Extinction Rebellion

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Logo of XR: X-shaped stylized hourglass in the earth's circle, symbolizing mass extinction

The Extinction Rebellion ( XR ; English ' rebellion against extinction ') is an environmental protection movement with the stated aim of using civil disobedience to take measures by governments against the mass extinction of animals, plants and habitats as well as the possible extinction of humanity as a result of the climate crisis , to force. It emerged from various precursor groups in the UK in 2018 . In March 2020 it was represented in 67 countries on six continents with 1141 local groups, in Germany in March 2020 over 130 active local groups were identified, in Switzerland 16, in Austria 11.

The movement has been criticized for violating the law during many protests and blockades, and activists have also been arrested during blockades. On October 14, 2019, the London police banned the movement from demonstrating, which they lifted four days later because the measure was no longer necessary due to the end of the wave of protests; the UK High Court of Justice upheld a lawsuit against the lawfulness of the ban on November 6, 2019.

history

2015 founded Gail Bradbrook and George Barda in the UK corporation Compassionate Revolution Ltd. (English for 'compassionate revolution'), which initially launched the Rising Up! and finally Extinction Rebellion (XR). XR was founded in October 2018 and quickly gained worldwide media coverage through mass protests, flash mobs and sit-in strikes, initially organized in London . The logo was created by the street artist ESP, known under his pseudonym . It symbolizes the extinction of species caused by human influences . The circle depicts the earth as a living space, the hourglass symbol indicates that the time for rescue is running out.

XR quickly gained worldwide media coverage through mass protests, flash mobs and sit-in strikes, initially organized in London . On November 17, 2018, the first Rebellion Day proclaimed by XR , the blockade of the most important bridges over the Thames by 6,000 demonstrators caused a sensation, 85 of whom were arrested for traffic obstruction. Greta Thunberg also performed at these events . On December 9, 2018, a second open letter of support was published, which was signed by another hundred scientists. In 2018, the first local extinction rebellion groups were founded in Germany, one of the co-founders was Michael Timmermann. In public, Tino Pfaff and Annemarie Botzki are the main speakers for XR Germany.

In April 2019, Hannah Elshorst, former spokeswoman for XR Germany, stated that there are many connections between XR and Fridays for Future (FFF). Supporters of XR also take part in the mass demonstrations of FFF. However, the form of protest of XR is different from that of FFF. “The student strikes have triggered a great wave”, but their demands are “largely ignored”. According to statements made by XR supporters in the UK, it is natural for them to risk imprisonment for actions , in the tradition of Mahatma Gandhi . During Holy Week 2019, police arrested nearly 600 activists in London who followed a call from XR to block roads and bridges.

In July 2019, US philanthropists Aileen Getty , Rory Kennedy and Trevor Neilson announced the creation of the Climate Emergency Fund (CEF), allegedly also inspired by XR actions in the UK. The foundation supports XR campaigns in the USA. Other regional groups can also apply for funding.

Goals and Methods

Symbol of Extinction Rebellion

Extinction Rebellion aims to avert the climate catastrophe and stop the advancing mass extinction. To this end, three demands are made on politics:

  1. Tell the truth - "Says the truth": The truth of the climatic change and its consequences should be brought into the public consciousness in order to make clear the urgency of an immediate change of course. The declaration of a climate emergency is required. In Germany, Extinction Rebellion demands that the federal government declare a climate emergency.
  2. Act Now - " Act now": With an immediate change in direction in climate policy , net zero greenhouse gas emissions should be achieved by 2025. The extinction of species should be stopped. The ecological overexploitation should be curbed and reversed if possible.
  3. Beyond Politics - "Live politics anew": On the basis of participatory democracy in the form of citizens' assemblies , ways to overcome the climate crisis are to be developed. Randomly selected citizens were asked to advise on measures against the ecological disaster and measures for climate justice.

Nonviolence

XR activists want to put pressure on policy makers to take effective action against habitat destruction. This is supposed to happen through nonviolent acts of civil disobedience. For example, the XR groups in the UK want to cripple the logistical infrastructure of the UK economy by occupying bridges in order to raise awareness of their goals.

