from Bonn ", which was broadcast from the WDR Studio Bonn, is an example of this . The show has been broadcast nationwide on Fridays for 36 years since April 5, 1963. Two newspapers in particular have made a name for themselves in political reporting from Bonn since those years: the local "General-Anzeiger" and, because of its excellent quality of capital city correspondence, the "Osnabrücker Nachrichten" . Of course, the number of domestic and foreign correspondents who were accredited to the Federal Press Office was also very high, so that Bonn was always on everyone's lips.
In 1965 Paul Wilhelm Wenger addressed some of Bonn's paradoxes that arose from the company's rapid growth. The population grew by 50,000 new residents in a short time. Bonn had the highest debt burden per capita of all cities in Germany. Plus the highest density of cars and high school graduates in the country. The total amount of federal investment in Bonn was around a third of the annual Berlin aid . Also because of the high influx of people from the federal territory one spoke of " Altbonnern " and " Neubonnern ".
An important building block for the federal capital was the expansion of the Cologne / Bonn Airport , which was built in 1938 , in the Wahner Heide , around 16 km from Bonn city center. After the completion of the large runway in 1961, the first long-haul flight from Cologne / Bonn took place. With the laying of the foundation stone for the new terminal and the construction of the radar tower, the expansion in the north-west part began in 1965. In 1968 the air traffic control with the new tower was inaugurated, on March 20, 1970 , today's Terminal 1, designed by Paul Schneider-Esleben , opened. From 1991 to 1994 today's tower was built next to the air traffic control building. In 1994 the airport was renamed "Airport Cologne / Bonn - Konrad Adenauer" to honor the commitment of the first Federal Chancellor to the airport. In 2018, Cologne / Bonn Airport was number 3 in the cargo sector as an important air cargo transshipment point, and number 6 in Germany in terms of passenger numbers. The Federal Ministry of Defense is at home on the site .
In the field of culture , the federal government gave the city appropriate support, as for example the opera house (Theater Bonn) inaugurated on May 5, 1965 at the old Boeselagerhof right next to the Kennedy-Rheinbrücke testifies. The architects Klaus Geßler and Wilfried Beck-Erlang were the architects of the modern functional building with an outer skin made of light metal . This gave Bonn, as a rather small city , a " three-division house ". The renowned Contra-Kreis-Theater was founded as a private theater as early as 1950 and the city had other theaters, such as the “Kleines Theater” in Bad Godesberg, opened in 1958. In 1970, the International Beethoven Festival of the city of Bonn took place on the occasion of the composer's 200th year of birth .
In 1969 the cities of Bad Godesberg and Beuel as well as nine municipalities of the Duisdorf office were incorporated.
Representative buildings of the government were also made available outside Bonn: The federal government rented the hotel on the Petersberg , which was run by the Breidenbacher Hof, from 1954 as a federal guest house for high-ranking state guests; For example, for the first visit to Germany by the British Queen Elizabeth II in 1965. The first state guest in 1954 was the Ethiopian regent Haile Selassi . Because the hotel was unprofitable for the operators, it was closed in 1969 and has been falling into disrepair ever since. On the occasion of a visit by the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Leonid Brezhnev , it reopened for a short time in May / June 1973 after a partial renovation. The lack of representation opportunities for the federal government in Bonn, which has been increasingly recognized as the capital since the early 1970s, led to the search for a new guest house in which international conferences could also be held. Gymnich Castle near Erftstadt was rented as such from 1971 onwards , but it seemed to the federal government to be unsuitable in the long term due to the great distance from the seat of government and its small size. In addition, the Foreign Office guesthouse on Venusberg ( Kiefernweg 12 ) often had to be used; State guests were also temporarily accommodated in the Chancellor's bungalow . State receptions by the Federal President for state guests, on the other hand, usually took place at Augustusburg Castle in Brühl .
The federal capital as a big city
Consistent urban development had finally made Bonn from a “ federal village ” to a large city . At the same time, the district of Bonn was dissolved as part of the North Rhine-Westphalian district reform and the rest of the area became part of the Rhein-Sieg district , which now no longer only extended to the right of the Rhine but also to the left of the Rhine, thus largely enclosing the city.
