Dicypellium caryophyllatum

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Dicypellium caryophyllatum
Fig. 17, flower of Dicypellium caryophyllatum [1]

Fig. 17, Dicypellium caryophyllatum flower

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Magnoliids
Order : Laurels (Laurales)
Family : Laurel family (Lauraceae)
Genre : Dicypellium
Type : Dicypellium caryophyllatum
Scientific name
Dicypellium caryophyllatum
( Mart. ) Nees

Dicypellium caryophyllatum (also known as Dicypellium caryophyllaceum ) or the Cravo tree , Nelkenzim (m) tbaum , is a rare species of plant from the genus Dicypellium within the laurel family(Lauraceae). It isnative tothe Amazon basin in northern Brazil as far as Peru , where it is called, for example, Pau-cravo or Cravo-do-maranhão and Casca-preciosa . The bark , known as (Brazilian) clove cinnamon , is used because of its aroma and as a result Dicypellium caryophyllatum is endangered in natural habitats.

Another, (East Indian or Zeilonischer) Nelkenzim (m) t comes from Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston (Syn: Syzygium caryophyllaeum Gärtn. )

description

Dicypellium caryophyllatum grows as an evergreen tree up to 20 meters high . The elliptical to egg-shaped, short-stalked and alternate, slightly leathery and pointed, entire, simple leaves are glabrous and (initially) slightly rust-colored on the underside. They are about 13 inches long and 4–5 inches wide.

Little-flowered and short, axillary or terminal inflorescences are formed. The short-stalked, small and white flowers are hermaphroditic and with a simple flower envelope . The perianth is sixfold, with similar, leathery, thick tepals in two circles. The stamens are in three circles, the fourth is missing. The first circle is tepaloid, enlarged and not fertile, the smaller second and the reduced third are fertile, with very short stamens and tepaloid. The medium-sized ovary is bald, with short pencil in a small-cupped flower cups .

Small, green and egg-shaped, smooth, single-seeded berries are formed on a relatively flat, red fruit cup with a persistent, somewhat hardened perianth.

Occurrence and endangerment

Dicypellium caryophyllatum occurs naturally only in the Brazilian states of Amazonas , Maranhão and Pará . It thrives in forests that are not temporarily flooded. The last collections in 1998 were in Tapajós in Pará. It used to be found further north in Maranhâo.

In the Red List of the IUCN was dicypellium caryophyllatum = rated 1998 as "vulnerable", "endangered"; the creation of a current assessment is required. Intensive exploitation of the bark to obtain clove oil meant that this species became rare.

Systematics

It was first described in 1829 under the name ( Basionym ) Persea caryophyllacea by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in Repertorium für die Pharmacie , 31, p. 355. However, the species Licaria guianensis , which was already published in 1775 by Aublet in Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 313, t. 121 was described in some works as a basionym. The new combination to Dicypellium caryophyllatum was published in 1833 by Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck in Hufelandiae Illustratio , p. 14. Another synonym is Ocotea caryophyllacea (Mart.) Kostel. and Acrodiclidium guianense Nees .

Dicypellium caryophyllatum is one of only two species in the genus Dicypellium .

use

The smell of the bark (clove bark , wood, cinnamon, cinnamon, black cinnamon or cortex cassiae caryophyllatae ) is reminiscent of cloves and cinnamon . The bark and flower buds are used as a spice in Brazilian cuisine . The essential oil from the flower buds is used in the perfume industry. The buds can also be used as a clove substitute. That oil from the bark also has a strong smell, it is called "Clove Bark Oil". The oils are high in eugenol and can be used to make artificial vanilla .

The leaves are used as a tea substitute for those of Camellia spp. used.

The aromatic, quite durable wood is used for various applications. It is sometimes referred to as clove wood , Brazilian or cayenne rosewood, as well as tulipwood .

See also

literature

  • JG Rohwer : The Genera Dicypellium, Phyllostemonodaphne, Systemonodaphne and Urbanodendron (Lauraceae). In: Botanical yearbooks for systematics. 110, 1988, pp. 157-171.
  • Philipp Lorenz Geiger , Th. Fr. L. Nees von Esenbeck , JH Dierbach : Pharmaceutische Botany. Volume 2, 2nd department, 1st half, 2nd edition, CF Winter / Gerold, 1839, p. 342 ff, limited preview in the Google book search.
  • Flora Brasiliensis. Vol. V, Pars II, 1866-1868, Col. 172 f, 281, t. 59, 102, online at biodiversitylibrary.org.

Web links

Commons : Clove ( Dicypellium caryophyllaceum )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Carl Christian Mez : Lauraceae Americanae Monographice Descripsit. In: A. Garcke , I. Urban : Yearbook of the Royal Botanical Garden and the Botanical Museum in Berlin. Volume V, Borntraeger, 1889, pp. 5, 81 f, 178, 472-474, 500 and a., T. 1, 9, T. 2, Fig. 17, T. 3, 57, online at biodiversitylibrary.org.
  2. ↑ a b c dicypellium caryophyllaceum in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: G. Pedralli, 1998. Accessed June 21, 2012th
  3. ^ R. Brandes : Archive of Pharmacy. Second row, XII Volume, Meyer, 1837, p. 254 f, limited preview in the Google book search.
  4. ^ Vincenz Franz Kosteletzky : General medical-pharmaceutical flora. Volume 2, Borrosch and André (later Hoff), 1833, p. 482, limited preview in the Google book search.
  5. ↑ online at digital library - the publication server of the TU Braunschweig.
  6. ↑ online at biodiversitylibrary.org.
  7. ^ Dicypellium caryophyllaceum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 21, 2012. (Incorrect name).
  8. ↑ limited preview in the Google book search.
  9. ^ Theodor Wilhelm Christian Martius: Outline of the pharmacognosy of the plant kingdom. Palm and Enke, 1832, p. 101 f, limited preview in the Google book search.
  10. ↑ Julia F. Morton: Herbs and spices. New York, Golden Press, 1976, ISBN 0-307-24364-8 .
  11. ^ EA Weiss: Spice Crops. CABI, 2002, ISBN 0-85199-605-1 , p. 122.