According to Roger Hallam , one of the founders of XR, “mass arrests are intended to attract as much media attention as possible - and cause a political crisis.” XR claims that it does not want to use force. Before the blockades in Berlin in October 2019, Tino Pfaff, member of the federal press team of XR Germany, stated that hundreds of people were ready to be arrested for road blockades and other forms of protest. In his words, the participants “commit no crimes , maximum offenses ”.

Actions (selection)

Action in Tower Hill, London in November 2018
Die-in in Munich, 2019
"Ice on the Rope" performance by XR activists in Munich, 2019

Extinction Rebellion called for international action for the week starting April 15, 2019. Protests were planned in at least 33 countries on 6 continents, including Germany , the United Kingdom , France , Switzerland , Colombia , Canada , the United States , Ghana , Australia and New Zealand . The goal of the rebellion is to force governments to put the Extinction Rebellion demands into action. A wide variety of nonviolent civil disobedience actions were planned for the rebellion week, including bridge, road and harbor blockades, as well as creative protests such as die -in , funeral marches, and theater flash mobs . The police operations against the blockades led to over 600 arrests.

In Germany, the action on June 11, 2019, when a number of XR activists chained themselves to the fence of the Chancellery in Berlin with bicycle locks around their necks, was particularly noticeable.

In Switzerland, on June 6, 2019, the organization drew attention to itself in an action with fake blood in front of the Bundeshaus in Bern , and on September 10, 2019, the group colored the Limmat in Zurich with uranine bright green.

Extinction Rebellion, together with Fridays for Future, called for a global climate strike on September 20, 2019 . The following week, the Earth Strike was held on September 27, 2019 with United4Earth , IWW Environmental Unionist Caucus and Demand Utopia , among others .

On October 3, 2019 activists wanted the Extinction rebellion using an old Tanklöschfahrzeuges the British financial and economic Ministry in London extensively vollspritzen with fake blood, but lost control of fire hose and spray lance , so mostly road base and Mitprotestanten with the red-colored liquid were sprayed. Five women and three men were arrested.

On October 5, 2019, several hundred activists occupied a shopping center in the 13th arrondissement in Paris . In addition, the construction of a climate camp in front of the Chancellery in Berlin began on the same day . On October 7, 2019, 1000 activists blocked the Big Star during rush hour . Another 2,000 activists blocked traffic on Potsdamer Platz . Traffic should be disrupted for a week. According to their own statements, up to 6,000 activists took part in various blockades in Berlin by October 13.

On October 17, 2019, two Extinction Rebellion activists were pulled from the roof of the train by angry commuters and beaten up by angry commuters at a tube blockade on the Jubilee Line in London's Canning Town station before they were arrested by police. Mayor Sadiq Khan strongly condemned the blockade and stated that the blockade was an unfair burden on the already overburdened police.

On November 16, 2019, around 100 activists blocked the access to the general aviation terminal at Geneva Airport for two and a half hours to protest against private jets . On December 14th, Extinction Rebellion blocked a central street in Lausanne with around 500 activists .

The Spree was colored in several places by activists with the green dye uranine on June 11, 2020 between Schwarze Pump and Berlin , in order to protest against the water pollution caused by coal mining in the Lusatian lignite district . On June 15, 2020 activists demonstrated for more climate protection in front of the Federal Ministry of Economics in Berlin.

In the summer of 2020 in Dresden , Nuremberg , Heidelberg , Weimar , Cologne , Berlin and Freiburg im Breisgau, planted wooden boxes were set up on parking strips at the edges of the road, some combined with bicycle stands, under the motto Park place instead of parking space . In Freiburg, the city had initially removed the raised beds and later put them back up at the request of the residents.

On July 2, 2020, activists from XR and the Generation Foundation protested against the planned adoption of the coal phase-out law the following day and threw leaflets into the lobby of the Bundestag.