Bad Godesberg then became known as the city's “diplomatic quarter”. In 1988 there were 120 embassies in Bonn, 87 of them in Bad Godesberg alone. However, due to the lack of space, some messages were scattered from Cologne to Remagen.
The dominant north-south axis of Bundesstraße 9 , the former Koblenzer Allee, later divided into Adenauerallee , Willy-Brandt-Allee and Friedrich-Ebert-Allee with the adjoining Godesberger Allee , was popularly known as the " Diplomatic Racecourse ". The government quarter was now called the federal quarter.
The will for this development was underlined by the government declaration by Willy Brandt on January 18, 1973, in which he made a clear commitment to the expansion of the federal capital Bonn. A contract between the federal government, the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the city of Bonn on the expansion of Bonn into the federal capital was signed as early as 1970, and a second followed in 1980. In order to bring together the ministries and authorities in a central location around the previous location of the Bundestag and the Federal Chancellery , a 672 hectare area between the city districts of Bonn and Bad Godesberg was converted into a development measure under the Urban Development Act in 1975 . The former government district was formed on the site of the previously largely undeveloped districts of Gronau and Hochkreuz . Planning for the new Federal Chancellery began at the beginning of 1970 . It was obtained from Federal Chancellor Helmut Schmidt in 1976 and remained in use until 1999.
The parties also put an end to the "federal provisional": in 1973 the CDU party headquarters, the Konrad-Adenauer-Haus , was inaugurated. In 1974 the foundation stone was laid for the new SPD party headquarters, the Erich-Ollenhauer-Haus .
On May 24, 1974, Bonn celebrated the 25th anniversary of the proclamation of the Basic Law with a state ceremony.
“History has been made in Bonn for a quarter of a century. Since then, the city has become a synonym for the second German republic for many. "
On March 22, 1975, the first 7.5 kilometer long section of the Bonn subway between the main station and Rheinallee in Bad Godesberg was inaugurated. It had already been decided in 1967. However, the route was only 3.2 kilometers underground, which earned Bonn the derision of "the city with the shortest underground in Germany ". With five underground stations, the underground section measures 8.72 kilometers today. In 1986 the completion took place. Axis B (east-west) was not completed, the western part is missing.
On May 20, 1978 the new Bonn town hall for the administration of the city of Bonn was inaugurated. The building was controversial among the population for several reasons: Numerous houses had to give way to the 72 m high functional building at the southern end of the northern part of the city, in principle an entire quarter. The building, built from 1973–1977, was quite large and clearly dominated the cityscape. After all, the construction costs were clearly out of planning.
In 1979 the Federal Garden Show 1979 took place in Bonn , for which the Gronau and park areas in Beuel-Süd were laid out in order to make the river landscape of the Rhine tangible.
On October 10, 1981, Bonn saw a mass demonstration: 250,000 - 300,000 people demonstrated “ For Peace and Disarmament ” around Bonn's Hofgarten. The participants traveled in 2,960 buses, 41 special trains and 7,950 cars. The number of demonstrators exceeded the population. The meadow in the courtyard garden then had to be recultivated. The Bonn retail trade put the loss in sales at 4 million DM, but sales from bakeries, restaurants, sausages and drinks sellers boomed. The rally was non-violent and trouble-free, like a huge summer festival. The NRW Minister of Education Jürgen Girgensohn asked the school principals in advance to report the names of teachers and students who took part in the rally. Teacher and student organizations protested vigorously. The sculptor Ulrich Rückriiem placed a memorial stone behind the Rhenish State Museum to commemorate this day.
On October 22, 1983, there was another large peace demonstration with human chains against NATO's double resolution. The meadow of the court garden had to be recultivated again.
The tripartite division of the city has been described very often: Rheinische Mittelstadt, university city and federal capital. This included the reference to bourgeois Bonn, academic Bonn and political Bonn. It should not go unmentioned that economic Bonn is home to four important companies with very distinctive products: eggnog, flags, gummy bears and organ pipes.
