Bushfire in Australia

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Oil painting of a bush fire between Mount Elephant and Timboon by Eugene von Guerard (1857)
View of the village of Swifts Creek during the 2006/2007 Victoria bushfires in December 2006
Memorial to the 2003 Canberra Bushfire

Bushfires in Australia ( Bushfire ) occur mainly in the hot months of the year in the climates of Australia . In Australian parlance, bushfires refer to fires that extend over large areas of bush, grass and rainforest in the country. Often many animals and people are killed and buildings, cars, etc. are destroyed.

The climate in Australia is generally hot, dry and prone to drought. Bushfires in southern Australia mostly arise in the Australian summer and autumn. In New South Wales and southern Queensland , the greatest risk of bushfires is in spring and early summer, and in the Northern Territory in winter and spring.

The bushfires are an environmental factor and an inherent part of the ecology of the Australian continent. For example, the fires help some species of eucalyptus and banksia to open their seed pods. As a disruption to succession, fire also enables certain types of plants to grow again, and many adapted plant species form new shoots soon after the fires and grow back quickly, while species that do not belong to the ecosystem are displaced by the fire. For millennia, the Aborigines have set bushfires specifically for their hunt and to pave their way through impassable vegetation.

According to Geoscience Australia , 8,000 people were injured and 433 killed in major Australian bushfires from 1967 to 2013, around 50% of all deaths caused by natural disasters on the continent of Australia during the same period .

The Black Saturday Bushfires in February 2009 killed 173 people and destroyed 1,800 homes. The approximately 60 individual bushfires in Victoria were one of the largest fire disasters in Australia, in which an area the size of the Saarland (2570 km²) burned down.

In the ongoing bush fires in Australia in 2019/2020 , 33 people were killed immediately (and by January 25, 2020). On March 3, 2020, an area of ​​126,000 km² fell victim to the flames. These bush fires are described as "unprecedented" in various publications. A state of emergency has been declared in Sydney as well as in the surrounding state of New South Wales and Victoria . Scientists attribute the unusually violent fires that started early in the fire season to global warming . The fires were accompanied by prolonged drought and temperatures of up to 46 ° C (excluding the heat of the fire). Research through May 2020 found an estimated 445 more died among the thousands treated in hospitals for smoke disease.

definition

Australian bushfires are broadly defined as uncontrolled fires of grass, scrub, shrubbery, and forest. There are two main categories that are based on the type of terrain:

  • Bushfires in wooded, hilly and mountainous areas:
These areas are under-developed, under-farmed, and many of their forested areas are national, state, or other parks. Steep terrain increases the intensity and speed of the fires, which pose a great danger to settlements and residents.
  • Bushfires in flat or grassland:
In flat or slightly hilly terrain, which is mostly overgrown by grass and bushes, bushfires can spread immensely quickly, as they are often fanned by strong and hot winds and favored by dry and easily ignitable vegetation. Fires in grasslands can be as intense as those in hill country. Here too there is a great danger to human settlements. However, they are easier to forecast and narrow down regionally; In addition, these areas are easier to reach for fire departments.

Natural triggers for bushfires are lightning strikes , and in various cases these fires are caused by careless handling of cigarettes or by arson ; occasionally fires arise unintentionally while areas are being used for agriculture.

In the course of the 2019/2020 bush fires, there was also a fire in the subtropical Gondwana rainforests of Australia , some of which had not burned for more than 1000 years. Furthermore, fires also occurred in moist eucalyptus forests due to the drought that had persisted for several years, and it burned in dried-out swamps and soils made of organic material after the water table had dropped there.

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Painting Black Thursday (fire of 1851) by William Strutt (1825-1915)

history

Shoot from the bark of a eucalyptus tree after a large bush fire, a plant survival strategy after fire damage.
Two years after the Bogong bushfire, the forest to the east of Gippsland in Victoria is showing the trees and vegetation recovering.

