Darling Scarp
| Darling Scarp | ||
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 View of the Darling Scarp (in the background) viewed from the Swan Coastal Plain |
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| Highest peak | Mount Cooke ( 582 m ) | |
| location | Western Australia | |
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| Coordinates | 32 ° 25 ′ S , 116 ° 18 ′ E | |
The Darling Scarp (also called Darling Range or Darling Ranges ) is a geological stratum that runs north-south from the Swan Coastal Plain to Perth in Western Australia . It extends from the north at Bindoon to the south to Pemberton and further east including Mount Bakewell near York and Mount Saddleback near Boddington . The average height of the mountain ridges is around 250 m to 300 m, the highest point is Mount Cooke at 582 m.
history
The botanist Charles Frazer and Captain James Stirling , who was later appointed the first governor of Western Australia, first reported on the mountainous area, who reached this area on the HMS Success in March 1827.
Maps from the 1830s show the layer level as General Darlings Range , named after Ralph Darling , a British governor of New South Wales and later the ridge was called the "Darling Range" (German: Darling-Bergland ). This name was common until the 20th century, although it is a layered level. There is also a tendency to name localities on or in the east of the shift level Perth Hills "or" The Hills "(German: Hill = Hügel).
The earliest crossings of the Darling Scarp were made by British settlers of the Swan River Colony in the 1830s. The most famous expedition was carried out by Ensign Robert Dale , who reached Guildford on the south side of Greenmount Hill through the Helena Valley .
geology
The Darling Scarp was formed as a local fault in the Perth area called the Darling Fault , a significant and prehistoric geological discontinuity in the Archean of the Yilgarn Craton , which was caused to the east by the younger mountain formation of Pinjarra and to the west by the Perth Basin , a sedimentary basin from the Phanerozoic is superimposed. The Darling Fault extends 1,000 km from Shark Bay to the south coast of Western Australia east of Albany . The Darling Scarp area must have been linked to the fault at some point , but it eroded approximately 15 km to the east. The Scarp's original location must have been on the unusual land formation known as the Ridge Hill Shelf .
The Archean granites and gneisses of the Yilgarn Craton formed the heights of the Perth Hills and they can be viewed in outcrops near roads, a good example of which is in the area of Mundaring Weir . The only noticeable sediments of the Perth Basin, west of the fault, date back to the Cenozoic and contain material such as sand from limestone and travertine and sand dunes on which the city of Perth is built, including the sand dunes of the Pleistocene , which were formed during the last ice age.
The area is part of the larger Yilgarn Block , which in turn is part of the West Australian Shield .
Climatic effects
The Bureau of Meteorology often announces different weather conditions for The hills as opposed to the Swan Coastal Plain .
Even in the traditionally hot summers, strong easterly winds blow over the Darling Scarp, creating serious problems for planes using the runways at Perth Airport . In an article about Perth Airport from 1999 it is documented that this wind exposure caused an aircraft accident. Rising winds also lead to rain clouds that pour over the mountainous terrain and cause higher rainfall than on the neighboring coastal areas.
Land use
Quarries have been set up in the shift stage ; bauxite is mined and forestry is practiced. Because of the extensive use of the wood of the Jarrah forests with their good wood quality, settlements were created through the construction of the railway and sawmills.
Water supply
In the early 20th century, most of the rivers from the Darlings Scarp were dammed for water catchment. The layer level dams and a few inland are: Mundaring Weir (on the Helena River ), Serpentine Dam and Pipehead ( Serpentine River ), Wungong Dam , Churchman's Brook Dam , North Dandalup Dam , South Dandalup Dam (in two Dandalup areas) and the Canning Reservoir (on the Canning River ). The only free flowing body of water from the Darling Range in the Peel Region is the Dirk Brook near Keysbrook.
The Darling Scarp also defines the easternmost extent of various groundwater layers from the sediments of the Perth Basin, especially the southwestern Yarragadee Aquifer . The Darling Scarp forms the division between the hypersaline groundwater of the Yilgarn Craton below and the fresh water of the Perth Basin. Some dams along the Darling Scarp are salty by water that flows into the dam waters via the granite layers and must therefore be mixed in order to maintain the required water quality.
Quarries
In the early years of the mid-20th century, there were numerous quarries at the end of the shift stage, recognizable by their impact on the aesthetics and the environment.
