St. Maria and Clemens (Schwarzrheindorf)
St. Maria and Clemens is a Romanesque double church in Schwarzrheindorf. It is located in the Bonn district of Schwarzrheindorf / Vilich-Rheindorf north of the center of Beuel in the Beuel district . It is particularly because of its rich ceiling paintings one of the most important Romanesque churches in Germany and stands as monument under monument protection . The upper church is dedicated to the Mother of God , the lower church to Saint Clement .
history
The church was built by order of Arnold II von Wied (from 1151 to 1156 Archbishop and Elector of Cologne ) and his sister Hadwig von Wied in the middle of the 12th century. According to a notice in the apse of the lower church area, it was opened on April 25, 1151 in the presence of King Konrad III of Staufer . consecrated. It has a cross-shaped floor plan and was originally a central building . The building was built on the Hofgut of Arnold von Wied, who after his work as Cologne Cathedral Provost was archbishop from 1138 chancellor of King Conrad III. was.
Not long after the inauguration of the church founded by Arnold Wied's sister Hadwig here after the death of his brother (1156) convent of Benedictine nuns . Hadwig was the abbess of the monasteries of Essen and Gerresheim . The upper floor has now become the nuns' closed church. Later the monastery was converted into a noble women's monastery . The village and the Schwarzrheindorf monastery were subordinate to the Electoral Cologne Office of Bonn . The abbess of the monastery held the lower jurisdiction .
After the prince of Nassau-Usingen took possession of various parts of Kurköln on the right bank of the Rhine (1803), the monastery and the glory of Schwarzrheindorf were dissolved in 1804.
The church largely lost its furnishings. Helfrich Bernhard Hundeshagen made a contribution to the preservation of the church itself . The Romanesque ceiling paintings were forgotten under the whitewash applied in the 17th and 18th centuries. They were rediscovered and exposed in the middle of the 19th century, and restored from 1863. The church historian and art historian Wilhelm Neuss proved that the theological basis of the painting of the church is the commentary of the medieval exegete Rupert von Deutz on the book of the prophet Ezekiel .
Since 1868 the church has been used as a parish church again .
At the end of the 20th century, the original grave of Arnold von Wied was opened as part of work on the underfloor heating. His bones were reburied in a steel box in 1996 in the presence of Auxiliary Bishop Adam Dick. Arnold's remains were then reburied in the original sarcophagus. This antique sarcophagus was closed in 1997 with a new grave slab, donated by the Archdiocese of Cologne, designed by the sculptor Karl Matthäus Winter from Limburg, and set into the floor at ground level.
architecture
The church building is dominated by a mighty crossing tower . It consists of a lower church area, the so-called lower church, and an overlying church area, the so-called upper church. An octagonal opening connects the two church rooms, so that from the basement there is a view of the paintings in the upper church apse, which originate from the medieval conception of the heavenly Jerusalem . Apparently the palace chapel in Aachen was the inspiration for the church . The “double church” model, on the other hand, was tried and tested in many castle chapels . The thesis, expressed several times in older literature, that the lower church was a people's church and the upper church was the room of the count's family, can no longer be maintained according to recent research. There is no precise knowledge of the use of the space.
The ground plan of the church was initially designed as an east-facing central building and had the basic shape of a Greek cross with a slightly elongated east apse. There were conches at three other ends . The cross arm pointing to the east is enlarged towards the apse and architecturally delimited from the church with a front yoke . The upper church follows the cross shape of the church building (without cones) but with an east apse. Around the upper floor is a dwarf gallery with richly decorated capitals, which can be used as a walkway with barrel vaults. When the court church of Count von Wied was converted into a monastery church, the western cross arm was extended by two yokes in order to be able to set up a nuns choir on the upper floor . The choir stalls for the monastery prayers, no longer preserved, probably stood there. Today the church presents itself as a longitudinal building above a Latin cross.
Lateral demolition remains that still exist today, located in the north, indicate earlier buildings (probably von Wied's castle ), from which there was direct access to the upper floor. The current parts of the castle (arches and sacristy annex), which were documented by Bernhard Hundeshagen in 1820, were erected between 1903 and 1905. The original access to the central building was also designed from the north. There is a decorated portal there.