Bushfires of natural origin have been present on the Australian continent for millions of years, were triggered by lightning strikes and thus shaped much of the landscape of the Australian continent before the arrival of humans. The Aborigines used fire for many thousands of years for hunting and landscaping, mostly in the cooler seasons and when the winds were favorable. The fires set in this way promoted the growth and expansion of the grasslands and made hunting easier, they also reduced the amount of combustible material and made it easier to penetrate into inhospitable areas with dense vegetation.

The increased incidence of human-made bushfires has allowed fire-resistant plant species, particularly eucalyptus, to spread . With their rapid development of shoots after fires, woody stem bulges and fire-resistant seeds , many plants adapted evolutionarily . Some species produce flammable oil, which increases the fire effect and thus eliminates non-fire-resistant plant species in the area.

According to a summary published by the Australian CISRO in 2012, the Australian Fire and Land Management Authorities dealt with 268,398 bush and grass fires from 2002 to 2007. That was an average of 53,680 fires per year. Assuming this trend had remained constant in the 20th century, there would have been a total of around 5.5 million fires between 1901 and 2000.

Some of the most dangerous and large Australian bushfires since the arrival of European settlers have been (in chronological order):

Fire area Burned area date dead destruction
Bushfire in Victoria 1851 Victoria an estimated 50,000 km² February 6, 1851 approx. 12 1 million sheep, thousands of cattle
Red Tuesday Bushfires Victoria 2,600 km² February 1, 1898 12 2,000 buildings
Bushfire 1926 Victoria February-March 1926 60 1,000 houses
Bushfire in Victoria, 1939 Victoria 20,000 km² December 1938 - January 1939, especially January 13, 1939 71 3,700 houses
Bushfire 1944 Victoria approx. 10,000 km² January 14 - February 14, 1944 15-20 more than 500 houses
Bushfire 1951–1952 Victoria Summer 1951–1952 10
Black Sunday Bushfire (1955) South Australia 2nd January 1955 2
Western Australia bushfire 1961 Western Australia 18,000 km² January – March 1961 0 160 houses
Bushfire 1962 Victoria 14.-16. January 1962 32 450 houses
Southern Highlands bushfires New South Wales 5th - 14th March 1965 3 59 houses
1967 Tasmanian bushfire Tasmania an estimated 2,640 km² 1967 62 1,293 houses
Dandenong Ranges Bushfire Victoria 19 km² 19th February 1968 53 houses and 10 other buildings
Northern Territory bushfires 1968–1969 Northern Territory 400,000 km² 1968-1969 Killarney - Top Springs
Bushfire in the Northern Territory 1969–1970 Northern Territory 450,000 km² 1969-1970 Dry River - Victoria River
Bushfire in South Australia 1969 Victoria January 8, 1969 23 230 houses
Northern Territory bushfires 1974–1975 Northern Territory 450,000 km² 1974-1975 Barkly Tableland , Victoria River District, near Newcastle Waters
1974–1975 Western Australia bushfire Western Australia 290,000 km² 1974-1975
1974–1975 South Australia bushfire South Australia 170,000 km² 1974-1975
Western Districts Bushfire Victoria 1,030 km² February 12, 1977 4th 116 houses and 340 buildings
Western Australia Bushfire 1978 Western Australia 1,140 km² April 4th 1978 2 6 buildings (the sloping wind in the early evening is believed to have saved the towns of Donnybrook , Boyup Brook , Manjimup and Bridgetown )
Northern Sydney Bushfire New South Wales 1979 20 houses in Sydney , the fire spread to Ku-ring-gai-Chase National Park .
Ash Wednesday Bushfires South Australia and Victoria 4,180 km² February 16, 1983 75 about 2,400 houses
Central Victoria Bushfire Victoria 508 km² January 14, 1985 3 > 180 houses
Eastern seashore bushfires 1994 New South Wales December 27, 1993 - January 16, 1994 4th 225 houses
Wooroloo bushfire Western Australia 105 km² January 8, 1997 0 16 houses
Dandenongs bush fire Victoria 4 km² January 21, 1997 3 41 houses
Lithgow bush fire New South Wales 2nd December 1997 2
Perth and SW Region bushfires Western Australia 230 km² 2nd December 1997 2 (21 injured) 1 house
