Ebony plants

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Ebony plants
Persimmon plum or simply persimmon (Diospyros kaki), tree with ripe fruits

Persimmon or simply persimmon ( Diospyros kaki ),
tree with ripe fruits

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Order : Heather-like (Ericales)
Family : Ebony plants
Scientific name
Ebenaceae
Pickle

The ebony plants (Ebenaceae) are a plant family in the order of the heather-like (Ericales) within the flowering plants (Magnoliopsida). There are about four genera in the family with 450 to 500 species. Best known is the genus ebony trees and persimmons ( Diospyros ) , which is native to the tropics of East India and Africa, with around 475 to 485 species.

description

Illustration of the lotus plum ( Diospyros lotus )
Tree with flowers and simple leaves of persimmon or simply persimmon ( Diospyros kaki )
Illustration by Diospyros blancoi
Light ebony or persimmon tree ( Diospyros virginiana ), it provides the light ebony and the fruits are called persimmon : blossom

Vegetative characteristics

They are woody plants: mostly trees , sometimes upright shrubs . The bark , the roots and often the bark of the branches are black, and the dry leaves also turn black; the inside of the bark is yellow. The hardwood has the typical black color. Some species have branches that end in a prickly tip.

The foliage leaves, which are usually alternate and two-lined, rarely arranged opposite each other on the branches, are simple, have entire margins and have dark glands on the underside of the leaf. Stipules are missing.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are only sometimes hermaphroditic; mostly they are unisexual, then the species are dioecious separately sexed ( diocesan ). The male flowers are seldom single or in small groups, mostly they are together in zymous inflorescences . The female flowers are mostly solitary in the leaf axils. The radial symmetrical , three to seven- fold flowers have a double perianth . The three to seven sepals are fused. The three to seven petals are fused and the corolla is twisted. In male and hermaphrodite flowers there are one, two or more circles with a total of three to 28 stamens . The stamens are free or grown in pairs. A rudimentary gynoeceum may be present or absent in male flowers . Two to five (rarely to 16) carpels are a top or bottom constant, syncarp ovary fused with the same number of compartments as carpels. Usually there are only one or more rarely two ovules per ovary compartment . Female flowers can contain rudimentary stamens. Two to eight styles are free or at most fused at their base with simple or bilobed scars.

Sometimes edible, large, more or less fleshy berries are formed that contain few or a few seeds. The sepals, which often enlarge until the fruit is ripe, are clearly visible on the fruit. The reddish or brown to black seeds have a small hilum , a straight to slightly curved embryo and an oily endosperm .

Fossil of a fruit from Royena graeca

Systematics and distribution

Branch with leaves and flowers of Euclea crispa

The Ebenaceae family was set up in 1891 by Robert Louis August Maximilian Gürke in The Natural Plant Families , 4, 1, p. 153. Type genus is Ebenus Kuntze , today a synonym of Diospyros L. The botanical genus name Ebenus refers to the ancient name for ebony from the Arabic abanus . Synonyms for Ebenaceae Gürke are: Diospyraceae Vest , Guaiacanaceae Juss. nom. illeg., Lissocarpaceae Gilg . The Ebenaceae family was previously placed in an order Ebenales Engler and today belongs to the order of the Ericales with the Primulaceae s. l. as next of kin.

The family originated on the western Gondwana continent. Most species grow in the tropics , but some species also exist in areas with a temperate climate. They occur pantropically with a distribution focus in the Indomalayic area.

The Ebenaceae family is divided into two subfamilies with about four (three to six) genera and 450 to 500 species:

  • Subfamily Lissocarpoideae Wallnöfer : It contains only one genus. The species have a subordinate ovary and very narrow corolla tubes:
    • Lissocarpa Benth. : The eight or so species are widespread in tropical South America.
  • Subfamily Ebenoideae Thorne & Reveal : It contains about three genera. They have upper ovaries:
    • Ebony trees ( Diospyros L. , Syn . : Cargillia R.Br. , Cavanillea Desr. , Ebenus Kuntze , Embryopteris Gaertn. , Guaiacana Duhamel , Idesia Scop. , Maba J.R. Forst . & G. Forst . , Mabola Raf. , Macreightia A. DC. , Noltia Thonn. , Paralea Aubl. , Pimia Seem. , Rhaphidanthe Hiern ex Gürke , Ropourea Aubl. , Tetraclis Hiern ): The scope of the genus Diospyros was greatly expanded and many genera are now only synonyms. The 475 to 485 species have a pantropical distribution with some species that also occur in temperate areas.
    • Euclea L .: The twelve to twenty species arewidespreadin Africa, the Arabian Peninsula , Socotra and the Comoros .
    • Royena L .: It is often used as a synonym for Diospyros , but if Royena is included in Diospyros then it is paraphyletic (see also discussion in Duangjai et al. 2006). The distribution area is Africa with a center of biodiversity in the Capensis .

