Three-part two-tooth

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Three-part two-tooth
Three-part two-tooth (Bidens tripartita)

Three-part two-tooth ( Bidens tripartita )

Systematics
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Tribe : Coreopsideae
Genre : Two teeth ( bidens )
Type : Three-part two-tooth
Scientific name
Bidens tripartita
L.

The three-part two-toothed tooth ( Bidens tripartita ) is a species of plant in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). It is common in Eurasia and North America.

description

illustration
Flower heads and leaves
Infructescence and achenes

Vegetative characteristics

The three-part two - toothed plant grows as an annual herbaceous plant and reaches a height of 15 to 100 centimeters. The upright stem is often brownish-red, glabrous or slightly downy and covered with numerous, long, protruding branches.

The mostly oppositely arranged leaves are usually three, more rarely up to five pinnate , dark green and narrowed into a winged stem. The central leaflets are larger and often divided into three columns. The tips are lanceolate and roughly toothed .

Generative characteristics

The individual flower heads are at least as high as they are wide and have a diameter of about 15 to 25 millimeters. The outer usually five to eight bracts are formed like leaves and are longer than the head. The inner bracts are oval and brown-yellow in color. The chaff leaves are broadly linear and only reach the bottom of the awns . Ray florets are usually absent. The tubular flowers are brown-yellow in color.

The achenes are smooth, in contrast to the neophytic black-fruited two-toothed teeth without warty cusps on the sides and only more or less rough-prickly on the edge. It has two to four awns.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 48.

ecology

The three-part two-toothed tooth is a summer annual therophyte and a marsh plant that roots up to 50 centimeters deep.

From an ecological point of view, these are "cup flowers"; Since the ray florets are usually missing, the corolla-like bracts take on the function of viewing. The pollinators are bees , bumblebees, and hoverflies . The flowering period of this short-day plant extends from July to November.

The fruits are oblong-wedge-shaped, flattened achenes without pappus . The mostly two, rarely three awn-like fruit processes with their barbed bristles cause their Velcro to spread ; the spread of water as more watery is due to the non-wettability, the smooth surface and the flattened shape of the achenes; In addition, processing is spread by grain eater , for example the goldfinch .

Occurrence

Bidens tripartita is native to all of Europe , North and Central Asia , North America and Algeria. In Australia and New Zealand he is a neophyte.

The three-part two-toothed tooth is usually found frequently in Austria, but is endangered in the Western Alps, and in Switzerland it occurs sparsely.

The three-part two-toothed tooth occurs in Germany in the northern lowlands and the valleys of the central and southern areas widespread to scattered. In addition, it is absent-minded or rare. In the Alps it reaches up to an altitude of 800 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in Feuchtwiesen in the Lecknertal in Bavaria to an altitude of 1025 meters.

The three-part two-tooth grows in bank communities, on ponds , ponds , ditches, in swamps and on fields. He thrives on wet, nutrient and nitrogen-rich, open clayey mud - and sandy soils . It is a character species of the order Bidentetalia tripartitae and occurs particularly in the Polygono hydropiperis-Bidentetum of the Bidention tripartitae association.

Systematics

The first publication of Bidens tripartitus was in 1753 by Carl von Linné . A synonym of Bidens tripartitus L. is Bidens orientalis Velen.

From Bidens tripartitus there are two subspecies:

  • Bidens tripartitus L. subsp. tripartite
  • Bidens tripartitus subsp. bullatus (L.) Rouy (Syn .: Bidens bullatus L. ): It occurs in Italy, Corsica and France.

Common names

For the three-part two- toothed tooth there are or existed, in some cases only regionally, the other German-language trivial names : Berlerleis ( Transylvania ), Fotzenigel ( Alsace , Frankfurt (Oder) ), Frauenspiegel, Hahnenkamm, herb garden lice ( Augsburg , based on the fruits), Pfauenspiegel, Priesterlaus ( Prignitz ), Sitt in d´ Hose ( East Friesland ), Staubars ( Silesia ), Strepatsch, Stup ( Pomerania ), Stuppars ( Moravia , Silesia), Wasserdosten ( Switzerland ), water hemp (Switzerland) and Wasserdürwurz.

literature

  • Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (Ed.): Excursion flora from Germany. Founded by Werner Rothmaler . 18th, edited edition. Volume 2. Vascular plants: Grundband, Spektrum, Heidelberg et al. 2002, ISBN 3-8274-1359-1 , p. 453.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  928 .
  2. ↑ a b c Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  3. ^ A b Bidens in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
  4. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 591.
  5. ↑ a b c Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). In: W. Greuter, E. von Raab-Straube (Ed.): Compositae. : Datasheet Bidens tripartitus In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  6. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 61, online.

Web links

Commons : Three-part Zweizahn ( Bidens tripartita )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files