Stephansraut

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Stephansraut
Stephan's herb (Delphinium staphisagria), illustration

Stephan's herb ( Delphinium staphisagria ), illustration

Systematics
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Subfamily : Ranunculoideae
Tribe : Delphinieae
Genre : Larkspur ( Delphinium )
Type : Stephansraut
Scientific name
Delphinium staphisagria
L.

The toxic Stephan herb ( Delphinium staphisagria ), also Mediterranean Larkspur , Stephan grain , Toxic Larkspur , lice pepper , Lauswurz , lice tooth , lice seeds , Kräusesamen (English: Stavesacre, French: Dauphinelle), belongs to the genus of delphinium ( Delphinium ), in the family the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). The botanical name Staphisagria is derived from the Greek words staphis , "dried wine berry " and agrios , "wild" and refers to the seeds (mouse pepper, louse seeds) that are comparable in shape and size and / or the leaves similar to those of vine leaves of the lice herb.

Occurrence and description of plants

Dolphin, structure
inflorescence
blossom

This plant species grows on shady, dry and stony slopes, on limestone cliffs and in maquis in southern Europe , North Africa, the Canary Islands and western Asia at altitudes of up to 800 meters.

St. Stephen's herb is a biennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 30 to 100 centimeters. The stem is shaggy and hairy. The leaves are long-stalked, palmate with five to seven lobes and densely covered on both sides with very short and long hairs. In summer, gray-blue or deep purple flowers with a green tip appear. The individual bracts are 13 to 20 mm long.

The species blooms from the beginning of spring to late summer .

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18.

Important ingredients and effects

The plant produces many alkaloids . The seeds mainly contain dolphinine ( similar to aconitine ) and lesser amounts of staphisine and fatty oil. Aboveground plant constituents further comprise the diterpene alkaloids Isoatizin and derivatives of Atisins and Azitin , Neolin and Chasmanin and derivatives.

Lethal doses of dolphinine cause respiratory paralysis and cardiac arrest after clonic convulsions and paralysis. Animal poisoning of this kind is not uncommon.

Parts used in homeopathy

The homeopathic remedy is made from the dried, ripe seeds. The "Stephanskörner" are poisonous, smell unpleasant and taste burning, hot and bitter.
The homeopathic remedy Delphinium staphisagria was the first to be tested by Samuel Hahnemann in 1819 and appears in the fourth volume of his "Pure Medicine" and is administered both for acute injuries (e.g. cuts) and for chronic diseases (suppression of feelings).

Common names

The other German-language trivial names exist or existed for St. Stephen's herb and its seeds : Bissmüntz, nasal raisins, humpback horn, brother seeds, longhorns, lice herb, läuswurz, lousepfeffer, luseminze, luseworz, lussworz, lusword, lice delphinium, mouse pepper (with regard to the seeds), mouse seeds, observant seeds, perchkicher, licorice seeds, rat pepper, spicy delphinium, saliva, stafadrian herb, stafadrian seeds, staphisander, staphisander, staphikörner, Stephankörner, Stephanssamen and wolfweed.

history

In the 1st century, Dioscorides recommended taking the seeds of St. Stephen's herb in honeydew mead as a powerful emetic and to pull off phlegm phlegm. He was aware that the internal application was connected with the danger of "suffocation". His contemporary Pliny rejected this internal use of St. Stephen's herb seeds because of the side effects. Dioscorides and Pliny, however, both recommended using the seeds in oil externally against lice and for itchy skin diseases. Finally, the seeds cooked in vinegar should be helpful as a mouthwash for toothache and gingivitis .

Until the 19th century, these uses of St. Stephen's herb seeds were increasingly restricted to use as a poison against lice and itch mites , and even this use was abandoned in the middle of the 19th century.

