Chota valley

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The Chota Valley ( Spanish: Valle del Chota ) is one of the valleys between the Eastern Cordillera and the Western Cordillera of the Andes in Ecuador . It forms a large part of the northernmost of the large inner Andean valley basins and begins about 35 km north of Ibarra in the border area between the provinces of Imbabura and Carchi . The valley is named after the Chota river which runs through it , but which changes its name as it runs through the valley and is called Mira . The subject of this article is the valley along the Chota / Mira in the Andes region between the provinces of Carchi and Imbabura , but not the entire course of the rivers whose waters ultimately flow into the Pacific. The valleys of Chota / Mira, which were also called Coangue Valley during colonial times , are referred to below as the Chota Valley. In other contexts, only the actual Chota Valley, i.e. the area in which the river bears the name Chota, is sometimes meant as such.

In addition to the province of Esmeraldas , the Chota Valley is the main settlement of Afro-Ecuadorians and one of the poorest areas in the country. The Chota Valley gained international fame because four top performers of the Ecuadorian soccer team at the 2006 World Cup ( de la Cruz , Delgado , Méndez and Espinoza ) were born in the neighboring villages of Chalguayacu, Piquiucho and El Juncal.

geography

The area of ​​the upper valley of the river Chota or Mira is usually referred to as the Chota valley . The name El Chota is also used for this area , which is also applied to the river itself and the name of a small settlement of the same name on its bank (see below). Mira is the name for the Chota after its confluence with the Río Ambi near the place of the same name Mira . The valley lies in an east-west direction between two mountain ranges of the Andes in northern Ecuador. The Mira flows westward from the valley towards the province of Esmeraldas and finally flows into the Pacific .

The Chota Valley forms a border area between the provinces of Carchi and Imbabura and comprises mainly rural parts of the cantons of Ibarra and Pimampiro in Imbabura and Mira and Bolívar in Carchi. The most important place in the eastern Chota Valley, Ambuquí (seat of a parish of the canton of Ibarra), is 34 km north of Ibarra and 89 km south of Tulcán . The small town of El Chota , sometimes synonymous with the name of the valley, is part of the Ambuquí parish. There are around 35 settlements in total in the Chota Valley (see section Settlements ). The Ecuadorian National Road 35, the local section of the Panamericana , runs from Quito via Ibarra to Tulcán through the Chota Valley. Otherwise the area is poorly developed in terms of infrastructure, most of the settlements are located off or below the Panamericana. The valley is between 1,200 and 1,850 m high, its edges are up to over 3,000 m high. The relatively small settlements in the valley itself are mainly inhabited by Afro-Ecuadorians, Creoles and mestizos . Most houses are built from cinder block concrete blocks or simpler materials. Flooding is a problem in the rainy season. Unemployment is particularly high among the Afro-Ecuadorian population. Kichwa-speaking indigenous people ( Kayampi and Natabuela ) live at higher altitudes on the edges of the valley .

The annual average temperature in the valley is between 20 and 24 degrees Celsius; Daytime temperatures are between 16 and 29 degrees. The relatively high temperatures can be explained, among other things, by the frequent occurrence of dry but warm hair dryer winds. The climate can be described as tropical dry with precipitation of less than 1,000 mm per year.

The areas along the Chota are fertile as irrigation areas and are used for growing tobacco , cotton , bananas , avocados , wine , tamarillos and kidney beans ( fréjol ). The drier and dusty, semi-desert-like erosion areas away from the rivers, which make up the main part of the valley, are primarily used traditionally for the cultivation of sugar cane , from which molasses is made and sugar cane liquor is distilled . In addition, livestock is farmed on a small scale. For vegetation in the Chota Valley include eucalyptus -Trees to its wildlife Mauereidechsem , hummingbirds , Rostkehl-dippers and orange-bellied Grosbeak ( Guiragchuros ).

The Imbabura volcano and Lake San Pablo at its foot are geologically located in the Chota Depression (Spanish: Hoya del Chota ); however, this area is not counted as part of the Chota Valley in the narrower sense. The western part of the Chota valley towards Esmeraldas is more humid and turns into tropical rainforest.

history

The region's population, Afro-Ecuadorians , and their history are closely linked to the history of the region's colonial haciendas and the slavery practiced on them.

