documenta urbana

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Bus stop on Heinrich-Schütz-Allee in Kassel

documenta urbana is a word created by the documenta initiator Arnold Bode from the second half of the 20th century. In particular, it is understood to mean a residential development built between 1980 and 1982 in the southwest of Kassel , on the Dönche . A series of events under this name was also held at the University of Kassel from 2005 to 2007. Both the name of the housing estate and that of the series of events refer to the term coined by Bode.

Arnold Bode used the term documenta urbana

For Arnold Bode (1900–1977) a documenta urbana was a supplement to the actual documenta . He used the term at different times, however, for different ideas. Initially, his considerations were based on art in architecture . Later, thoughts were added that resulted in a manifestation of art in squares and in city districts, including Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe and the octagon of the Hercules building . Bode also had the idea that a documenta urbana could help improve living conditions in the city of Kassel. For example, through the settlement of artists in studio houses, or through demonstrative building projects outside of the architectural routine of the time. The background to all these considerations was that Bode feared that the documenta he had set up was not adequately secured as an institution. A structural anchoring in the city should ensure stronger roots within the Kassel population.

Bode attached great importance to architecture; in the first documenta in 1955, he presented the “best buildings” from all over the world in 50 large-format photos in the Fridericianum . Shortly before his death in 1977 he wrote in the foreword to the catalog of documenta 6 about his "old dream":

[...]
the d 6 ends on October 2nd, 1977!
The
7.documenta begins!
How?
With preliminary discussions, plans, concepts!
Maybe with an attempt - already planned in 1964,
a »documenta urbana« in the »Kunsthalle« Oktogon for 100
Days
Not
more museum - but new spatial situations and »art spaces
me «
So
the space and the work, that was the beginning of the arts! Of the
Outside space, the inside space and the object (picture, plastic, etc.)
find the place.
[...]
Space - architecture - art - environment.
[...]

The residential development on the Dönche

Site plan of the documenta urbana (not exactly north)
above the residential line along Heinrich-Schütz-Allee
below the clusters - the white buildings were created later and different from the original plan. The right spur street is Hans-Leistikow-Straße.

The residential development on the Dönche in Kassel under the name documenta urbana that was built between 1980 and 1982 is not to be understood as part of the documenta institution or one of the documenta exhibitions. Rather, it forms a permanent settlement created for demonstration and exhibition purposes. This stands in the tradition of exemplary projects such as the garden city of Hellerau , the Werkbundsiedlungen ( Weißenhofsiedlung ) and the Berlin IBA in the Hansaviertel . The documenta urbana can be viewed as a late, and in terms of urban planning, postmodern , counter-position to plans such as the Hansaviertel.

A special feature of the documenta urbana is still living in the countryside on an urban construction site. Its main attraction and symbol is a row of houses jointly designed by six architecture offices, the so-called residential snake . The different views of the planners are reflected in its eleven different segments.

The buildings that were erected from 1980 onwards were described by the initiators as a “built contribution to a documenta urbana”. They could not refer directly to Arnold Bode . In this respect, the built documenta urbana cannot be viewed as the final manifestation of his ideas. The completion of the residential buildings was set for 1982, the year in which documenta 7 was to take place. Its artistic director, Rudi Fuchs , showed no interest and did not accept the documenta urbana as a contribution to the d7.

Background: Objectives in residential construction in the late 1970s

At the end of the 1970s, the quantitative requirements for residential construction in Germany were largely fulfilled. The elimination of the worst housing shortage through the destruction of the war and immigration after 1945 was considered to have been resolved. The focus of the discussion was the criticism of housing and urban development in the 1960s and early 1970s, their industrial construction and the densification in high-rise large estates . As a result, questions about the living environment and the quality of urban living space came into focus. Under the pressure of the emigration of solvent urban populations to the surrounding area, goals such as “family-friendly”, “child-friendly” and “leisure-time-oriented” increasingly appeared in residential construction. The planners of the documenta urbana also saw in this a "possibility [...] to make an offer to those citizens who tended to migrate to the surrounding area to build property there".