In the area of the Helena River and its valleys to the sands of the Swan Coastal Plain , four quarries can be seen, although they have not been used for 50 years. The Mountain Quarry and Statham's Quarry quarries are now used as training facilities for mountaineers
- Bluestone Quarry is a name from the 1850s, later also known as Greenmount Quarry from the 1850s to the 1920s, at Greenmount Hill on the west side of Greenmount National Park .
- Mountain Quarry , commonly known today as Boya Quarry , is located south of Greenmount Hill and closed in 1963.
- Byford brickworks (State Brickworks) , shale quarry, probably under construction from the beginning of the 20th century until the Second World War .
- Fremantle Harbor Works Quarry : such as the CYO'Connerss Mole Reconstruction Quarry , later known as the Public Works Quarry , now the Hudman Road Amphitheater at the end of the local Darlington border - Boya worked from the 1900s to the 1930s.
- Statham's Quarry , a diabase quarry at Gooseberry Hill, is at the northern end of the Kalamunda Zig Zag Formation.
- Armadale Brickworks (State Brickworks) , Bedfordale Hill, Slate Quarry, believed to have been mining in the 20th century, with a siding to the railroad and to the South Western Highway for ore transport.
Further quarries in the stratification stage are located in the Gosnells and Herne Hill areas .
In order to preserve the western view of the strata, legal restrictions were issued in the 20th century that restricted the expansion of this land use.
Bauxite mining
In the late 20th century there was a correlation between the expansion of bauxite mining and the extensive Jarrah forests, and there were protests against bauxite mining, one of these active groups being the Campaign to Save Native Forests .
These protests forced the government and mining companies to change their minds and succeeded in exempting parts of the forests from mining.
Today's mining operations in the region are extensive; the main mines are at Huntly and Willowdale.
Railways
The buildings and the development of railway connections in Darling Scarp took place on three different main routes in over eighty years.
- The Eastern Railway was the first railway company to overcome the Darling Scarp in the 1880s along its first route through Greenmount (where three of the numerous quarries later secured the railway line).
- In the 1890s the second route led through the Swan View Tunnel and John Forrest National Park .
- In the 1960s this made possible the third route with a lower gradient through the Avon Valley
- The Kalamunda Zig Zag or Upper Darling Range Railway crossed the Scarp through the southernmost layer of the Helena Valley until 1949 .
- The Millar timber line operated south to Yarloop, north through Jarrahdale to Jarrahglen, east from Byford and the Chandler mill .
Suburbs of Perth in the Darling Scarp
The suburbs at the end of the Scarp, which are at the western end of the Scarp, have excellent views of the Swan Coastal Plain :
The suburbs at Midland and Kalamunda are often referred to as the Perth Hills :
Television towers
In the suburbs in the south of Kalamunda are the branches for the operation of the television towers for Perth. Another television tower is located on Mount Lennard near Collie which includes the south-western areas Services the Southwest areas including Bunbury .
Conservation
Tree death and fire
Also in the 20th century, the Phytophthora cinnamomi caused tree death on the Jarrah trees in large parts of the forests. Nowadays, the only thing that can help is restricting vehicle access to reduce tree death. This requires greater acceptance and publicity for the decision to wash vehicles after completing different routes.
In the late 2004s, the largest bushfire occurred in the Northern Jarrah Forest in the past 100 years, which had a significant impact on forests. As a result of this intense fire, the government expanded controlled burns along the forest boundaries to reduce the amount of flammable material.
In the early 2000s, Greenmount National Park and John Forrest National Park were recurrent bushfires , most of them arson.
Darling Range Regional Park
A network of protected areas in Crown Land on the Scarp are intentionally linked to a regional park to protect it.
In most cases, the protected areas have individual names and are integrated into larger parks, such as Serpentine National Park , John Forrest National Park and Greenmount National Park , or are simply named as State Forests or as numbered parks, for example State Forest No 42
After a name change in 2005, the separate park was named 'Parks of the Darling Range' and extends over 23,948 hectares on the Scarp. Furthermore, in August 2008, the parks were given names by Aborigines .