The black Africans were brought here since the 17th century to work as slaves for the Jesuits and Mercedarians on haciendas (especially sugar cane plantations) and in mines or salt pans. In 1659 the Jesuits took over economic control of what is now the Chota Valley, which at the time was known as the Coangue Valley or “Valley of Malignant Heat” due to its hot and dusty climate, as malaria and other types of fever threatened people's health there.

Even before the conquest , the region around Chota and Mita was a production site for coca and cotton . The native population decreased both after the conquest of the region by the Inca (around 1475) through the deportation of labor and after the conquest, primarily through diseases such as malaria , which the Spanish had brought into the warm high valley.

Around 1550, the first Spanish hacendados tried to recruit more indigenous workers to grow grapes , olives and cotton. This seems to have been successful, at least in the short term, since in 1570 the production of cotton and coca is reported to have increased and 738 indigenous inhabitants were counted for the place Pimampiro .

In the medium term, however, due to the climatic conditions, it was not possible to operate flourishing agriculture in the valley with indigenous workers. The main reason was the recurring diseases mentioned, against which the indigenous peoples of other areas, who were recruited through the Mita system, had no defenses. Instead of indigenous workers, African slaves, the ancestors of today's inhabitants, were increasingly brought into the valley. The first of these slaves were abducted into the valley around 1575. They came from the Senegambia region and probably belonged to the Mandinka, among others . Responsible for this should have been the Kazike García Tulcanaza von Tulcán, who held the local authority, as well as other private persons.

At the beginning of the 17th century, sugar cane cultivation was accelerated in the valley. As a result of the socio-economic changes associated with this, most of the indigenous people still living in the valley were driven out of the region. From 1620 the Jesuits began to acquire more and more property in the valley. They operated sugar cane and oil mills and the associated latifundia and salt pans. The import of slaves increased among the Jesuits. The Jesuits preferred members of the Mina people from the Gold Coast area , imported by Portuguese slave traders. The most important competitor of the Jesuits, both in the Chota Valley and in the local slave trade, was Juan Espinosa de los Monteros , whose Hacienda Cuajara the Jesuits bought in 1682 at a high price, thereby gaining dominance in the valley, which also included the Mercedarians , the Augustinians and the Dominicans had finally secured their lands. Between 1680 and 1767, the year of the expulsion from the Chota Valley, the import of slaves took on a new dimension. The Jesuits bought from English, French and Portuguese and Dutch slave traders from Biafra Bay and the Slave Coast, as well as Bantu- speaking slaves from the Congo and Luanda area . In the year the Jesuits were expelled (1767), there were 760 slaves of African descent on the Hacienda La Concepción, 540 on Cuajara, 300 on Chamanal and in the area of ​​the present-day provinces of Imbabura and Carchi. The haciendas owned by the Jesuits, including Chalguayacu, Cuajara, Carpuela, Pisquer, Tumbabiro, Chamanal, Concepción, Cachiyacu, Santiago and Caldera, initially fell under the administration of the Crown and were gradually sold to local elites until 1800.

In the period that followed, many slaves fled the haciendas to other regions. There were numerous minor and major uprisings. A "commission" from the Hacienda La Concepción of escaped slaves led by Pedro Lucumí and Martina Carillo became known when in 1778 they turned to the President of the Real Audiencia de Quito , José Diguja , to protest the conditions at the hacienda, whereupon the The administrator of the hacienda was replaced and fined. In 1789 two well-known rebellions broke out on neighboring haciendas, one under the leadership of Ambrosio Mondongo in Salinas , the other on La Concepción against the sale of the hacienda, which had improved conditions since the complaint under Lucumí and Carrillo.

During this time, former slaves probably first owned small plots of land for agriculture in the area of ​​the haciendas. However, slavery persisted as an institution. A census from 1825, when slavery had clearly passed its peak, recorded 2,315 slaves for the province of Imbabura, most of whom are believed to have lived in the area of ​​today's Chota Valley. At the time of the abolition of slavery under President José María Urbina in 1852, there were still 748 slaves in Imbabura.

