Chirurgia Magna

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The Chirurgia Magna ("Major Surgery") is a medical-surgical work in Latin written by Guy de Chauliac in 1363 .

Chirurgia Magna , Italian edition from 1493

Guy de Chauliac had already written a Chirurgia Parva ("Small Surgery") around 1330/50 , which consisted of two parts:

  1. Formium auxiliorum apostematum et pustularum, Paris (recipes for treating abscesses and blisters)
  2. Formulium auxiliarum vulnerum et ulcerum, Avignon (recipes for treating wounds and ulcers)

Both parts of this "minor surgery" were included in the "major surgery" as set pieces.

The sources of the "great surgery"

The original title of "Major Surgery" was Inventarium et collectaneum in parte chirurgica medicinae ("Directory and collection of surgical-medical writings"). The book title “Chirurgia Magna” first appeared in the Venice incunabula at the end of the 15th century. By the original title Guy indicated that much of his work was a compilation. In over 3000 quotes he referred to around 100 writers, including Galen (890 times), Avicenna (661 times), Albukasim (175 times), Hippocrates (120 times), Lanfrank (102 times), Roger (92 times), Theodoric von Lucca (85 times), Henri de Mondeville (68 times), Wilhelm von Saliceto (68 times), Bruno da Longoburgo (* around 1200 in Longobucco ; † after 1252 and before 1265) (46 times), Paul von Aegina (10 times) ...

Content of the "major surgery"

The book began with a "capitulum singulare" (preface), in which Guy gave a critical overview of the history of surgery. This was followed by seven "tracts", each of which was subdivided into two "doctrines", the "doctrines" in turn were subdivided into "chapters":

1. Anatomy. Mostly after Galen , Avicenna and Mondino dei Luzzi , but also based on an autopsy.

2. Treatise on abscesses and tumors. In it, Guy also gave a description of the "Great Dying" of 1348 in Avignon, which was called the " Black Death " from the 16th century onwards. He distinguished two forms of the disease:

“Said death began with us [in Avignon] in January [1348] and lasted seven months. It was of two kinds. The first lasted two months and was characterized by persistent fever and spitting up blood. Those affected died within three days. The second type lasted the remaining months and was also characterized by persistent fever and skin blisters and ulcers on the intimate parts and especially in the armpits [...] And these victims died within five days. And it was very contagious, especially from spitting blood. One got the disease from the other, not only from touch and breath, but also from sight. As a result, people died without servants and were buried without a priest. "

- Author: Guy de Chauliac : Source: Chirurgia magna , 1st Tractate, 2nd Doctrine, Chapter 5, excerpt from the translation by Holger Fliessbach in Herlihy 1998, p. 122

3. Wounds, wound diseases and their treatment. Guy distinguished between primary and secondary wound healing and described the techniques and indications of various sutures ...

4. Ulcers, fistulas and cancer.

5. Fractures and dislocations.

6. Surgical diseases by location. Various eye and ear diseases, dental diseases, organic diseases, gall and urinary tract stones. Guy coined the term dentist , from which the (in German, obsolete) job title Dentist comes and as the dentist is called in many foreign languages.

7. Antidotarium tailored to the needs of surgery , divided into a first part with compound drugs ( Composita ) and treatises on bloodletting , cupping , leech treatment ... and a second part on the effects of simple drugs ( Simplicia ) according to the rules of humoral pathology .

Incunabula (prints from the 15th century)

  • Chirurgia Magna
    • French: Buyer, Lyon 28 March 1478. - Fabri, Lyon 27 August 1490. (digitized version ) - Vingle, Lyon 14 February 1498
    • Italian: Girardengus, Venice November 2, 1480. (digitized version ) - Quarengiis and Occimiano, Venice August 21, 1493. (digitized version )
    • Spanish: Miguel, Barcelona September 26, 1492 (Catalan). - Ungut and Polonus, Seville May 11, 1493 and February 26, 1498
    • Latin: Locatellus, Venice November 21, 1498. - Luere and Torresanus, Venice December 23, 1499 (digitized version)
    • German (excerpts): Hieronymus Brunschwig . The Book of Cirurgia. Johann Grüninger , Strasbourg 4th July 1497
  • Chirurgia Parva. Locatellus, Venice 1500

Prints 16th - 18th century (selection)

  • La Grande Chirurgie… Estienne Michel, Lyon 1580
  • Chyrurgia magna Gvidonis… Tinghi, Lyon 1585
  • Le maistre en Chirurgie, ou l'abregé complet de la Chirurgie de Guy de Chauliac. La veuve d'Houri, Paris 1731

expenditure

  • Guy de Chauliac (Author), Laurent Joubert (Ed.): Chirurgia magna Guidonis de Gauliaco . Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1976, ISBN 3-534-04873-3 (reprint of the Lyon 1585 edition, edited by Gundolf Keil ).
  • Edouard Nicaise (1838-1896). Guy de Chauliac. La grande chirurgie de Guy de Chauliac, surgeries, maître en médecine de l'Université de Montpellier composée en l'an 1363. Alcan, Paris 1890 Digitized
  • Michael McVaugh (editor) Guy de Chauliac: Inventarium sive Chirurgia magna , Leiden: Brill 1997