Action Heathrow break

Extinction Rebellion expressed its intention to completely paralyze London Heathrow Airport as "the UK's largest source of greenhouse gases" for one or more days by targeting remote-controlled drones in the airspace of the airport that is closed to such aircraft. The action was to be carried out in the form of a giant drone picnic , where the participants bring drones with them. This intention was controversially discussed within the organization and did not meet with the approval of the entire movement. Because of the action, dubbed the Heathrow break , co-founder Roger Hallam and another member are said to have been arrested on September 12, 2019, one day before the announced start. According to the BBC, five suspects were arrested preventively, and on September 14, 19 arrests had already been reported. Flight operations were not affected at that time.

reception

Support through open letters

Extinction Rebellion has received repeated open letter support. A first letter was published on October 26, 2018 in the British newspaper The Guardian and was signed by 94 celebrities, mostly British scholars. The signatories included celebrities such as Alison Green, Joy Carter , Rowan Williams , Danny Dorling , Jem Bendell, Ian Gibson, Susie Orbach , David Drew, Molly Scott Cato and Shahrar Ali. In the letter it says:

“The science is clear, the facts are irrevocable, and it is unheard of for us that our children and grandchildren should bear the terrible burden of an unprecedented disaster that we ourselves have caused. […] Our government is partly to blame for the disregard for the precautionary principle and the failure to establish that infinite economic growth is not feasible on a planet with limited resources. […] When a government deliberately renounces its responsibility to protect its citizens from harm and to secure the future of future generations, it has not fulfilled its most important responsibility. The 'social contract' has been broken and it is therefore not only our right but our moral duty to circumvent the government's inaction and blatant neglect and to rebel in defense of life itself. We therefore declare our support for the Extinction Rebellion, which was launched on October 31, 2018. We fully support the demands that the government tell the citizens the hard truth. We call for a citizens' assembly to work with academics on the basis of the evidence and, in line with the precautionary principle, urgently develop a credible plan for a rapid full decarbonisation of the economy. "

A second open letter was also published in the Guardian a few weeks later, on December 9, 2018, and this time it was signed by 100 scholars, writers, politicians and activists from around the world, including celebrities such as Vandana Shiva , Naomi Klein , Noam Chomsky , AC Grayling , Philip Pullman , Rowan Williams , Bill McKibben , Tiokasin Ghosthorse, Esther Stanford-Xosei, Jonathon Porritt, Alison Green, Lily Cole , Chris Packham, Susie Orbach, Joy Carter and Jayati Ghosh Jawaharlal. The letter says:

“Political leaderships around the world fail because the environmental crisis is an issue. If global corporate capitalism continues to fuel the international economy, global catastrophe is inevitable. [...] We also call on concerned global citizens to stand up against and organize against the current complacency in their respective contexts, including defending indigenous peoples, decolonization and restorative justice - thus joining the global movement that is now against rebellion against extinction (e.g. Extinction Rebellion in the UK). Together we must do everything that is nonviolent necessary to convince politicians and business leaders to give up their complacency and denial. Your 'business as usual' is no longer an option. World citizens will no longer accept this failure of our planetary duty. Each of us, especially in the materially privileged world, must commit to accepting a necessity to live more leniently, to consume significantly less and not only to respect human rights, but also to respect our responsibility to the planet. "

At the beginning of October 2019, an open letter addressed to the Federal Government of the Federal Republic of Germany was published. This was signed by 90 celebrities, including Anna Loos , Christian Ulmen , Fahri Yardım , René Pollesch , Christian Schwochow , Bela B , Rocko Schamoni and Bodo Wartke .

criticism

According to Die Zeit of October 5, 2019 , the sociologist Dieter Rucht estimated the group's importance in Germany as low. She is relatively small in this country and the size she claims is "a bit inflated, more appearance than reality". Since anyone can enter a “local group in formation” on the website with just a few clicks of the mouse, “the presence is largely a web presence and not a physical presence”.