The Lord Mayor of Bonn, Hans Daniels , summarized the post-war urban development of Bonn in 1984 as follows:
“What changed our environment in an unprecedented form after 1945, however, was the immense wave of settlements in Bonn that resulted in the three cities and thirty villages that were formerly three cities and today's city of Bonn in less than thirty years. The first major city expansions a hundred years ago, in which the Wilhelminian-era districts of Bonn's south, west and inner north cities and the villa district in Bad Godesberg, were small and manageable. Above all, however, the urban expansion at the turn of the century - in contrast to the building development after 1945 - was still characterized by a uniform design canon with all the richness of forms of Wilhelminian building in detail. "
From 1986 to 1992/93 the pump house of the old waterworks served as the plenary hall of the German Bundestag . The historic parliamentary resolutions on German reunification and the capital city resolution were taken at the time the replacement plenary hall was in use .
In retrospect, the federal capital Bonn is also referred to as the control center of the " Bonn Republic ", in contrast to the " Berlin Republic " that followed after reunification.
Federal city after the reunification of Germany
After German reunification , Berlin became the federal capital through the Unification Treaty on October 3, 1990, but the question of the future seat of government still had to be clarified. After a heated debate, the German Bundestag decided on June 20, 1991 with 338 votes to 320 in the so-called capital city resolution that Berlin should become the seat of the Bundestag and the federal government. In the period that followed, the city and the federal government agreed that Bonn should continue to play an important role in federal politics and that compensatory measures should prevent the permanent harmful consequences of the partial move.
This finally led to the Berlin / Bonn Act of April 28, 1994, in which the capital city resolution was confirmed and the future organization of the federal government was determined. According to this, there should be a permanent, fair division of labor between the cities on the Rhine and the Spree, and political functions in the political areas of education and science , environment and health , food and agriculture and defense should be maintained and promoted in Bonn . Furthermore, according to the resolution, Bonn is to be expanded as a location for development policy with national, international and supranational institutions. In order to secure the location of the federal ministries, it is planned that the majority of ministerial jobs will remain in the former capital. The ministries taking their first seat in Bonn set up a branch in Berlin, in return the ministries moving to Berlin leave a second seat in Bonn. To compensate, it was decided to move over 20 federal authorities from Berlin and the Rhine-Main area to Bonn.
Part of the law was the basis for the “Agreement on Compensatory Measures for the Bonn Region” of June 29, 1994, which provided for a funding volume of 1.437 billion euros in the period 1995 to 2004. This promoted the areas specified in the Berlin / Bonn Act in which the compensation should be implemented. These were science, culture, international institutions and a future-oriented economic structure.
With the law on April 28, 1994 - the promulgation date of the Berlin / Bonn Law - after four years of “untitled” time, the city was given the title of Federal City , a designation that is unique in Germany. First of all, the title is intended to honor Bonn's importance for post-war German history and to recognize the continued political influence of the city.
Independently of the Berlin / Bonn Act, the Federal President moved his first official seat to Berlin in 1994; the second official seat remained in Bonn with the Villa Hammerschmidt residence. On September 27, 1996, the Bundesrat also decided to move its headquarters with the Bundestag to Berlin, albeit with a second seat in Bonn.
On June 17, 1992, the Bonn Art Museum and the Art and Exhibition Hall of the Federal Republic of Germany were inaugurated. The Kunstmuseum Bonn had previously exhibited in buildings behind the old town hall in a very narrow space. The two modern buildings were located as part of the Bonn Museum Mile in the government district at Bundesstraße 9 . The Bonn Museum Mile was expanded in 1994: On June 14, 1994 the inauguration of the House of History of the Federal Republic of Germany took place. Finally, the Deutsches Museum Bonn was added. The famous Alexander Koenig natural history museum already existed, so that the ensemble of the Museum Mile consists of five museums.
The outcome of the local elections in 1994 brought about a political turning point in the city's history in several ways. Citizens entitled to vote ended the decades-long domination of the conservative parties in the city council - until 1933 the Catholic center was the undisputed dominant political force, after 1945 the CDU . In 1994 the Bonn team ensured a victory for the SPD and the Greens . With Bärbel Dieckmann (SPD) as Lord Mayor and Doro Pass-Weingartz (Greens) as Mayor, women were at the head of the city for the first time in the history of Bonn.
The last session of the German Bundestag in Bonn took place on July 1, 1999. On July 14, 2000, the last plenary session of the Bundesrat took place in Bonn, whereupon the branch office was left there. In 2005 the last relocation and compensation measures were completed.