Planning at the Dönche (from 1977)

Head building of the Wohnschlange, Hilmer and Sattler. Heinrich-Schütz-Allee in the foreground (2008)
Part of the residential snake, Otto Steidle and Partners (2008)
Part of the residential snake, Hertzberger (2008)
Part of the residential snake, Hertzberger (2008)
Part of the living snake, Hilmer and Sattler (2008)
Part of the residential snake, Patschan / Werner / Winking (2008)
End of the residential queue, Otto Steidle and Partners (2008)

The Dönche , a former military training area and a nature reserve since 1970, 4 km from the city center of Kassel, had become the property of the city. A development plan from 1977 provided for three quarters to be kept as green space, around 60 to 70 hectares should serve to round off existing settlement units on the southwestern outskirts of Kassel:

The plans for a residential development on the Dönche under the name "documenta urbana" began in 1977, the year Arnold Bode died , when representatives of the housing company Neue Heimat met with those of the state of Hesse and the city of Kassel. Hans Eichel is seen as a driving force , who co-opted the term "like a stroke of a hand". Eichel, the son of an architect, had been Lord Mayor of Kassel since 1975 and was also represented on the documenta supervisory board in this capacity. In this context, it is assumed that Eichel's contacts with Albert Vietor (chairman of Neue Heimat, born in Kassel) and Lauritz Lauritzen (former mayor of Kassel, later federal building minister) played a role, in particular with regard to the project for the experimental and comparative building project funding program of the federal government.

In the spring of 1978, the city's Neue Heimat presented a proposal on the content and procedure of a construction project aimed at exemplary housing construction in the 1980s. The 12-hectare Schöne Aussicht sub-area , between the Dönche open space and the Helleböhn settlement, was considered particularly suitable, as the existing infrastructure here promised short-term feasibility.

The architects and their planning process at the Schöne Aussicht (from 1979)

At the turn of the year 1978/79, the city of Kassel appointed a committee of experts as an advisory advisory board: Gerhart Laage (Hamburg / Hanover, architecture area), Christian Kopetzki (Kassel, urban planning area), Heribert Kohl (Düsseldorf, leisure sociology area), Jürgen von Reuß (Kassel, area open space planning / ecology) and Jos Weber (Hamburg / Delft, area art). At the same time, a committee was formed around the investor, with representatives from the federal government, the state of Hesse and the city of Kassel. These two committees decided on a so-called “expert procedure”, with nine invited architects or architectural offices.

The tasks of the reviewers included:

  • Urban planning for the 12 hectare building area Schöne Aussicht . This also included the design of the street space on Heinrich-Schütz-Allee, an existing street between the Schöne Aussicht and the adjacent residential area of ​​Helleböhn.
  • The structural design of the actual documenta urbana: 200 residential units as rental apartments and single-family houses were to be planned on an area of ​​4 ha. As a publicly funded model measure, a wide variety of housing and development variants, including different forms of financing, should be implemented.

Since the planning of the documenta urbana was not based on an architectural competition, but rather on an expert procedure, a special situation arose for the architects commissioned. Their position vis-à-vis the initiators and investors was comparatively strong and they were often able to assert their joint positions. During the planning phase, workshops were held on a regular basis in order to coordinate planning and details, which observers in retrospect describe as "an almost unique work situation".

At the beginning of 1980, a building design was completed. This included a comparatively detailed plan for the core area of ​​the documenta urbana, in the north-western area of ​​the Schöne Aussicht, as well as a more general plan for the remaining areas, in the south-eastern area. The development draft for the area of ​​the documenta urbana envisaged multi- storey residential buildings along Heinrich-Schütz-Allee in a serpentine, three- to four-story row of houses. For this, the term Wohnschlange established itself . To the south of it, towards the Dönche, a low-storey, small-scale development consisting of apartment buildings and private homes was designed. The focus of the urban planning was a differently designed combination of private, semi-public, public, open, visible and shielded open spaces. The U-shaped street and building structures were also known as clusters .