Linton bushfire Victoria 1998 5 There were 5 firefighters who were killed in action on December 2nd, 1998.
Black Christmas bush fire New South Wales 3,000 km² 2001-2002 0 121 houses
2002 Northern Territory Bushfire Northern Territory 380,000 km² 2002
Canberra Bushfire 2003 Australian Capital Territory 2003 4th nearly 500 homes, Canberra
Victoria Bushfire 2003 Victoria > 13,000 km² January 8 - March 7, 2003 41 houses. The bush fire burned for 59 days.
Tenterden Western Australia December 2003 2 (21,100 km² of forest burned during the 2002-2003 bushfire season in southwest Western Australia)
Eyre Peninsula Bushfire South Australia 8,900 km² 10-12 January 2005 9 about 50 houses
2006 Central Coast Bushfire New South Wales - Central Coast New Years Day 2006
Jail Break Inn Fire New South Wales - Junee Shire 300 km² New Years Day 2006 0 20,000 head of cattle. 7 houses, 7 combine harvesters and 4 sheep pens were destroyed. 1,500 km of fence was damaged.
Victoria Bushfire 2005 Victoria 1,600 km² December 2005 - January 2006 4th 57 houses, 359 farm buildings, 65,000 head of cattle. The bushfires occurred in the Stawell, Moondarra, Anakie, Yea and Kinglake regions
Grampians bush fire Victoria 1,840 km² January 2006 2 25 houses destroyed, 62,000 sheep and 500 cattle burned.
Pulletop bush fire New South Wales - Wagga Wagga 90 km² February 6, 2006 0 2,500 sheep, 6 head of cattle, 3 vehicles, 2 straw barns and 50 km of fence were destroyed
The Great Divides Fire Victoria 10,480 km² December 1, 2006 - March 2007 1 51 houses
Victoria bushfire 2006/2007 Victoria approx. 12,000 km² December 1, 2006 - February 7, 2007 1 41 houses destroyed. The bush fire burned for 69 days
Dwellingup bushfire Western Australia 120 km² February 4, 2007 0 12 houses destroyed.
Kangaroo Island Bushfire South Australia 950 km² 6-14 December 2007 1 Flinders Chase National Park (630 km² or 85% of the area of ​​the national park was burned)
Boorabbin National Park Bushfire Western Australia 400 km² December 30, 2007 3 Overhead lines and the Great Eastern Highway were destroyed and could not be used for 2 weeks
Black Saturday bushfire Victoria > 4,500 km² February 7, 2009 - March 14, 2009 173 > 2,029 houses and 2,000 other buildings. In the course of this bush fire, three lightning-generating clouds of fire, so-called pyrocumulonimbus , formed, which rose to a height of up to 15 kilometers.
Toodyay bushfire Western Australia > 30 km² December 29, 2009 0 37 houses
Lake Clifton Bushfire Western Australia > 20 km² January 11, 2011 0 10 houses destroyed
Roleystone Kelmscott Bushfire Western Australia > 15 km² 6-8 February 2011 0 72 houses destroyed, 32 damaged, Buckingham Bridge on Brookton Highway collapsed and had to be replaced by a temporary bridge.
Bush fires in Australia 2019/2020 New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, Tasmania, Northern Territory > 126,000 km² August 2019 - March 2020 33 immediate + estimated 445 smoke effects 5,900 buildings including 2,800 residential houses destroyed; 80% of the residents of Australia were hit by smoke, thousands of people suffering from smoke were treated in hospitals, which resulted in costs of AUSD 2 billion (EUR 1.2 billion), an estimated 445 deaths among those suffering from smoke

politics

Stretton Inquiry

After the bushfire in Victoria in 1939 , the government set up a commission, the Stretton Inquiry , to investigate the causes and instructed them to develop proposals for fire prevention. This suggested to the forest administrations the construction of fire towers and a network of paths and roads. In addition, the fire service organizations in Victoria were to be reorganized into the Forests Commission (now DSE), the Country Fire Authority (CFA) and the Metropolitan Fire Brigade , which protects the city of Melbourne. The Commission also proposed setting up training on targeted safe burning; this still exists today. In 1944 the Forests Act was passed in Victoria, transferring responsibility for the fire safety of publicly owned land as well as private property to the above fire protection organizations.