In the summer of 1999, the move of the Bundestag and the federal government was completed, until shortly after the turn of the millennium, the number of staff required by the ministries had been reached. To date, the division of federal ministries in both Bonn and Berlin has required a high volume of travel by ministerial officials (2018: 18,730 business trips, 2/3 of them by plane). and every third ministerial job is located in Bonn in 2019. Six out of 14 federal ministries even have their first official headquarters in the former capital on the Rhine: Education and research, health, agriculture, the environment, defense and development. The federal ministries, whose first official seat is Berlin, have a second seat in Bonn. This means that all ministries are divided between two locations. In 2012, the Federal Audit Office proposed relocating all ministries to Berlin, and for reasons of cost, efficiency and climate protection, almost 30 years after reunification, some members of the German Bundestag advocate just one seat of government in Berlin. However, the Berlin / Bonn law stipulates that government functions should also remain in the federal city of Bonn, so that no fundamental change in the distribution of tasks between the federal capital Berlin and the federal city of Bonn is in sight.
The structural change has led to the fact that today, in addition to the federal authorities based in Bonn, service companies shape the business location; many of them have settled around the multinationals Deutsche Post and Deutsche Telekom , which have installed their headquarters in Bonn. In addition, Bonn has been a UN city for several years , which has also led to an increase in the number of international organizations operating there, of which over 170 have now settled in Bonn. Almost all facilities of the world organization are now housed in the " UN Campus ", which opened in July 2006 - in an area around the Lange Eugen .
In order to further develop Bonn as an international location, in 2003 the city of Bonn decided to expand the World Conference Center Bonn (WCCB) as the largest congress center in Germany in the immediate vicinity of the UN campus. It was inaugurated in 2015. The headquarters of Deutsche Welle , the German international radio, was relocated in 2003 in the former government district on the Rhine. A total of 30 language editors create multimedia offers for users all over the world. “UN-Campus”, WCCB and Deutsche Welle now encompass large parts of the federal quarter .
In 2012, the renovated Name Jesus Church was inaugurated as the Episcopal Church of the Old Catholics .
Summary of urban development
The city of Bonn developed over a very long period, with more than 2000 years of history. Urbanization was subject to a series of "system changes", which it must be noted that were accepted and implemented by the population to the best of their ability. It is not for nothing that people in Bonn are said to have a certain serenity, laconic attitude, sociability and humor.
Bonn's urban history essentially began with the Romans, who understood how to use the location on the Rhine and as a border town. The Romans determined from 55 BC. Until about the middle of the 5th century the fortunes of Bonn.
Bonn then became part of the Franconian Empire, under the Merovingians, later the Carolingians, and flourished in the High and Late Middle Ages, in which the location on the Rhine may also have played a decisive role.
The "unexpected" rise to the Electoral Cologne residence (approx. 1500–1801) was certainly just as formative as the subsequent French occupation (1801–1814), which was reflected primarily in the Napoleonic reorganization of administration and laws.
The inclusion of Bonn and the Rhineland into the Kingdom of Prussia (from 1815) finally gave considerable impetus. The Hohenzollern made Bonn a university city with a great variety of personalities, but also culturally. Especially for the Prussian Bonn one has to maintain a religious balance and diversity between Catholics, Protestants and Jews, who together shaped the fate of the city.
The occupations by the French after the First World War and that of the British after the Second World War shaped the city, albeit very differently. Especially in the introduction of British communal structures after 1945, one of those changes in the system came to be recognized which the Bonners positively accepted and shaped.
The rise to the federal capital and seat of government from 1949 finally made Bonn an internationally known city. In the federal structure of the Federal Republic of Germany, Bonn was much smaller than many other cities in the country (19th place (2018)), and yet the fate of the entire republic was shaped from here. It is not for nothing that the name of the city is firmly linked to the history of Germany through the formula "Bonn Republic".
The handover of the seat of government to Berlin after reunification, initially with concerns and question marks from the population, was positively offset by the settlement of UN authorities and the seat of associations. City, state, federal government and international institutions have given Bonn a wide range of support, which is reflected in an urban development that continues to shape positively.
See also
literature
- Bonner Geschichtsblätter, Volume 68, Bonner Heimat- und Geschichtsverein (BHGV) + Stadt Bonn (Hrsg.), Bonn 2019, ISSN 0068-0052 .