Six of the nine experts took part directly with drafts of parts of the living snake (Baller, Hilmer and Sattler, Patschan / Werner / Winking, planning collective No. 1, Steidle, Hertzberger). This row of buildings was cut in the middle, the two halves should form a gate to the Dönche.

Within the cluster buildings, the focus of the Wilkins Group and Olivegren was on simple and cost-saving construction. At Olivegren, a participation model was added, to which so-called “participation seminars” were held in 1981 with those interested in building.

In 1982, Hinrich Baller emphasized the collaboration between the architects: “We tried less to talk to one another than to understand one another.” With regard to the urban planning objectives, he speaks of the “old city”: “[...] just like the old city by overlaying the most varied of living spaces - and city ideas developed their urbanity, we wanted as a model to make a small housing estate specified by the task related to the old city again by superimposing our spatial and social living concepts - developed elsewhere - so that urban coexistence and complexity in the Use and consequently should also shape the appearance of the small settlement. "Baller describes how the spatial program was implemented together:" Since we had a fixed apartment key and fixed apartment sizes as specifications, we not only had to structure our apartment concepts in a meaningful way in the jointly agreed urban planning framework, but also sort so that they matched the apartment sizes and numbers. This was the only way we could, for example, realize the Herzberger apartments, which all have to be the same in terms of the idea, or the 'hallway apartments' in House 3 by Hilmer and Sattler, so that we could offer a corresponding number of small apartments in the other projects, for example Example twelve small apartments in the middle gatehouses, each of which has thus become the 'House of the Old Ladies' , [...] "

The streets in the area of ​​the documenta urbana were named after teachers at the Kassel Art Academy - or at its predecessor institution: Stephan Hirzel , Hans Leistikow , Hermann Mattern , Ernst Röttger , Hans Söder . The open space planner Raimund Herms was responsible for planning the traffic-calmed streets and the public green spaces . His design of the traffic areas is considered "organic", his belated appointment is said to have contributed to cost increases.

On September 25, 1980, the foundation stone was laid for the documenta urbana as a publicly funded model measure on the beautiful view with the Neue Heimat Nordhessen and the municipal non-profit housing company (GWG) as the developer .

Difficulties and Criticism (1980–1982)

Street scene on Hermann-Mattern-Strasse, on the right the residential queue (2008)
View from the Wohnschlange towards the cluster on Hans-Leistikow-Strasse (2008)
Cluster by Steidle and Partner, on the corner of Hermann-Mattern-Strasse and Hans-Leistikow-Strasse (2009)
Row houses by Rainer (2008)
Terraced houses by Olivegren (2009)
Development at Hilmer and Sattler, stair tower behind the head building of the residential snake (2009)
Development at Baller (left) and Hertzsberger (right), shared staircase between the buildings of the Wohnschlange (2009)
Development at Patschan / Werner / Winking, intimate separate access to the apartment (2009)
Development at Steidle und Partner, "Arbor staircase": open staircase with passage and arbours (2009)
"Open air room" with Herman Hertzberger (2009)

Already in the planning phase it was critically questioned whether the building project could do justice to the concept of urbanity . To what extent a project on the periphery - four kilometers from the center of a medium-sized city - is at all suitable for providing answers to problems of urban living.

Lucius Burckhardt , at that time professor at the University of Kassel , initiated a planning parallel event between 1980 and 1982 in order to “carry out at least one small action to shift the balance back towards the inner city”. As part of a seminar entitled documenta urbana , problem areas in the center of Kassel were to be dealt with. A catalog of 15 selected locations was sent to artists, architects, planners and training centers. The recipients were asked to provide ideas and contributions without the prospect of a concrete realization. The returns were published under the title Make visible . Burckhardt saw the more than 100 published articles as “proof of how much is possible without the use of financial resources and organizational power and what willingness there is to participate voluntarily in such an action”.

Critical distance can also be found in statements from the documenta urbana advisory board. In 1982, the expert Jos Weber criticized the choice of architects and the lack of involvement of documenta artists. He spoke of an “excessively long, excessively complicated, excessively bureaucratic and excessively technical process” in which art was “(almost) lost”.