The publicist Jutta Ditfurth criticized the group at the beginning of October 2019. XR is a corporation, not a grassroots movement, but an "esoteric doomsday sect"; According to Spiegel , she justified this by stating that the movement was “anti-intellectual” and engaged in “hyperemotionalization”; it is not a "critical, rational, left-wing project", the movement is compatible with the right. The group differs in its eschatological worldview, anti-intellectual hatred and ambiguity in its demands and statements on both the state and capitalism from movements worth supporting such as Fridays for Future and Endegebiet and is therefore not recommended. Ditfurth sees XR as a "project from the PR retort" with a "very clumsy political strategy" based on stirring up fears. XR adheres to the ideology of the so-called deep ecology , which has "its roots in a fascist image of man".

Ditfurth's theses were expressly contradicted in the FAZ by the author Stefanie de Velasco . "The long-established left seems unsettled by this new form of protest," said de Velasco, who resigned from Jehovah's Witnesses at the age of 15 . “As someone who grew up believing in the end of the world, who knew the perfidious suggestion of fictional fears from an early age, this criticism amazes me. It alarms me primarily because it turns reality upside down and thus illustrates the current dilemma of left movements. "

An article in The Guardian criticized the organization for being predominantly white-skinned and not having an inclusive culture. The actions are primarily tailored to the needs and experiences of the white middle class. It is irresponsible to call on activists with black skin to allow themselves to be arrested by the police.

The journalist Simon Sales Prado referred in a TAZ article in October 2019 to an interview with Roger Hallam, the co-founder of the British XR, published a few days earlier in the time . Hallam had said that people who would think “a bit racist or sexist” could take part in the XR. Environmental protection is the top priority. Prado commented that the Extinction Rebellion was "like so many climate movements above all else: knows." However, a movement that takes itself seriously must think intersectionally, reject racism and sexism and it must also criticize capitalism. The spokesmen for XR Germany, Hannah Elshorst and Tino Pfaff, replied that they were aware that they were part of exploitative structures based on racism and sexism, but both should not be tolerated at XR.

The conservative British think tank Policy Exchange published a report on the ideology and tactics of the Extinction Rebellion in July 2019. In addition to an honest concern about climate protection among many XR activists, there is a "subversive agenda that is rooted in a political extremism of anarchism , eco-socialism and anti-capitalist ecologism ". The tactic of deliberately breaking the law leads to the destabilization of the democratic order and the rule of law. One of the authors, Richard Walton, is a former head of the Metropolitan Police Service's counter-terrorism unit .

The German philosopher Robin Celikates , on the other hand, is of the opinion that climate protectionists are allowed to break laws “if the protest aims to strengthen democracy”. Civil disobedience has in recent history "a democracy-promoting function". Celikates refers to the philosophers Hannah Arendt and Jürgen Habermas as well as the civil rights movement in the USA. “Many of the democratic achievements that we believe to have been given today have only been achieved through civil disobedience.” XR press spokesman Tino Pfaff confirmed Celikat's assessment. The movement wants to "protect and preserve democracy".

The Deputy Editor-in-Chief of the Independent Sean O'Grady said that XR will in the end make little difference because it does not differentiate between protest and conviction. The Extinction Rebellion is alienated from humans, it just looks like “a group of angry people who shout and throw things. Their excess of passion does not compensate for their weirdness, and they fail to convince decent people who sympathize with their cause but are not killers of the earth. [...] Political activities are required within the mainstream of the political system - laws, rules, taxes, incentives, not direct actions. "

Media coverage

Analysis of the “Rebellion Wave” in October 2019 shows that the movement was mentioned more than 70,000 times in online media reports. Of this, the United Kingdom accounted for 43.5% of online coverage, followed by Germany for 15.2%, Australia for 14.6% and the USA for 12.1%.

Fonts

  • Sina Kamala Kaufmann et al. (Ed.): When if not we * - An Extinction Rebellion Handbook. Translated from the English by Ulrike Bischoff (This is not a Drill) . S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2019, ISBN 978-3-10-397003-6 .
  • Extinction Rebellion Hannover: "Hope dies - Action begins": Voices of a new movement. transcript, Bielefeld 2019, ISBN 978-3-8376-5070-9 ( PDF; 0.3 MB ).

See also

Web links

Commons : Extinction Rebellion  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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