- Josef Niesen : Historisches Bonn (Volume 1): A photographic tour with images from two centuries , 2017, ISBN 978-3-9818821-0-0 .
- Josef Niesen: Historisches Bonn (Volume 2): Early color views of Bonn, Beuel and Bad Godesberg , 2019, ISBN 978-3-9818821-6-2 .
- Dieter Hüsken: Bonner Perspektiven - From the charm of the city quarters , 2017, ISBN 978-3-88579-913-9 .
- Barbara Hillen: 125 years of the Bonn / Rhein-Sieg Chamber of Commerce and Industry 1891–2016 , 2016, ISBN 978-3-9814718-4-7 .
- Karl Gutzmer et al .; Bodo Harenberg (Ed.): Chronik der Stadt Bonn , Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 .
- Hermann Josef Roth : Bonn - From the Roman garrison to the federal capital, DuMont art travel guide, DuMont book publisher, Cologne 1988, ISBN 3-7701-1970-3 .
- Norbert Schloßmacher : Bonn history in pictures , city history in pictures; Volume 1, Wienand Verlag, Cologne 1989, ISBN 3-87909-200-1 .
- Rolf Sachsse : Bonn: From the Rhine trip to the Eastern Treaties. Photographs 1850–1970 , 2016, ISBN 978-3-7743-0643-1 .
- Manfred van Rey (ed.): History of the city of Bonn. Volume 1: Bonn from prehistory to the end of Roman times. Dümmler, Bonn 2001, ISBN 3-922832-26-1 .
- Dietrich Höroldt , Manfred van Rey (ed.): History of the city of Bonn. Volume 3: Bonn as the capital and residence of the Electorate of Cologne, 1597–1794. Dümmler, Bonn 1989, ISBN 3-922832-27-X .
- Dietrich Höroldt (ed.): History of the city of Bonn. Volume 4: Bonn. From a French district town to the federal capital, 1794–1989. Dümmler, Bonn 1989, ISBN 3-427-82141-2 .
- Horst-Pierre Bothien: The brown Bonn. People and Events (1925–1939). With two contributions by Ansgar Sebastian Klein (= Forum Geschichte. Volume 5). Klartext, Essen 2005, ISBN 3-89861-419-0 .
- Edith Ennen , Dietrich Höroldt: From the Roman fort to the federal capital. A short history of the city of Bonn. 3rd, improved and enlarged edition. Stollfuss, Bonn 1976.
- Josef Matzerath (Ed.): Bonn. 54 Chapter City History. Bouvier, Bonn 1989, ISBN 3-7928-0586-3 .
- Ulrike Müssemeier: The Merovingian finds from the city of Bonn and its surroundings. Bonn 2004 (doctoral thesis; PDF file; 7.4 MB, 130 pages ).
- Josef Niesen : Bonn monuments and their builders , Edition Lempertz, Bonn 2013, ISBN 978-3-943883-52-7 .
- Josef Niesen : Bonn Personal Lexicon. 3rd, improved and enlarged edition. Bouvier, Bonn 2011, ISBN 978-3-416-03352-7 .
- Josef Niessen: History of the city of Bonn. Part 1. Dümmler, Bonn 1956 (partly not outdated).
- Manfred van Rey: Bonn city history in a nutshell. From prehistory to the present. 2nd, improved and expanded edition, Bouvier, Bonn 2006, ISBN 3-416-03073-7 .
- Andreas Salz: Bonn-Berlin. The debate about the seat of parliament and government in the German Bundestag and the consequences. Monsenstein and Vannerdat, Münster 2006, ISBN 3-86582-342-4 (Master's thesis, University of Bonn).
- Christian Schlöder: Bonn in the 18th century. The population of a spiritual residence city. Böhlau, Cologne 2014, ISBN 978-3-412-22246-8 .