In 1981 problems arose with the financing of the development, as Der Spiegel wrote : “Now that the first houses are growing out of the excavation pits on the Dönche, the prospects are rather bleak: The high interest burden is also pinching the Neue Heimat, the shortage of money apparently also has embarrassed the 320,000-fold homeowners. In the middle of construction, the 'Schöne Aussicht' had to be refinanced. All social resources were scraped together and put in the already advanced multi-storey buildings of the 'snake'. ”Also, unfavorable subsoil conditions and the resulting more complex foundations were cited as reasons for cost increases.

The buildings and their completion (1982)

In a so-called “first construction phase”, only 137 of the originally planned 200 residential units were completed in 1982. The construction costs for this are said to have amounted to 40 million DM, of which 28 million came from public funds.

The Neue Heimat Nordhessen accounted for 108 residential units and the non-profit housing association of the city of Kassel for 29 residential units. The following were funded with public funds: 85 rental apartments, 17 owner-occupied apartments and 16 private homes. Another 19 homes were freely financed. The apartment sizes were between 40 m² and 110 m², the houses had at least 100 m² of living space, some over 140 m².

Planning in the cluster area in particular fell victim to the cuts. Many of the architects involved in the residential queue had also completed designs for the local development that were no longer implemented. The first construction phase was later supplemented by other buildings by other architects, and the development of the site was completed. A critic wrote in 2002 that these buildings show how the ideas of the documenta urbana “tip over into banality”.

Hinrich Baller and Inken Baller

The architect Inken Baller and her partner, the architect Hinrich Baller , developed two buildings of the Wohnschlange. These are the two similarly designed gatehouses at the breakthrough of the snake, the so marked “Dönche Gate”. These buildings consist of small apartments ("house of the old ladies"). There is a common access via large stairwells with the neighboring family apartments in the residential snake segment of Herman Hertzberger.

The supporting structure consists of slender reinforced concrete columns with mushroom heads which, together with the partition walls, support the reinforced concrete floors. The aim was to make the inner walls changeable, and to make subsequent floor plans possible. The mushroom supports on the ground floor, which does not contain any apartments, but forms an aerial floor, as well as the design of the top floor are striking.

Michael Wilkens

Michael Wilkens , at that time professor at the University of Kassel, designed buildings in the area of ​​so-called clusters within a group working as a city ​​/ building work group or building frogs .

The planners emphasized that their row houses on Hans-Leistikow-Straße deliberately forego a spectacular appearance, because “splendid architecture” and “architectural tricks” do not constitute progress. On the contrary, this would hinder the desired appropriation by the residents.

One of the focal points of their design was the group: A clearly recognizable demarcation between private, semi-public and public areas. A versatile division of the apartments and the cancellation of the purpose of individual rooms ("living, sleeping, eating ..."). Inexpensive adjoining rooms, such as sheds, should also be used to create small courtyards. The building mass itself forms new collective spaces in the outdoor area. All of this under the premise of a cost-reducing construction method.

Herman Hertzberger

The Dutch architect Herman Hertzberger planned two buildings in the residential queue. These each connect to the buildings designed by Baller and, with the vaulted attic, also take up their design. Some of the apartments also share a staircase with the neighboring Baller apartments.

The stairwells of the buildings should provide opportunities for children to play. The architect designed balconies as "open-air rooms" that should provide enough space as a dining area for the whole family.

When designing the facade, Hertzberger used motifs that also characterize his school buildings, which were built in the Netherlands at the time: large-format rough concrete blocks combined with exposed concrete.

Heinz Hilmer and Christoph Sattler

The architects Heinz Hilmer and Christoph Sattler planned two buildings in the eastern area of ​​the residential area, including the striking front building.

In the front building there are three apartments, which are accessed via a round, articulated staircase dominated by glass blocks. The other building is a couple with comparatively large apartments. These have a central, octagonal hallway from which the individual rooms can be accessed. In this context, the architects emphasized that they were less interested in floor plan flexibility than in “architecturally clearly defined spaces”.