Both church rooms have a very well-preserved painting. The one in the lower church dates from the middle of the 12th century, the one in the upper church from 1173. The lower church is famous for its wall frescoes from the so-called Ezekiel cycle, which were originally preserved from the time it was built , restored and supplemented. Only the preliminary drawing is connected to the plaster as a real fresco. The 20 pictures in the groin vaults depict the destruction of Jerusalem, the annihilation and exile of the people of Israel and in the crossing vault the construction of the New Jerusalem, according to selected texts by the prophet Ezekiel (commentary by Rupert von Deutz).
The themes of the wall paintings relate to the theology of Rupert von Deutz and Otto von Freising . In the ceiling paintings of the upper church (after 1166), the founder Arnold von Wied and his sister Hedwig, abbess of the later monastery at the same place, are shown at the feet of a representation of Christ enthroned ( Majestas Domini ).
West view
Northeast view
Facade section (south side)
Dwarf gallery
Dwarf gallery with extension (access from the castle?)
Lower church inside
Upper church inside
Majestas Domini - Christ as the judge of the world surrounded by the four evangelist symbols
Landscape with the church of Schwarzrheindorf , painting by Andreas Achenbach , 1839
organ
The organ , built in 1728 by Johann Michael Stumm , Rhaunen-Sulzbach, came to Schwarzrheindorf after several stops in 1936 and is installed there in the upper church. It was originally built for the Franciscan Church in Koblenz . Since there were no pedal registers and no console, the Klais company from Bonn installed a new console and a new pedal mechanism. Today the instrument has 25 registers on two manuals and a pedal . In 1968/1976 the original state was restored and can now be played from the electric gaming table as well as the reconstructed, mechanical gaming table.
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- Coupling : II / I, I / P, II / P
- Playing aids : 2 free combinations , hand register, tutti, tremulant (acting on both manuals), shutter release
Bells
In the crossing tower hangs a ring of seven bells . The oldest of them dates from 1636; she was taken to Mirecourt by French revolutionary troops and returned to Schwarzrheindorf in 1964. In return, Mirecourt received a new bell as a gift from the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Since then there has been a town partnership between Mirecourt and Beuel.
The old bell was supplemented in 1965 with six bells from the Mabilon bell foundry in Saarburg . After the ringing of St. Josef in Beuel and that of the cathedral basilica, these seven bells form the largest collection of bells in Bonn.
|
No. |
Surname |
Casting year |
Foundry, casting location |
Diameter (mm) |
Mass (kg) |
Percussive ( HT - 1 / 16 ) |
| 1 | Gabriel | 1965 | Mabilon bell foundry , Saarburg | 1209 | 1100 | f 1 -7 |
| 2 | Raphael | 1965 | Mabilon bell foundry, Saarburg | 1074 | 750 | g 1 -7 |
| 3 | Michael & Maria Magdalena | 1636 | Peter Dron & Claudius Poincaret | 830 | ≈330 | a 1 -7 |
| 4th | Isaiah | 1965 | Mabilon bell foundry, Saarburg | 780 | 300 | c 2 -6 |
| 5 | Jeremiah | 1965 | Mabilon bell foundry, Saarburg | 692 | 220 | d 2 -6 |
| 6th | Ezekiel | 1965 | Mabilon bell foundry, Saarburg | 615 | 150 | e 2 -6 |
| 7th | Daniel | 1965 | Mabilon bell foundry, Saarburg | 565 | 130 | f 2 -6 |
Furnishing
For the church in Schwarzrheindorf, Sebastian Osterrieder created a Christmas crib from 1926 , which was expanded to include the scene of the flight to Egypt in 1931 . The Schwarzrheindorfer Nativity Scene is also the last major work by this Munich nativity scene artist. In the front room of the upper church, the so-called prayer room in the west, there is a pietà made of walnut wood by Karl Matthäus Winter on the altar. The Way of the Cross comes from the sculptor and wood cutter Jochem Pechau . The windows of the church were created by the glass painter Anton Wendling . Those in the lower church are abstract, those in the upper church represent twelve symbols of Christ.
literature
in order of appearance
- Wilhelm Neuss: The book Ezekiel in theology and art up to the end of the 12th century. With special consideration of the paintings in the church in Schwarzrheindorf. A contribution to the history of the development of the typology of Christian art. Munster 1912.