- Beelu National Park
- Korung National Park
- Midgegoroo National Park (formerly Canning National Park)
- Banyowla Regional Park (formerly Kelmscott-Martin Regional Park)
- Mundy Regional Park (formerly Kalamunda Regional Park)
- Wooroloo Regional Park (formerly Chidlow Regional Park)
- Wungong Regional Park
Mountain heights
- Mount Cooke (582 m)
- Mount Dale (546 m)
- Mount Gunjin (399 m)
literature
- Alison Bean: A brief history of the Darling Range: for the Department of Planning and Urban Development. The Department, Perth, WA 1993, ISBN 0-7309-5304-1 . (Darling Range Regional Park supplementary report, no.4)
- Geoffrey Blainey,. (1997) White gold: the story of Alcoa of Australia . Allen & Unwin, St. Leonards, NSW 1997, ISBN 1-86448-355-5 .
- The Darling Scarp: a natural entity: proceedings of symposium held at the Geography Department of the University of Western Australia, November 1969. Nature Conservation Council of Western Australia, Perth, WA 1970.
- Department of Planning and Urban Development, Western Australia: The Natural resources of the Darling Ranges The Department, Perth, WA 1993, ISBN 0-7309-5302-5 . (Darling Range Regional Park supplementary report, no.2)
- Helena Coles (ed.); Mike Murphy: Jarrahdalians: the story of the Jarrahdale Mine. Alcoa of Australia, Booragoon WA 1998, ISBN 0-646-36670-X .
- JS Myers: Pinjarra Orogen, in Geology and Mineral Resources of Western Australia. In: Western Australia Geological Survey. Memoir 3 (1992), pp. 77-119.
- Basil Schur: Jarrah forest or bauxite dollars? : a critique of bauxite mine rehabilitation in the jarrah forests of southwestern Australia. Campaign to Save Native Forests (WA), Perth, WA 1985, ISBN 0-9597449-7-5 .
- Lindsay Watson: The Railway History Of Midland Junction: Commemorating The Centenary Of Midland Junction, 1895-1995. L & S Drafting in association with the Shire of Swan and the Western Australian Light Railway Preservation Association, Swan View, WA 1995.
Web links
- Engineering Geology of the Precambrian Rocks of the Darling Scarp ( Memento from April 11, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 159 kB)
- Hydrology of the Perth Basin ( Memento April 11, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- Serpentine National Park
- Darling Scarp Walk, bushwalk
- http://www. britica.com/place/Darling-Range
Individual evidence
- ^ Joseph Cross : Journal of the Proceedings of a party of Officers and men, for the purpose of crossing the Darling Range of Mountains, under the orders of Lieutenant Preston, RN . In: Journals of Several Expeditions Made in Western Australia . J. Cross, London 1833, pp. 6-14 (accessed February 28, 2009).
- ↑ Fire Danger is identified in this page for `` Coastal Plain '' and for `` Hills '' . Bom.gov.au. Archived from the original on January 9, 2010. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
- ↑ specifically stated as `` Significant turbulence is cased by the passage of easterly winds over the escarpment '' . Users.ssc.net.au. Archived from the original on January 21, 2010. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
- ↑ Darling Range Study Group & Benson, W. D: Land use in the Darling Range. In: Western Australia: a report to the Premier of Western Australia. The Group, Perth, WA 1982.
- ↑ Climbs in WA . Web.archive.org. August 15, 2005. Archived from the original on August 15, 2005. Retrieved on June 14, 2010.
- ↑ Climbs in WA . Web.archive.org. July 20, 2008. Archived from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
- ↑ aluminum.org.au ( Memento of the original from March 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : Alcoa has two bauxite mines operating in the Darling Range in Western Australia: Huntly, which has been operating since the early 1970s and is the world's biggest bauxite mine, producing 20 million tonnes per annum; and Willowdale, established in 1984 and currently supplying 8.5 million tonnes per annum to Alcoa's Wagerup alumina refinery.
- ^ GJ Higham: Over the range: railways across the Darling range of Western Australia: Midland to Northam and York. WA Australian Railway Historical Society, WA Division , Bassendean 1968.
- ↑ Samille Mitchell: What's in a name? Parks of the Darling Range In: Landscope Volume 24 number 2, (2008-9), pp. 40-46.
- ↑ including a press release no longer available - regarding the component reserves within the parks . Roleybushcare.com. June 23, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
- ↑ Midgegoroo National Park . Roleybushcare.com. October 7, 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