Hilmer and Sattler described their buildings as "plastered masonry [...] appropriate to the topic of social housing". The large-scale glazing, especially on the south and east sides of the building, however, is reminiscent of reinforced concrete skeleton structures .

Johannes Olivegren

Johannes Olivegren from Sweden designed row houses in the eastern area of ​​the cluster. The buildings are located along Heinrich-Schütz-Allee and Heinrich-Lauterbach-Straße.

The planning took place within the framework of a participation model moderated by Olivegren, in which the future resident families should fully participate, i.e. including the children: After the choice of the property, a desired expansion stage was made with the help of building blocks on a scale of 1: 100, for which the costs were specified of the house determined. The floor plans were designed with cut-out sheets on a scale of 1:50, which contained furniture and other furnishings. However, Olivegren encountered problems that had not been foreseen: Almost all users chose the maximum expansion level. Everyone immediately wanted a cellar that was not originally intended. Outwardly conventional and almost identical-looking, mostly wood-clad buildings emerged.

Dieter Patschan, Asmus Werner, Bernhard Winking

Dieter Patschan, Asmus Werner and Bernhard Winking designed a building in the western area of ​​the living snake .

The three-storey structure, which combines a flat roof with a barrel roof, takes up the eaves heights of the neighboring buildings. As far as the shared use of the building access is concerned, Patschan, Werner and Winking did not share the ideas of the architects planning next door: common stairwells were avoided. Even within the building there are three clearly separated from each other, since these "can be an approach to fruitful communication but can also be a cause for arguments and arguments".

The masonry construction has wide-span reinforced concrete ceilings that should enable non-load-bearing interior walls to meet the changing space requirements of the users. A comparatively closed east facade, with a reduced proportion of windows, should reduce the noise from Heinrich-Schütz-Allee.

Planning collective no.1

The office planning collective No. 1, consisting of Johann Fr. Geist, Helmut Maier, Hans Heinrich Moldenschardt, Peter Voigt and Hans Wehrhahn, designed a U-shaped complex on the westernmost part of the residential line.

The planners grouped the buildings around an inner courtyard, which should serve as a kind of apartment extension and garden for the adjacent ground floor apartments. In contrast, the apartments on the upper floor were assigned roof gardens and greenhouses on the roof. The planners promised themselves “that they will be used by the residents in a variety of ways as workshops, studios and for purposes that are still open”. Delimitation and differentiation of the open spaces in the outside area was deliberately avoided, rather the architects left it to the future tenants "to use and demarcate the adjoining and surrounding open spaces as private gardens, or to make them accessible to all as public green spaces".

Roland Rainer

The architect Roland Rainer from Vienna developed a small settlement in the eastern area of ​​the cluster, but only a short row of houses along Hermann Mattern-Straße was realized.

Rainer saw problems in a car-friendly development in particular. He avoided a direct approach to the building he planned. For energetic reasons, he opted for largely closed north facades and window openings to the south. Small-scale, as in pre-industrial settlements, should be the basis for “the homely and homely effect of both houses and public streets and squares”. However, the design language chosen by Rainer follows the modern age.

Otto Steidle

Otto Steidle , who held a professorship at the Kassel University in 1979 and 1980, worked with Leo Fritsch to design a comparatively large contribution to the documenta urbana. In addition to three segments of the residential queue, his cluster plans on the corner of Hermann-Mattern-Strasse and Hans-Leistikow-Strasse were also implemented.

With the development of his largest element of the living snake, Steidle developed a "arbor staircase" which he drew from the label. What was meant was an open stairwell that was combined with arcades and opened up a total of nine apartments. In this context, Steidle spoke of an “area that could be experienced by the public”, of an “extended sidewalk” that should be brought up to the apartment door. He hoped that this would reduce the difference between a single storey apartment and a single house. When it came to the core idea of ​​his designs for the documenta urbana, Steidle referred to the sociologist Hans Paul Bahrdt and his quote "... urbanity arises from the interaction of public and private ..." .