- Carl Hauptmann : The strategic Rhine crossings of the Romans near Bonn and their fortifications. Rhenania-Verl., Bonn 1912. Digitized
Web links
- Time table of the city of Bonn
- Bonn history board
- Bonn City Museum
- On the trail of the Romans in Bonn
- The Roman thermal baths of the Bonn Vicus, by Helmut Luley, Monumedia and Goldjunge 2017
- Population development in Bonn in the 18th century
- What not to miss in Bonn! | Deutsche Welle (DW) 2017
- The road of power: The Adenauerallee in Bonn - Documentation, WDR, 2015
- City history of Bonn Experience the destroyed Bonn shortly after the bombing raid in 1944
- Beethoven City Bonn | Deutsche Welle DW Deutsch, 2017, moderated by Lukas Stege
- Without Baedeker through Bonn (part 1) - Bonn film from the years 1949-51 by Rudolf Rulus for Sparkasse Bonn
- Without Baedeker through Bonn (Part 2) - Bonn film from the years 1949-51 by Rudolf Rulus for Sparkasse Bonn
- Without Baedeker through Bonn (part 3) - Bonn film from the years 1949-51 by Rudolf Rulus for Sparkasse Bonn
- Insights into the Kanzlerbungalow Bonn (1964–1999), documentary 2014
- Bonn Heimat, the federal capital Bonn, documentary WDR 2013
- Topic: 25 years of the capital city resolution, documentary, Phoenix 2016
- Bonn: Peace Demonstration 1981 (300,000 participants), Tagesschau (ARD) from October 10, 1981
- Bonn - 1945, film by Jürgen Corleis, WDR 1971
- President Kennedy with Adenauer In Bonn (1963), only pictures, no sound, British Pathé, June 24, 1963
- House of History in Bonn | Check-in, documentary Deutsche Welle (DW), 2019
- Bonn - interesting facts about the city, House of History | Museum fascination
- Bonn citizens in contrast to National Socialism
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Norbert Schloßmacher: City of Bonn, in: Internet portal Rheinische Geschichte. In: Internet portal Rheinische Geschichte. City of Bonn, accessed on November 25, 2019 .
- ^ A b c Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 9 .
- ↑ a b c d e Hermann Josef Roth: Bonn - From the Roman garrison to the federal capital . In: DuMont art travel guide . DuMont Buchverlag, Cologne 1988, ISBN 3-7701-1970-3 , p. 13 .
- ↑ Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise , Errance 2003. P. 82.
- ^ Xavier Delamarre, p. 82.
- ^ Albert Dauzat et Charles Rostaing, Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de lieux en France , Librairie Guénégaud 1978. p. 95.
- ^ Richard Spessart: About the name Bonn. Quoted in August Haag (ed.): Bad Honnef am Rhein. Contributions to the history of our home community on the occasion of their city elevation 100 years ago. Verlag der Honnefer Volkszeitung, Bad Honnef 1962, p. 23.
- ↑ Julius Pokorny, Indo-European Etymological Dictionary , Francke 2002. S. 174.
- ^ A b Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 13 .
- ↑ Ulrike Hofsähs: Roman finds also in Bonn: “Nasser Limes” is to become a world cultural heritage. General-Anzeiger, Bonn, January 8, 2020, accessed on March 2, 2020 .
- ↑ a b c d Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 14 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 10 .
- ↑ Time. online v. August 16, 2006
- ↑ FOCUS online v. August 17, 2006
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 14th f .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 15th f .
- ↑ Ulrike Muessemeier, Bonn 2004
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Chronik-Verlag. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 16 .
- ^ A b c Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 17 .
- ↑ a b c Stefan Hermes: In the High Middle Ages Bonn was also called Verona. In: https://www.general-anzeiger-bonn.de/ . GA General-Anzeiger Bonn, September 4, 2019, accessed on November 19, 2019 .
- ^ Bonner Stadtchronik: 'Dit geschah zu Bunne' , accessed September 11, 2012
- ^ A b c Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 19 .
- ↑ Dieter Geiß et al .: The great Ploetz . 35th edition. Komet Verlag, Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-86941-418-8 , p. 499 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 21 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 26 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 22 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 38 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 40 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 35 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 37 ff .
- ^ A b Hermann Josef Roth: Bonn - From the Roman garrison to the federal capital . In: DuMont art travel guide . DuMont Buchverlag, Cologne 1988, ISBN 3-7701-1970-3 , p. 20 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 42 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 43 .
- ^ Paul Clemen: Die Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt und der Kreis Bonn , Düsseldorf 1905, p. 6 f.
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 49 ff .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 59 f .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 61 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 61 f .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 64 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 66-71 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 63 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 66 .