- Albert Verbeek : Schwarzrheindorf. The double chapel and its wall paintings. Düsseldorf 1953.
- Johannes Kunisch : Konrad III., Arnold von Wied and the chapel construction of Schwarzrheindorf (= publications of the historical association for the Lower Rhine, especially the old archbishopric of Cologne. Volume 9). Schwann, Düsseldorf 1966 (Philosophical dissertation University of Munich 1966).
- Catholic parish of St. Clement (ed.): 825 years of the double church Schwarzrheindorf 1151–1976. With contributions by Heinrich Neu, Franz Josef Helfmeyer and Karl Königs. Bonn 1976.
- Peter Jurgilewitsch, Wolfgang Pütz-Liebenow: The history of the organ in Bonn and in the Rhein-Sieg district. Bouvier Verlag, Bonn 1990, ISBN 3-416-80606-9 , pp. 209-213.
- Christoph Dohmen: The New Jerusalem. The Ezekiel cycle from Schwarzrheindorf. Bouvier-Verlag, Bonn 1994.
- Heinrich Blumenthal: Building history of the double church in Schwarzrheindorf - Thoughts on the construction of the structure 850 years ago. Rheinlandia-Verlag, Siegburg 2001, ISBN 978-3-935005-14-2 .
- Wilfried Hansmann, Jürgen Hohmann: The vault and wall paintings in the church in Schwarzrheindorf: Conservation - restoration - new findings (= workbooks of the Rhenish monument preservation. Volume 55). Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Worms 2002, ISBN 978-3-88462-184-4 .
- Peter Kern: The image program of the double church in Schwarzrheindorf, the doctrine of the fourfold sense of writing and the “memoria” of the founder Arnold von Wied. In: German quarterly journal. Volume 77, 2003, pp. 353-379.
- Udo Mainzer : Romanesque choir tower churches in the vicinity of Bonn. In: INSITU. Journal of Architectural History . Volume, No. 2, 2009, pp. 27-40.
Web links
- Drawing of the interior
- Camel drivers on the Rhine - The Osterrieder crib from Schwarzrheindorf on www.monumente-online.de
Individual evidence
- ↑ List of monuments of the city of Bonn (as of March 15, 2019), p. 15, number A 488
- ^ Wilhelm Bernhardi: Konrad III. Yearbooks of German History. Berlin 1975. (Reprint of the 1st edition from 1883 from the year books of German history), p. 872.
- ^ Schnorrenberg: The last days of the Vilich monastery in "Rheinische Geschichtsblätter", 5th year, issue 4, Bonn, 1900, p. 150 ( dilibri.de ).
- ↑ Article in the Bonner General-Anzeiger ( memento of the original from December 26, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ^ Wilhelm Neuss: The book Ezekiel in theology and art up to the end of the 12th century. With special consideration of the paintings in the church in Schwarzrheindorf . Munster 1912.
- ↑ Peda, Gregor,: Bonn-Schwarzrheindorf, the double church St. Maria and St. Clemens: Archdiocese of Cologne, city dean of Bonn, monument owned by the state of North Rhine-Westphalia . PEDA, Passau 2019, ISBN 978-3-89643-453-1 , p. 1-7 .
- ^ Gerhard Hoffs (ed.): Bell music of Catholic churches in Bonn . Pp. 168-175; PDF. ( Memento of the original of December 29, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Hermann Vogel : Sebastian Osterrieder, the innovator of the artistic Christmas crib. Kunstverlag Josef Fink, Lindenberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-89870-562-2 , pp. 126-131.
- ^ Karl Königs: St. Maria and St. Clemens Schwarzrheindorf . Ed .: Catholic parish of Schwarzrheindorf. 5th edition. Bonn 2001.
Coordinates: 50 ° 45 ′ 2.5 ″ N , 7 ° 6 ′ 53.9 ″ E