After the 1983 bushfire in Victoria and South Australia , 32 deaths (excluding firefighters) were investigated in one study. The result was that 25 people died outside their homes, mainly because they fled the conflagration too late. Since numerous bush fires in Victoria were caused by short circuits in the overhead lines and contacts between the lines and falling trees, a systematic review of fire safety was carried out. Areas below the masts were cleared and electrical lines that posed a risk were replaced with insulated three-phase lines . It was also determined that the Country Fire Service's communications system was not performing well. The Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) weather forecasts have been improved; Since then, indications of wind changes and wind fronts have been taken into account. A disaster contingency plan Displan became effective, houses were equipped with fire protection measures, the Bush management and efficiency of emergency messages is according to the analyzes of the CSIRO improved.

Bushfire Research Center

The National Bushfire Cooperative Research Center (CRC) has existed since 2003 , a research center that studies the social, ecological and economic effects of bushfires. The center was set up for all organizations in Australia and New Zealand that deal with this topic, such as CSIRO, the Bureau of Meteorology, Attorney General's Department and for other organizations.

Climate Commission

In 2011, the then ruling Australian Labor Party (ALP) formed the government-funded Climate Commission under Julia Gillard , which was supposed to investigate climate change in Australia with "reliable and authoritative data". In the general election on September 7, 2013 , the liberal-conservative Liberal Party of Australia was the strongest party. The new government under Prime Minister Tony Abbott cut funding for this commission, which was then reorganized as a non-profit organization under the new name of the Climate Council . In its 2013 report, the council found a "clear link between climate change and [increased] bushfires".

Current climate policy

The incumbent right-wing conservative government of Australia under Scott Morrison largely refuses to discuss Australia's role in global warming. With this stance, the government is opposing other groups who believe that global warming has significantly increased the risks for bushfires, which is considered undisputed in science. When it comes to generating electricity, the government is relying primarily on the country's large coal reserves and is hoping for economic prosperity through coal exports. Australia ranked second in global coal exports in 2017. Prime Minister Morrison of the Liberal Party of Australia is considered a climate skeptic . However, under increasing public pressure, he acknowledged that climate change contributed to the bush fires.

In Australia, the nationwide well-networked and largest movement of climate activists Extinction Rebellion Australia has established itself, but the forms of action are controversial. The environmental activists called for civil disobedience in protests , whereupon Morrison referred to them in October 2019 as " anarchists " who had set themselves the goal of restricting the freedom of Australians. He warned of a "new generation of radical activists" and called for restrictions on freedom of speech for groups calling for boycotts of service providers in the environmentally intensive extractive industries. The Australian Human Rights Commission , the Australian Conservation Foundation and the Australian Greens condemned Morrison's view as undemocratic and accused him of trying to silence a social movement that is calling for Australia to take action against climate change.

At the UN climate conference in Madrid in December 2019 , Australia, together with the USA and Brazil, blocked numerous efforts in the fight against climate change, which is why the participating states only reached a minimal consensus.

Prime Minister Morrison came under further public pressure in late December 2019 when he vacationed with his family in Hawaii during the bushfires . His absence due to vacation was well known nationally and internationally. a. Climate activists from Extinction Rebellion Australia also protested on December 19, 2019 in front of Kirribilli House , the prime minister's residence. Morrison later apologized for the "trouble his vacation was causing many Australians" and traveled back to Sydney.

Morrison was also criticized for denying claims for compensation for the loss of income of volunteer firefighters on duty. In New South Wales alone, 90 percent of the fire services are volunteers. He later gave in and agreed to compensation. Volunteers receive A $ 300 tax-free per day up to a total of A $ 6,000 under certain conditions.