- ^ Hermann Josef Roth: Bonn - From the Roman garrison to the federal capital . In: DuMont art travel guide . DuMont Buchverlag, Cologne 1988, ISBN 3-7701-1970-3 , p. 21 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 67 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 68 ff .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 71 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 73 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 72 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 78 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 76 ff .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 78 f .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 79 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 83 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 84 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 78 ff .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 91 .
- ^ A b c Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 94 .
- ^ Norbert Schloßmacher : Bonn on the eve of the First World War. In: Dominik Geppert , Norbert Schloßmacher (Ed.): The First World War in Bonn. The Home Front 1914–1918. (= Publications of the Bonn City Archives , Volume 72; Bonner Heimat- und Geschichtsverein , Stadtarchiv Bonn: Bonner Geschichtsblätter: Yearbook of the Bonner Heimat- und Geschichtsverein , Volume 65/66), 2016, ISBN 978-3-922832-82-9 , p 11–48 (here: p. 47).
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 105 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 112 .
- ^ A b Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 111 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 109 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Horst Jürgen Winkel: Chronicle of the city of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 197 f .
- ↑ Horst Jürgen Winkel: Chronicle of the city of Bonn. Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 197 f.
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 119 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 133 .
- ↑ a b Norbert Schloßmacher: Bonn history in pictures . In: City history in pictures . tape 1 . Wienand Verlag, Cologne 1989, ISBN 3-87909-200-1 , p. 110 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 140 .
- ^ Norbert Schloßmacher: Bonn history in pictures . City history in pictures; tape 1 . Wienand Verlag, Cologne 1989, ISBN 3-87909-200-1 , p. 100 .
- ↑ a b Norbert Schloßmacher: Bonn history in pictures . City history in pictures; tape 1 . Wienand Verlag, Cologne 1989, ISBN 3-87909-200-1 , p. 104 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 139 .
- ^ A b Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 143 .
- ^ Norbert Schloßmacher: Bonn history in pictures . City history in pictures; tape 1 . Wienand Verlag, Cologne 1989, ISBN 3-87909-200-1 , p. 99 .
- ^ Petra Clemens et al .: Walk on the Rhine. In: http://www.hgv-beuel.de/ . Heimat- und Geschichtsverein Beuel am Rhein eV, October 24, 2019, accessed on November 1, 2019 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 149 .
- ^ Norbert Schloßmacher: Bonn history in pictures . In: City history in pictures . tape 1 . Wienand Verlag, Cologne 1989, ISBN 3-87909-200-1 , p. 114 f .
- ↑ Wolfgang Kaes: These celebrities studied in Bonn. In: https://www.general-anzeiger-bonn.de/ . GA General-Anzeiger Bonn, March 1, 2019, accessed on November 17, 2019 .
- ^ Norbert Schloßmacher: Bonn history in pictures . In: City history in pictures . tape 1 . Wienand Verlag, Cologne 1989, ISBN 3-87909-200-1 , p. 102 ff .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 144 .
- ^ Norbert Schloßmacher: Bonn history in pictures . In: City history in pictures . tape 1 . Wienand Verlag, Wienand Verlag 1989, ISBN 3-87909-200-1 , p. 109 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 153 .
- ↑ Richard Hedrich-Winter: "We never want to forget what happened in these days." Bonn in the air war 1914–1918. In: Dominik Geppert , Norbert Schloßmacher (Ed.): The First World War in Bonn. The Home Front 1914–1918. (= Publications of the Bonn City Archives , Volume 72; Bonner Heimat- und Geschichtsverein , Stadtarchiv Bonn: Bonner Geschichtsblätter: Yearbook of the Bonner Heimat- und Geschichtsverein , Volume 65/66), 2016, ISBN 978-3-922832-82-9 , p 439-478 (here: pp. 466-470).
- ^ A b c Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 158 .
- ↑ a b c d Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 161 .
- ↑ Christoph Studt: "Without significant impacts for Bonn ..." - End of war and revolution. In: Dominik Geppert , Norbert Schloßmacher (Ed.): The First World War in Bonn. The Home Front 1914–1918. (= Publications of the Bonn City Archives , Volume 72; Bonner Heimat- und Geschichtsverein , Stadtarchiv Bonn: Bonner Geschichtsblätter: Yearbook of the Bonner Heimat- und Geschichtsverein , Volume 65/66), 2016, ISBN 978-3-922832-82-9 , p 479-496 (here: pp. 481-486).