Today's descendants of those deported to the valley as slaves often have surnames that indicate the regional origin or ethnicity of their ancestors (for example Mina, Minda, Anangonó, Chalá and Carabalí ).

With the abolition of slavery, most of the former slaves became landless farm workers as the land continued to belong to the large landowners. Many worked in the Heuerling being comparable status in which they received the right to housing and a little land for work at the hacienda. The agrarian reforms of the 1960s expropriated haciendas and the workers and their families, who formed "Comunidades" (a kind of cooperative), were given 2 to 3 hectares of land.

Even today, the Chota Valley is one of the worst areas of Ecuador outside of the Amazon lowlands with the poorest infrastructure for daily needs. Electricity is available almost everywhere, but sewerage, waste disposal and paved roads are not yet standard for many settlements. Unemployment and underemployment are a big problem, which is why many young people move to other regions of Ecuador, such as Quito. In the past few decades development aid projects have been able to change little in this respect, which observers attribute to their paternalistic character. Initiative projects such as the arts and crafts associations of Mascarilla and San Juan de Lachas , on the other hand, are seen as a new way of generating employment and income and maintaining tradition. The football players from the Chota Valley, in particular Ulises de la Cruz and Agustín Delgado, also contribute to a limited extent to the development of their hometowns by setting up foundations, medical institutions and football schools.

Culture

The most famous cultural feature of the Chota Valley is the dance "Bomba del Chota". The bomba was first mentioned in 1883 by a US diplomat, but it has a long tradition as part of Afro-Ecuadorian culture. Musically it is related to West African music due to the prominent importance of percussion . It is named after the bomba , a drum made from Guadua or Bolso wood ( Heliocarpus americanus ) and the skin of a domestic goat . In addition, other drums and bombos as well as simple instruments made from plants native to the valley are traditionally used: a kind of tuba made from a pumpkin cut off on one side , which looks so "one-armed", Spanish mocho , what the bands that play the bomba call the banda Mocha has introduced a the cornet -like instrument from the leaves of in Ecuador Penco mentioned American Agava , a the Indian Pinkillo similar flute from the Carrizo said pile tube , and the Calanguana , a kind Güiro from a pumpkin. Today these instruments are combined with instruments taken from the Spanish or Ecuadorian context such as guitar or requinto .

The singing is designed as a dialogue . The lyrics are about daily life, the river, women, love and fruits.

Bombas are also danced at patronage festivals (for example Virgen del Carmen on July 16 ) as well as at non-religious occasions and weddings, baptisms, child burials, etc. Two of the most famous versions of the dance are the couple dances "El Caderazo" (Eng. "The hip blow") and the "Dance with the bottle". In the caderazo, the woman chases the man and tries to hit him with her hip. If she succeeds, the man leaves the dance floor “ashamed”. In “dancing with the bottle”, the woman wears a bottle on her head freehand and dances without the bottle losing its balance and its movements losing harmony.

Settlements

The Chota River forms the border between the Imbabura and Carchi provinces and flows from the southeast to the northwest. The areas south of the river belong to Imbabura, those to the north to Carchi. In Imbabura, the areas to the south-east belong to the canton of Pimampiro , those to the south-west to the canton of Ibarra , in Carchi the areas to the north-east are in the canton of Bolívar , and those to the north-west in the canton of Mira .

The following list contains all the major settlements along the course of the river (downstream), first those of the Imbabura province, then those of the Carchi province.

Canton of Pimampiro

  • Chalguayacu is the only place in the parish of Pimampiro, which is also a canton, in the Chota Valley. The place goes back to one of the Jesuit haciendas in the region. He formed a comunidad together with the neighboring El Juncal as part of the agricultural reform in 1955.