In 1819 Jean Louis Lassaigne and H. Feneulle presented the alkaloid Delphinin in the laboratory of the Musée d'Histoire naturelle in the Parisian Jardin du Roi , which was briefly described by François Magendie in 1921 , although he unsuccessfully suggested that this alkaloid should be added to the traditional uses of St. Stephen's herb to attempt.

swell

Historical illustrations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. Birkhäuser, Basel / Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-7643-0755-2 , p. 348 f.
  2. ↑ Ludwig August Kraus: Kritisch-Etymologisches medicinisches Lexikon, or explanation of the origin of the Greek, Latin and Oriental. Languages ​​in medicine and in the art expressions initially taken up with it. 3rd, greatly increased and improved edition. Deuerlich & Dieterich, Göttingen 1844, p. 983.
  3. ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller: Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Volume 5. Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants. Spectrum Academic Publishing House. Berlin, Heidelberg 2008. ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8
  4. ↑ Delphinium staphisagria at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  5. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 132. ( online ).
  6. ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides , De Medicinali Materia libri quinque , 1st century (after Berndes 1902), Book IV, Cap. 153 (p. 451) (digitized version)
  7. ↑ Pliny. Naturalis historia . Book XXIII, § 17-18 (Chapter XIII) (Digitized Latin) ( Digitized from the Külb edition 1840–1864 German)
  8. ↑ Pseudo-Dioscorides de herbis femininis . (after Kästner 1896) Cap. 37 (digitized version)
  9. ↑ Avicenna , Canon , Vol. II. Revision by Andrea Alpago. Basel 1556, p. 302: (digitized version)
  10. ↑ Constantinus africanus , Liber des gradibus simplicium , 11th century (based on the printed edition Basel 1536, p. 371): (digitized version)
  11. ^ Pseudo-Serapion (printed edition Venice 1497), Cap. 277 (digitized version)
  12. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit , Mainz 1485, Cap. 359 (digitized version)
  13. ↑ Hortus sanitatis , Mainz 1491, Book I (De herbis) Cap. 421 digitized
  14. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs . New Kreütterbuch 1543, Cap. 303 (digitized version)
  15. ↑ Hieronymus Bock . New Kreütter Bůch 1546 sheet 340v (part II, cap. 132) (digitized version )
  16. ↑ George Handsch (translation) and Joachim Camerarius the Younger (processing). Pietro Andrea Mattioli . Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia , 1586, sheet 439v 440r (digitized version )
  17. ^ Jean-Louis Alibert . Nouveaux éléments de thérapeutique et de matière médicale . 2nd edition Paris 1808, Volume I, p. 437 (digitized version)
  18. ^ Jean Louis Lassaigne and H. Feneulle. Analysis de la Staphisaigre… In: Annales de chimie et de physique 1819, No XII pp. 358–378 (digitized version )
  19. ^ François Magendie . Formulaire pour la preparation et l'emploi de plusieurs nouveaux médicamens . Méquignon-Marvis, Paris 1821, pp. 60–62 (digitized version ) --- Regulations for the preparation and use of some new drugs . From the French. Leipzig 1822, pp. 68–71 (digitized version )
  20. ↑ August Husemann and Theodor Husemann : The plant substances in chemical, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological terms. For doctors, pharmacists, chemists and pharmacologists. Springer, Berlin 1871, pp. 233–243: Delphinin - Staphisagrin (digitized version )
  21. ^ Theodor Husemann. Handbook of the entire pharmacology. 2nd edition Berlin 1883, p. 217 (digitized version)

literature

  • Elisabeth Mandl: Medicinal plants in homeopathy , Maudrich, 1997, ISBN 3-85175-687-8
  • Andrew Lockie: The Great Lexicon of Homeopathy , Dorling Kindersley Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-8310-0005-0
  • Adam Lonitzer : Kreuterbuch… (Frankfurt am Main 1557), ed. by Peter Uffenbach, Ulm an der Donau 1679, p. 337 f. ( Läuskraut, Staphis agria )
  • Rolf Giebelmann and Ludwig von Meyer: Cultural history about buttercups. Toxichem + Krimtech 70/1/2003. P. 61. Online version (PDF file; 794 kB)

Web links

Commons : Stephanskraut  - album with pictures, videos and audio files