Works of the same name

Works by Bruno von Longoburgo (1200–1286) Lanfrank von Milano (1245–1306), Guy de Chauliac (1298–1368) and Paracelsus (1493–1541) have been published under the same name, Chirurgia magna . A Chirurgia magna ascribed to Andreas Vesalius is at least questionable.

literature

  • Kurt Sprengel . An attempt at a pragmatic history of medicine. Gebauer, Hall Volume II
  • Charles Daremberg . Histoire des Sciences Médicales. Volume I, Baillière, Paris 1870, pp. 297-299 digitized
  • E. Gurlt : History of Surgery and its Practice. Volume II, pp. 77-107, Hirschwald, Berlin 1898 digitized
  • Max Neuburger . History of medicine. Enke, Stuttgart 1911 Volume II, Part One , p. 428 digitized , p. 495–501 digitized
  • Karl Sudhoff . Short manual of medicine. Karger, Berlin 3rd edition 1922, pp. 208–215
  • Gundolf Keil . Guy de Chauliac. In: Burghart Wachinger et al. (Hrsg.): The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author Lexicon . 2nd, completely revised edition, ISBN 3-11-022248-5 , Volume 3: Gert van der Schüren - Hildegard von Bingen. Berlin / New York 1981, col. 347-353.
  • Sabine Tittel. The "anatomy" in the "Grande Chirurgie" of the Gui de Chauliac. Max Niemeyer, Tübingen 2004.
  • Björn Wallner, edited from Ms. New York Academy of medicine 12 and related mss .:
    • Björn Wallner: A Middle English version of the introduction to Guy de Ghauliac's Chirurgia magna, edited from the mss. Lund 1971 (= Acta Universitatis Lundensis, section I: Theologica Juridica Humaniora , 12).
    • Björn Wallner: The Middle English translation of Guy de Chauliac's treatise on wounds. I-II, Lund 1976 and 1979 (= Acta Universitatis Lundensis, section I: Theologica Juridica Humaniora , 23 and 28).
    • Björn Wallner: The Middle English translation of Guy de Chauliac's treatise on ulcers, I: Text. Stockholm 1982 (= Acta Universitatis Lundensis, section I: Theologica Juridica Humaniora , 39).
    • Björn Wallner: The Middle English translation of Guy de Chauliac's treatise on ulcers, II: Notes, glossary, marginalia. Stockholm 1984 (= Acta Universitatis Lundensis, section I: Theologica Juridica Humaniora , 44).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Neuburger, p. 495 held the opinion that the "Chirurgia Parva" had been foisted on Guy and was in truth moved by Guidon de Ceilhat.
  2. ↑ Hartmut Broszinski : An Alemannic adaptation of the 'Chirurgia parva' ascribed to Guy de Chauliac: Investigations and critical edition of the text. Phil. Diss. Heidelberg 1969.
  3. ^ Gundolf Keil: Bruno von Longoburgo. In: Encyclopedia of Medical History. Edited by Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil and Wolfgang Wegner, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York 2005 ( ISBN 3-11-015714-4 ), p. 216 f.
  4. ^ Max Neuburger. History of medicine. Enke, Stuttgart 1911 Volume II, Part One, p. 496.
  5. ↑ Nicaise 1890, p. 167 digitized version
  6. ^ Neuburger 1911, Vol. II, Part 1, p. 497 digitized
  7. ↑ David Herlihy. The Black Death and the Transformation of Europe. Edited and with an afterword by Samuel K. Cohn Jr., translation by Holger Fliessbach, Wagenbach, Berlin 1998, p. 21 (English edition: The Black Death and the Transformation of the West. Harvard Univ. Press., Harvard 1997)
  8. ^ T. Wilwerding, History of Dentistry 2001.Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  9. ↑ Julien Philippe. La chirurgie dentaire de Guy de Chauliac. The Dental Surgery of Guy de Chauliac. In: Actes. Société française d'histoire de l'art dentaire, 19 (2014), pp. 22-25
  10. ↑ The book of the cirurgia: hantwirckung der wuntartzny. Grüninger, Strasbourg 1497. Digitized
  11. ↑ Johannes Steudel . Brunschwig's anatomy. In: Grenzgebiete der Medizin, I (1948) pp. 249–250.
  12. ^ Arnold C. Klebs . Incunabula scientifica et medica. In: Osiris, Bruges 1938 Vol. IV, 8, pp. 165-166
  13. ↑ Chirurgia Parva. Locatellus, Venice 1500 digitized BSB Munich
  14. ↑ La Grande Chirurgie… Estienne Michel, Lyon 1580. Digitalized BSB Munich
  15. ↑ Chyrurgia magna Gvidonis… Tinghi, Lyon 1585. Digitalized BSB Munich
  16. ↑ Le maistre en Chirurgie, ou l'abregé complet de la Chirurgie de Guy de Chauliac. La veuve d'Houri, Paris 1731, digitized BSB Munich
  17. ↑ Harvey Cushing: A Bio-Bibliography of Andreas Vesalius. 1943, p. 216 f .; Charles Donald O'Malley: Andreas Vesalius of Brussel. Berkeley / Los Angeles 1964, p. 470, note 95.

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