Canton of Ibarra

  • El Juncal , also located on the Chota, is perhaps the most famous village in the Chota Valley, as Edison Méndez and Agustín Delgado were born here. According to tradition, the place was founded 100 years ago by "rebellious" dark-skinned people who were driven out of the Hacienda Caldera.
  • Carpuela belongs to the parish of Ambuquí and is known for the handicraft production of masks from clay mineral earth (span. Arcilla ). It goes back to the former Hacienda Carpuela of the Jesuits, or previously the Mercedarians .
  • Ambuquí , about 34 km northeast of Ibarra at an altitude of about 1500 m. In contrast to the other places in the Chota Valley, Ambuquí is predominantly inhabited by mestizos. The place is not directly on the Chota, but the settlement Ramal de Ambuquí is . Ambuquí is the seat of the parish in which the aforementioned places are located.
  • El Chota is also a village in the Parish of Ambuquí. It is located directly on the river of the same name and was founded by refugees from the Hacienda La Caldera.
  • Salinas is the seat of another parish in the canton of Ibarra. It is located at the mouth of the Ambi in the Chota, which is called Mira from there. In Salinas, salt used to be extracted using primitive methods and slave labor.
  • La Victoria is not located on the Chota / Mira, but further inland, about 10 km from Salinas, Cuambo and Ponce.
  • Cuambo is located on the river, has around 200 inhabitants and, according to tradition, was a retreat for slaves who had fled, whose masters were not equipped against the heat and dust of the area.
  • Ponce is opposite the former Estación Carchi train station (see below) on the Mira
  • San Guillermo , based on the Hacienda San Guillermo
  • Cuajara goes back to a former hacienda of the Jesuits, on which 264 slaves of African descent were counted in 1767.
  • Santa Marianita (not on Chota or Mira)
  • San Jerónimo is not directly on the Chota / Mira, but on the road from Ibarra to San Lorenzo in Esmeraldas. Here is a central, US-funded base to combat drug smuggling.
  • El Limonal is also along the road from Ibarra to San Lorenzo. From here there is a path that leads to Guallupe and San Juan de Lachas.
  • Guallupe is a small settlement on the Mira, which belongs to the parish of La Carolina. Your name is derived from Guadalupe .

Bolívar Canton

  • Caldera , based on the former Jesuit hacienda of the same name. The river caldera of the same name, on which the place is located, is a left-hand tributary of the Chota.
  • Piquiucho is located on the El Juncal opposite bank of the Chota, which forms the border between the provinces of Carchi and Imbabura. The place is the birthplace of Ulises de la Cruz .
  • San Victorino
  • Tumbatú on the Chota has about 500 inhabitants in 90 families, 98% of which are Afro-Ecuadorians .
  • San Vicente de Pusir is located on the left side of the Chota tributary Río El Ángel and is the seat of a parish. Pusir was one of the larger haciendas in colonial times.