Reception and current condition

The architecture critic Manfred Sack made positive comments about the documenta urbana in 1982, the year it was completed. He spoke of eye-catching houses and imaginative apartments that are otherwise not found in social housing. Sack hoped that the "estate of exceptional quality [...] would be understood by many builders as an invitation and by many architects critically as a suggestion".

In 2002, 20 years after completion, a critic complained that the lush communal and meeting areas on the roofs, in the stairwells and under the buildings - where they stand on supports - were useless and only drove up the costs: “Many of the glass Roof structures are orphaned, the outside corridors or stairwells, imagined as open passages, have been closed, and the areas under the buildings look more than bleak. Community life, as the Kassel model teaches after twenty years, only unfolds where it is planned by the residents and linked to home ownership. ”The critic praised the formal quality of the dome-shaped roof structures as a“ trademark ”. The domes of the northwestern part of the Wohnschlange (planning collective No. 1) fell victim to a roof renovation by the owner of this area, the non-profit housing company (GWG), only a few years later . They were hardly used by the tenants, and the landlord considered their building fabric to be dilapidated.

In the meantime, due to the vegetation on Heinrich-Schütz-Allee, the residential queue can hardly be recognized as a continuous row of buildings. There is also no discernible urban development connection to the older Helleböhn settlement from the 1950s on the other side of the street. The participating architect Hinrich Baller remarked as early as 1982: "Even our intention to reshape Heinrich-Schütz-Allee, at least in the narrower residential area, to obstruct traffic in its design and through entrance areas, was unsuccessful despite months of commitment."

The series of events at the University of Kassel

Under the title documenta urbana , the Pfeiffer Foundation for Architecture at the University of Kassel, together with the Department of Architecture, Urban Planning, Landscape Planning, organized a series of events from 2005 to 2007 on “the visions of urban developments”. The organizers saw the symposia and workshops both in the tradition of Arnold Bode , as well as in the development on the Dönche, as well as the alternative approach of Lucius Burckhardt .