use

Some types provide very valuable wood , different types of ebony . There are several types of fruit , the main one being persimmons .

swell

literature

  • James E. Eckenwalder: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 8: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-534026-6 . Ebenaceae pickle. , P. 247 - online with the same text as the printed work . (Section description)
  • Shugang Li, Michael G. Gilbert, Frank White: In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 15: Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1996, ISBN 0-915279-37-1 . Ebenaceae. , P. 215 - the same text online as the printed work . (Section description)
  • Bruno Wallnöfer : A revision of Lissocarpa Benth. (Ebenaceae subfam. Lissocarpoideeae (Gilg in Engler) B. Walln.) In: Annalen des Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna , Series B, 2004, 105, pp. 515-564.
  • Bruno Wallnöfer: Ebenaceae. In: O. Hokche, PE Berry, O. Huber (eds.): Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela , 2008, pp. 356-357.
  • Sutee Duangjai, Bruno Wallnöfer, Rosabelle Samuel, Jérôme Munzinger, Mark W. Chase : Generic delimitation and relationships in Ebenaceae sensu lato: evidence from six plastid DNA regions. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 93, Issue 12, 2006, pp. 1808-1827: full text online.
  • Anke Geeraerts, Joost AM Raeymaekers, S. Vinckier, A. Pletsers, E. Smets, S. Huysmans: Systematic palynology in Ebenaceae with focus on Ebenoideae: Morphological diversity and character evolution. In: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology , Volume 153, Issues 3-4, 2009, pp. 336-353.

Individual evidence

  1. a b James E. Eckenwalder: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 8: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-534026-6 . Ebenaceae pickle. , Pp. 247–250 - the same text online as the printed work .
  2. Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Ebenaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  3. Ebenaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  4. Bruno Wallnöfer: A revision of neotropical Diospyros (Ebenaceae): part 1 In: Annalen des Naturhistorisches Museum in Wien , Series B, 108, 2007, pp. 207–247.
  5. ^ Bruno Wallnöfer: A revision of neotropical Diospyros (Ebenaceae): part 2 In: Annalen des Naturhistorisches Museum in Wien , Series B, 2009, 110. pp. 173–211.
  6. Sutee Duangjai, Rosabelle Samuel, Jérôme Munzinger, Felix Forest, Bruno Wallnöfer, Michael JH Barfuss, Gunter Fischer, Mark W. Chase: A multi-locus plastid phylogenetic analysis of the pantropical genus Diospyros (Ebenaceae), with an emphasis on the radiation and biogeographic origins of the New Caledonian endemic species. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 52, Issue 3, 2009, pp. 602-620.
  7. Sutee Duangjai, Bruno Wallnöfer, Rosabelle Samuela, Jérôme Munzinger, Mark W. Chase: Generic delimitation and relationships in Ebenaceae sensu lato: evidence from six plastid DNA regions. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 93, Issue 12, 2006, pp. 1808-1827: full text online.

Web links

Commons : Ebony Family (Ebenaceae)  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

further reading

  • George E. Schatz, Porter P. Lowry II: Nomenclatural notes on Malagasy Diospyros L. (Ebenaceae). In: Adansonia , Volume 33, Issue 2, 2011, pp. 271-281. doi : 10.5252 / a2011n2a12 Full text PDF at ResearchGate .
  • George E. Schatz, Porter P. Lowry, Cyrille Mas et al .: Further Nomenclatural Notes on Malagasy Diospyros L. (Ebenaceae): Goudot Types in the Geneva herbarium. In: Candollea , Volume 68, Issue 2, 2013, p. 307. doi : 10.15553 / c2012v682a15
  • George E. Schatz, Porter P. Lowry: Taxonomic Studies of Diospyros (Ebenaceae) from the Malagasy Region. III. New Species from the Island of Nosy Mangabe in the Bay of Antongil. In: Novon , Volume 26, Issue 3, 2018, p. 272. doi : 10.3417 / 2018209
  • Rosabelle Samuel, Barbara Turner, Sutee Duangjai et al .: Systematics and evolution of the Old World Ebenaceae, a review with emphasis on the large genus Diospyros and its radiation in New Caledonia. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 189, Issue 2, 2019, p. 99. doi : 10.1093 / botlinnean / boy081