Canton of Mira

  • Mascarilla belongs to the parish of Mira in the canton of Mira. It is located at the mouth of the Río El Ángel in the Chota.
  • Juan Montalvo is the seat of a parish named after Juan Montalvo with around 1,500 inhabitants, including Santiaguillo and Cabuyal. The place Juan Montalvo is not on the Chota / Mira. The population of the place itself is not predominantly Afroecuatorian.
  • Santiaguillo is not located on the Mira, but on its tributary Río Santiaguillo or on the road from Juan Montalvo to La Concepción. The place has about 200 inhabitants.
  • Cabuyal is also not directly on the Mira, but on the Santiaguillo or on the road from Mira via Juan Montalvo to La Concepción and goes back to a former Hacienda El Cabuyal .
  • Santana (also Santa Ana) belongs to the parish of La Concepción and is not directly on the Mira, but on the Río Santiaguillo, opposite Cabuyal, or at the point where the paths branch from Estación Carchi to La Concepción and to Mira.
  • La Concepción is the main town of a parish established in 1884 with around 3,400 inhabitants today. It is not directly on the Mira and emerged from the former Hacienda La Concepción, the largest hacienda operated by black slaves.
  • Estación Carchi is a small village that is located on the site of a former train station on the Quito-Ibarra-San Lorenzo line and has been increasingly deserted since the end of the train connection. The train service started in 1956 and has not taken place since 2000. also
  • La Loma is also a small village in the parish of La Concepción
  • Chamanal is a small town in the parish of La Concepción, which also dates back to a hacienda that was run by Jesuits until 1767. In 1883, the US diplomat Friedrich Hassaurek first mentioned the dance bomba , which is played at the Hacienda Chamanal .
  • El Hato de Chamanal is not located directly on the Mira, but north of Santa Lucía. It also belongs to La Concepción.
  • Santa Lucía also emerged from a former Jesuit hacienda of the same name, which was acquired in 1788 by Francisco Gómez de la Torre for 20,000 Pesos (as were those of Chamanal and Pisquer). Today it also belongs to the parish of La Concepción.
  • El Naranjal also belongs to the parish of La Concepción and houses, among other things, a small plant for animal feed ( alimentos balanceados ) and an organic farm.
  • Even El Rosal is a small settlement in the parish of La Concepción.
  • Naranjito , a settlement with around 150 inhabitants, also belongs to La Concepción.
  • Tablas belongs to the parish of Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño , whose main town is called Río Blanco . It is located on the Mira, between Naranjito and San Juan de Lachas.
  • San Juan de Lachas also belongs to the parish of Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño. It is known for its handicrafts (ceramics and wickerwork) and is connected to Limonal on the other side of the Mira by a bridge.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b see, for example, Plan de manejo integrado de mosca blanca en el cultivo de fréjol en comunidades del Valle del Chota ( Memento of the original from January 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Description of project IQ-CT-104 of the Ecuadorian Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (Spanish) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mag.gov.ec
  2. ↑ a b en: Chota, Ecuador in the English language Wikipedia , edited on December 22, 2005 from IP 87.112.13.163 (English)
  3. ^ A b Nelson Gómez, Elementos de Geografía del Ecuador. El hombre y el medio , Ediguias, Quito, 2002, ISBN 9978-89-002-5 , p. 38f.
  4. ↑ Patricio Luna, "The valley of ball-loving dancers", Frankfurter Rundschau , May 30, 2006.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h Fernando Jurado Noboa, Una visión global sobre el Chota, 1475-1813 , in: Rafael Savoia (ed.), El Negro en la Historia, Raíces Africanas en la Nacionalidad Ecuatoriana , Centro Cultural Afroecuatoriano, Quito, 2002 or online at edufuturo.com , an educational portal of the prefecture of the Pichincha province (Spanish)
  6. ↑ Fernado Jurado Noboa, Una visión global sobre el Chota, 1475-1813 and Reseñas de los Afro Ecuatorianos , both in edufuturo.com with reference to Piedad and Alfredo Costales, Los Señorios del norte andino del Reino de Quito , Ediciones SAG, Quito, 1993; on Tulcanaza see Rudolfo Pérez Pimentel, García Tulcanaza , in: Diccionario Biográfico del Ecuador , Guayaquil 1987–, Volume 17 (Spanish)
  7. ↑ Martina Carillo, negra raíz de libertad ( Memento of the original dated February 5, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on centroafroecuatoriano.com ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Spanish).  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.centroafroecuatoriano.com @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.centroafroecuatoriano.com
  8. ↑ The province of Imbabura still included today's province of Carchi in both censuses. Depiction after Juan Carlos Franco, Música negra de la cuenca del Río Chota-Mira in edufuturo.com (Spanish)
  9. ↑ a b c La historia de los negros de dos provincias serranas  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , El Universo , July 2, 2006 (Spanish)@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.eluniverso.com  
  10. ↑ cf. for example El Chota de los marginados and Los éxitos deportivos animan a los profesionales a volver a su terruño , Blanco y Negro , Supplement des Diario HOY (Quito), October 11, 2003, and José Chalá: La esclavización nos quitó hasta el nombre  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , El Universo , July 2, 2006 (both Spanish).@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.eluniverso.com  
  11. ↑ see La vida de Ulises de la Cruz fuera de la cancha y los sueños de los niños del Chota ( Memento of the original from September 1, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , El Universo, May 19, 2007 (Spanish) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.eluniverso.com