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 156 .
- ^ A b Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 160 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 159 .
- ^ A b Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 163 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Hannes Schmidt: Chronicle of the city of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 161 .
- ^ A b Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 165 .
- ^ A b Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 175 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 171 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 178 .
- ↑ a b c Norbert Schloßmacher: Bonn history in pictures . In: City history in pictures . tape 1 . Wienand Verlag, Cologne 1989, ISBN 3-87909-200-1 , p. 133 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hannes Schmidt: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 162 .
- ↑ Horst-Pierre Bothien, Bonn 2005
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al.: Chronicle of the city of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 186 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al.: Chronicle of the city of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 177 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al.: Chronicle of the city of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 179 .
- ↑ a b War fates of German architecture. Loss - damage - reconstruction. Documentation for the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany. Volume 1: Nord , Karl Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 1988, ISBN 3-529-02685-9 , p. 377.
- ↑ Information board at the war grave cemetery, Steinstrasse in Hennef
- ^ Norbert Schloßmacher: Bonn history in pictures . In: City history in pictures . tape 1 . Wienand Verlag, Cologne 1989, ISBN 3-87909-200-1 , p. 137 .
- ↑ The steamroller rolled towards Bonn. Retrieved November 30, 2017 .
- ^ Helmut Vogt : City, Country, River, Occupying Power. The construction of the Bonn Rhine Bridge (1946–1949) as a joint task . In: Bonner Geschichtsblätter. Yearbook of the Bonner Heimat- und Geschichtsverein , Volume 57/58, 2008, ISSN 0068-0052 , pp. 405–439 (here: p. 407).
- ↑ a b c d Norbert Schloßmacher: Bonn history in pictures . In: City history in pictures . tape 1 . Wienand Verlag, Cologne 1989, ISBN 3-87909-200-1 , p. 140 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 193 .
- ^ Norbert Schloßmacher: Bonn history in pictures . In: City history in pictures . tape 1 . Wienand Verlag, Cologne 1989, ISBN 3-87909-200-1 , p. 140 f .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 195 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 202 .
- ^ Hermann Josef Roth: Bonn - From the Roman garrison to the federal capital . In: DuMont art travel guide . DuMont Buchverlag, Cologne 1988, ISBN 3-7701-1970-3 , p. 24-25 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 200 .
- ^ Norbert Schloßmacher: Bonn history in pictures . In: City history in pictures . tape 1 . Wienand Verlag, Cologne 1989, ISBN 3-87909-200-1 , p. 144 f .
- ^ A b c Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 204 .
- ^ Flughafen Köln / Bonn GmbH: Flughafen Köln / Bonn GmbH. In: Flughafen Köln / Bonn GmbH. Flughafen Köln / Bonn GmbH, accessed on November 23, 2019 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 236 .
- ^ Karl Gutzmer et al., In: Chronik der Stadt Bonn, Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 250
- ↑ Editor: 40 years ago - The first part of the Bonn subway is ready. In: https://www.general-anzeiger-bonn.de/ . GA General-Anzeiger Bonn, March 19, 2015, accessed on November 27, 2019 .
- ↑ Editorial office baukunst-nrw: Bonn U-Bahn stations / Stadtbahn Bonn. In: Baukunst NRW. Chamber of Architects North Rhine-Westphalia, February 17, 2017, accessed on November 27, 2019 .
- ^ A b Karl Gutzmer et al .: Chronicle of the City of Bonn . Ed .: Bodo Harenberg. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9 , p. 263 .
- ^ City of Bonn: Timeline. In: https://www.bonn.de/ . City of Bonn, accessed on November 23, 2019 .
- ^ Ingeborg Flagge: Architecture in Bonn after 1945: Buildings in the federal capital and its surroundings . Verlag Ludwig Röhrscheid, Bonn 1984, ISBN 3-7928-0479-4 , p. 7.
- ↑ a b Editor: This is how much the division of the government costs per year. In: https://www.welt.de/ . Die Welt, August 13, 2019, accessed on November 23, 2019 .