Fire warning system

Fire hazard sign in Victoria on a day classified as dangerous (severe) with a total fire ban

A complex early warning system for bushfires exists in Australia. In the Fire Danger Rating (FDR), the entire country is divided into Fire Districts . The Australian state weather service Bureau of Meteorology calculates the so-called Fire Danger Index (FDI) for each of these districts . For this purpose, meteorological forecasts such as temperature, humidity and wind speed as well as the dryness of the vegetation are taken into account. The risk level applicable for this day is then determined on the basis of the calculated index. If there is a very high fire risk, the authorities in the district issue a total fire ban , which prohibits campfires, charcoal grills, burning garden waste or work such as welding or grinding.

The current level of fire risk and, if applicable, the entry into force of the fire ban is communicated via newspapers, television, radio and the Internet. In addition, there are information boards in many places on which the current fire risk is marked with a pointer and, if necessary, an indication of the fire ban is displayed. This system was introduced in all Australian states after the devastating Victoria bushfires in 2009 . The Australian population is actively being educated about the dangers of bushfires. It explains how fires develop in different conditions, what risks result from them and what action is recommended in each case. In addition, preventive fire protection measures such as B. stopped the creation of vegetation-free protection zones around buildings.

Fire hazard classification (FDR)
step Forest (FFDI) Grass (GFDI)
Disaster / Code Red > 100 > 150
Extreme 75-100 100-150
Dangerous 50 - 075 050-100
Very high 25-50
High 12-25
Low to moderate 00 - 12

Regional management

Building destroyed by bushfires in Yarra Glenn (Black Saturday Bushfires in Victoria 2009)

The Australasian Fire Authorities Council (AFAC) is an umbrella organization for Australia and New Zealand that is responsible for bushfires, emergency management and fire protection measures in the region.

New South Wales

The New South Wales Rural Fire Service (RFS) is a volunteer fire service agency and corporation of the New South Wales Government .

Queensland

The Rural Fire Service (RFS) forms part of the Queensland Fire and Emergency Services as a volunteer fire brigade and is used to fight bush fires.

South Australia

The Country Fire Service is a volunteer fire service based in the state of South Australia .

Victoria

In Victoria , the Country Fire Authority (CFA) supports the fight against bushfires as well as other emergency services in rural areas and cities, which also serve large areas close to cities that cannot be reached by the Metropolitan Fire Brigade .

Western Australia

The Fire and Emergency Services Authority of Western Australia (FESA) is the leading organization for bushfires in Western Australia . This body supports other organizations such as Bush Fire Service , Emergency Services Cadets , Fire and Rescue Service , State Emergency Service , Volunteer Emergency Service , Volunteer Fire Service , Volunteer Fire and Rescue Service, and Volunteer Marine Rescue Services .

Tasmania

The Tasmania Fire Service (TFS) cooperates with the Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service and the Forestry Tasmania .

Northern Territory

In the Northern Territory , the NT Fire And Rescue Service is responsible for warning, preventing and fighting bushfires.

Bushfire season

Bushfires occur year-round. The dangerous times vary by region. By definition, each bushfire season begins in June and ends in May of the following year. Due to global warming, there is currently an extension of the season with an earlier start and a later end compared to previous years.

In southeastern Australia there is a risk of bushfires, especially during the drought of summer from December to March. When the El Niño effect occurs, the risk is particularly high. The southeast is particularly prone to bushfires as it is very warm and dry. In northern Australia, bushfires mostly occur in the dry season from April to September and the risk of fire increases with the occurrence of certain weather patterns.

In the south-west of Australia it is similar, the bushfires occur mainly in the dry summer time and depend on the respective weather conditions. Bushfires in the north are to be assessed differently, mostly they are caused by human activities, lightning strikes or arson.

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View from Swifts Creek towards a bush fire near Dargo , Victoria (January 11, 2007)

Cost of bushfires

Australian bushfires caused just over 800 deaths from 1851 to 2009, and the estimated cost was about 1.6 billion Australian dollars . However, this rate is below the cost of drought, storms, hail and cyclones , possibly related to the fact that bushfires mostly occur outside of highly populated areas.

A government official, Geoscience Australia, put the cost of Australian bushfires from 1967 to 2013 at 4.7 billion Australian dollars.

Web links

Commons : Australian Bushfire  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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