  12. ↑ A cinco años de su creación, con dos largas duración grabados y un tercero por pagar, esta agrupación del Valle del Chota defiende su trabajo y quiere mantenerse en el ambiente ( Memento of the original of February 24, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: Der Archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the homepage of the Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana (Spanish)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / cce.org.ec
  13. ↑ Oriana Pardo, Uso alimentario del Agave americano , Chloris chilensis 8, 2 (2005) (Spanish).
  14. ↑ cf. Ritmo y Sentimiento. Grupo Musical "Oro Negro". Raíces ( Memento of the original from January 27, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the homepage of the Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana , Bomba del Chota in the Spanish-language Wikipedia , Valle del Chota ( memento of the original from January 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at viajandox.com and Juan Carlos Franco, Música negra de la cuenca del Río Chota-Mira in edufuturo.com and La historia de los negros de dos provincias serranas  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically created as marked defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , El Universo , July 2nd, 2006 (all in Spanish) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / cce.org.ec @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.viajandox.com@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.eluniverso.com  
  15. ↑ Freely translated from es: Bomba del Chota in the version of January 23, 2007 , authors: Eea , Bots and anonymous editors.
  16. ↑ The basis of the presentation is the map "Comunidades negras de Carchi e Imbabura" in the article Proyecto Consolidación de Liderazgo y Empoderamiento de Mujeres Negras Organizadas en Ecuador: Carchi ( Memento of the original of September 17, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the Coordinadora Nacional de Mujeres Negras CONAMUNE ( Memento of the original of October 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Spanish). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / conamune.altervista.org @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / conamune.altervista.org
  17. ↑ No respetan tierras comunales ( Memento of the original from March 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Derechos del Pueblo, special edition, No. 29, September 1985, published by the Comisión Ecuménica de Derechos Humanos (CEDHU) , Quito (Spanish)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / cedhu.org
  18. ↑ Jean Baptiste Boussingault , Memorias del naturista y científico Jean Baptiste Boussingault en su expedición por América del Sur , Biblioteca Virtual del Banco de la República, Bogotá, 2004, Chapter 21: Ecuador (Spanish).
  19. ↑ BYU Interns: A Lifetime of Difference in Ecuador ( Memento of the original from May 16, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Benson Institute (English)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / benson.byu.edu
  20. ↑ PAS, Embajadora Linda Jewell inauguró puesto de control antinarcóticos en Imbabura ( Memento of the original dated December 8, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , US Embassy in Quito, October 3, 2005. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.usembassy.org.ec
  21. ↑ a b Turismo en el Cantón Mira ( Memento of the original from February 9, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the homepage of the canton Mira (Spanish)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mira.ec
  22. ^ Ecuador. Crisis, Poverty and Social Services , Report No. 19920-EC, Volume 1: Main Document, Human Development Department - Latin America and the Caribbean Region of the World Bank , June 26, 2000
  23. ↑ Corsinor. Proyectos Transferidos ( Memento of the original from February 17, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Information on an irrigation project, including in San Vicente de Pusir (Spanish)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.corsinor.gov.ec
  24. ↑ Un pueblo que recupera su memoria  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , El Universo , June 18, 2006 (Spanish)@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.eluniverso.com  
  25. ↑ Parroquia Juan Montalvo ( Memento of the original dated February 9, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the homepage of the canton Mira (Spanish)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mira.ec
  26. ^ Beloit and the Peace Corps. Adventures in Service , Beloit College Magazine ( Beloit College in Beloit , Wisconsin, Spring 2001); see also Santiaguillo , from the report series “ El Ecuador que usted no ha visto ” by Fernando Villarroel for Diario HOY (Quito), 2004 (Spanish).
  27. ↑ El Famoso Tardón ( Memento of the original from January 29, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , on the homepage of the canton of Mira (Spanish)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mira.ec
  28. ↑ Information about the Parroquia La Concepción ( Memento of the original from January 2, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the homepage of the canton Mira (Spanish) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.municipiodemira.gov.ec
  29. ↑ La Estación Carchi , from the report series “ El Ecuador que usted no ha visto ” by Fernando Villarroel for Diario HOY (Quito), 2004 (Spanish).
  30. ↑ Juan Carlos Franco, Música negra de la cuenca del Río Chota-Mira , on edufuturo.com , the educational portal of the prefecture of the Pichincha province (Spanish).
  31. ↑ Sistema de Agua Potable Naranjito  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Red de Competitividad y Manejo Ambiental , development aid project by USAID and others (Spanish).@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / red.smtn.org  

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