References and footnotes

  1. ↑ a b paragraph after Lucius Burckhardt: documenta urbana - what could that mean? in documenta Forum Kassel (ed.): Contributions to a documenta urbana , series Heft 1, Kassel 1982
  2. ↑ Quoted from documenta 6 , Volume 1, p. 16, Kassel 1977. Typography and line breaks adopted there
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k sentence after Dirk Schwarze: documenta urbana in Kassel 1980-1981… getting on in years in Deutsche Bauzeitung , No. 10, 2002, pp. 96–100
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m sentence after Albrecht Puffert: The project sequence of an experimental model project in the city. Monthly booklets for housing and urban development , No. 8, Hamburg, 1982, pp. 20-25
  5. ^ "Eichels contacts with Vietor and Lauritzen" according to Dirk Schwarze: documenta urbana in Kassel 1980-1981… getting on in years in Deutsche Bauzeitung , No. 10, 2002, pp. 96–100. The rigor there, however, moderated because the (temporal) details are not entirely consistent.
  6. ↑ a b c d Quote from Hinrich Baller: From confrontation to cooperation in the city. Monthly booklets for housing and urban development , No. 8, Hamburg, 1982, pp. 40–43
  7. ^ Paragraph and quotations from Lucius Burckhardt: documenta urbana - what could that mean? in documenta Forum Kassel (Ed.): Contributions to a documenta urbana , series of publications, Heft 1, Kassel 1982. Make Visible appeared as volume 2 of the series, for the opening of documenta 7 in 1982 in Kassel
  8. ↑ after Jos Weber : Thoughts and Demands: 1978, 1982, ... in documenta Forum Kassel (ed.): Contributions to a documenta urbana , series of publications Heft 1, Kassel 1982
  9. ↑ Troubled prospects . In: Der Spiegel . No. 31 , 2008, p. 138 ( online ).
  10. ↑ a b c d e sentence after Paul Engelmann: Tasks of the client in the city. Monthly booklets for housing and urban development , Issue 8, Hamburg, 1982, pp. 82–83
  11. ↑ a b Inken Baller becomes “Schöne Aussicht” in Kassel's. Plans and buildings by the architects, an exhibition catalog in the city. Monthly booklets for housing and urban development , Issue 8, Hamburg, 1982, pp. 46-47 listed next to Hinrich Baller
  12. ↑ Sentence based on Kassel's “Schöne Aussicht”. Plans and buildings by the architects, an exhibition catalog in the city. Monthly booklets for housing and urban development , No. 8, Hamburg, 1982, p. 47
  13. ↑ Name of the group after: Kassel's "Schöne Aussicht". Plans and buildings by the architects, an exhibition catalog in the city. Monthly booklets for housing and urban development , No. 8, Hamburg, 1982, p. 51
  14. ↑ a b paragraph after Kassel's “Schöne Aussicht”. Plans and buildings by the architects, an exhibition catalog in the city. Monthly booklets for housing and urban development , No. 8, Hamburg, 1982, pp. 51 and 52
  15. ↑ Paragraph after Kassel's “Schöne Aussicht”. Plans and buildings by the architects, an exhibition catalog in the city. Monthly booklets for housing and urban development , No. 8, Hamburg, 1982, p. 54
  16. ↑ a b Sentence after Kassel's “Schöne Aussicht”. Plans and buildings by the architects, an exhibition catalog in the city. Monthly booklets for housing and urban development , No. 8, Hamburg, 1982, p. 58
  17. ↑ Paragraph after Kassel's “Schöne Aussicht”. Plans and buildings by the architects, an exhibition catalog in the city. Monthly booklets for housing and urban development , Issue 8, Hamburg, 1982, pp. 64, 65 and 99
  18. ↑ a b paragraph after Kassel's “Schöne Aussicht”. Plans and buildings by the architects, an exhibition catalog in the city. Monthly booklets for housing and urban development , No. 8, Hamburg 1982, pp. 66 and 67
  19. ↑ to Kassel's “Schöne Aussicht”. Plans and buildings by the architects, an exhibition catalog in the city. Monthly booklets for housing and urban development , No. 8, Hamburg, 1982, p. 70. Renata Czyzykowski is named as an employee, and Hans Wehrhahn is named as responsible for the documenta urbana
  20. ↑ Paragraph after Kassel's “Schöne Aussicht”. Plans and buildings by the architects, an exhibition catalog in the city. Monthly booklets for housing and urban development , No. 8, Hamburg, 1982, pp. 70 and 71 http://www.wehrhahn-architekten.com/projekt/sch__ne_aussicht-61
  21. ↑ Paragraph after Kassel's “Schöne Aussicht”. Plans and buildings by the architects, an exhibition catalog in the city. Monthly booklets for housing and urban development , No. 8, Hamburg, 1982, pp. 74 and 75
  22. ↑ Leo Fritsch is in Kassel's “Schöne Aussicht”. Plans and buildings by the architects, an exhibition catalog in the city. Monthly booklets for housing and urban development , No. 8, Hamburg, 1982, pp. 78-81 listed next to Otto Steidle
  23. ↑ Paragraph after Kassel's “Schöne Aussicht”. Plans and buildings by the architects, an exhibition catalog in the city. Monthly booklets for housing and urban development , No. 8, Hamburg, 1982, pp. 78–81
  24. ↑ Paragraph after Manfred Sack: Message from the "beautiful view" , Die Zeit, issue 35, 1982, online at http://www.zeit.de/1982/35/nachricht-von-der-schoenen-aussicht/komplettansicht , Retrieved January 23, 2009
  25. ↑ Composition according to the Pfeiffer Foundation for Architecture at the University of Kassel University of Kassel - Department of Architecture, Urban Planning, Landscape Planning, online at http://www.documenta-urbana.de/index.html , accessed on November 29, 2008

Coordinates: 51 ° 18 '  N , 9 ° 27'  E