Ebony trees

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Ebony trees
Lotus plum (Diospyros lotus)

Lotus plum ( Diospyros lotus )

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Order : Heather-like (Ericales)
Family : Ebony Family (Ebenaceae)
Subfamily : Ebenoideae
Genre : Ebony trees
Scientific name
Diospyros
L.

The ebony trees , persimmons or god plums ( Diospyros ) are a genus of plants within the ebony family (Ebenaceae). This genus contains some species whose wood is traded under the name ebony , which is used, for example, to make furniture. The fruit is used by some species.

description

Illustration from Blanco by Diospyros discolor , Syn .: Diospyros blancoi
Blossom of the American persimmon or American persimmon, light ebony ( Diospyros virginiana )
Illustration from Botanical Yearbooks for Systematics, Plant History and Plant Geography , 1909 by Diospyros dendo
Female flower in detail of Diospyros gaultheriifolia , the style is clearly visible
Mabolo leaves and fruits ( Diospyros discolor )
Illustration of the flower of Diospyros gaultheriifolia
Illustration by Mabolo ( Diospyros discolor )
Cut open fruit of Diospyros gaultheriifolia , the location of the seeds is easy to see

Appearance and leaves

All Diospyros species are woody plants: they grow as shrubs or trees . There are evergreen and deciduous species in the genus Diospyros . The bark of the trunk and twigs is black, the inside is yellowish. The heartwood is dark to black. The terminal buds are often not developed, sometimes the branches end with a thorny tip.

The alternate and two lines or spirally arranged on the branches leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The leaf blades are simple and have entire margins, usually with glands or tiny dotted. Stipules are missing.

Inflorescences and flowers

Many species of Diospyros are dioecious and separate sexes ( diocesan ), but hermaphroditic flowers also occur. The radial symmetrical flowers are three to eight-fold with a double flower envelope. The three to five, rarely up to eight sepals are fused and form a pointed, hairy bud . The three to five, rarely up to eight petals are fused tubular to bell-shaped. The colors of the petals only range from white to cream to yellow. The petals fall off after the anthesis .

The male flowers are in zymous inflorescences , which arise from the leaf axils of young branches. The male flowers contain four or more (two to one hundred) stamens that stand in pairs or are arranged in two circles; the ovary is rudimentary.

The female flowers are also in leaf axils, but individually. In the female flowers that are three to eight carpels to a top permanent ovary grown; it is often divided into a total of three to 16 ovary chambers by false partitions. The three to eight free or partially fused styles end in a simple or often two-part scar . Rudimentary stamens ( staminodes ) can be present in the female flowers.

Fruits and seeds

The sepals enlarge until the fruit is ripe and usually remain on the fruit. The fleshy, sometimes almost leathery berries contain 1 to 16 seeds. The seeds are mostly flattened.

Sets of chromosomes

The basic number of chromosomes is x = 15. Usually diploidy is present with a chromosome number of 2n = 30. But species and varieties with multiple sets of chromosomes, i.e. with different degrees of ploidy , are known.

Systematics

Taxonomy

Illustration by Diospyros exsculpta
Herbarium of the lotus plum ( Diospyros lotus )

The genus Diospyros was set up in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 2, pages 1057-1058 with the two species Diospyros lotus and Diospyros virginiana . The generic name Diospyros means "fruit of Zeus" or "divine fruit". As Lektotypusart was 1913 Diospyros lotus L. by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown in An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States , 2nd Edition, 2: Fixed 720th Synonyms for Diospyros L. are: Cargillia R.Br. , Cavanillea Desr. , Ebenus Kuntze , Embryopteris Gaertn. , Guaiacana Duhamel , Idesia Scop. , Maba J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. , Mabola Raf. , Macreightia A.DC. , Noltia Thonn. , Paralea Aubl. , Pimia Seem. , Rhaphidanthe Hiern ex Gürke , Ropourea Aubl. , Royena L. , Tetraclis Hiern .

Bruno Wallnöfer carried out a revision of the Neotropical Diospyros species in nine parts in 2007 and 2016 in A revision of neotropical Diospyros (Ebenaceae) in the annals of the Natural History Museum in Vienna . Extensive herbarium evidence for various flora was sifted through and taxonomic changes were made.

External system

The genus Diospyros belongs to the subfamily Ebenoideae within the Ebenaceae family .

Species and their distribution

Diospyros is essentially a pantropical genus with some species in subtropical areas and few species in temperate regions. For example, there are 60 species in China.

use

For the use of the wood, see main article Ebony . For these types of wood, the trade names for many types of black ebony and for African ebony and many other names are also used.

Various varieties of Diospyros kaki and Diospyros virginiana are grown for the production of persimmons, persimmons and Sharon fruits . Even crossings / hybrids from kaki Diospyros and Diospyros virginiana be used for the production of persimmon fruit, for example in the USA / Canada (several varieties) and in Ukraine ( 'Rosseyanka' = 'Russian Beauty').

swell

Individual evidence

  1. K. Yonemori et al .: Phylogenetic relationship of Diospyros kaki (persimmon) to Diospyros spp. (Ebenaceae) of Thailand and four temperate zone Diospyros spp. from an analysis of RFLP variation in amplified cpDNA. In: Genome , Volume 41, 1998, pp. 173-182. doi: 10.1139 / g97-106
  2. ^ F. White, CG Vosa: The chromosome cytology of African Ebenaceae with special reference to polyploidy. In: Bol. Soc. Loaf. , sér. 2 2, 53, 1980, pp. 275-297.
  3. Y. Yang, R. z. Wang, C. c. Li, W. Wang: Study on chromosome numbers of Diospyros and their varieties. In: Acta Agric. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. , Volume 8, Issue 3, 1999, pp. 64-67.
  4. ^ Diospyros at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  5. a b Diospyros at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 5, 2017.
  6. Linné 1753: scanned in at botanicus.org .
  7. ^ Diospyros in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  8. Bruno Wallnöfer: A revision of neotropical Diospyros (Ebenaceae): part 1. In: Annals of the Natural History Museum in Vienna , Series B, 108, 2009, pp. 207–247. PDF.
    Bruno Wallnöfer: A revision of neotropical Diospyros (Ebenaceae): part 2. In: Annals of the Natural History Museum in Vienna , Series B, 110, 2009, pp. 173–211. PDF.
    Bruno Wallnöfer: A revision of neotropical Diospyros (Ebenaceae): part 3. In: Annalen des Naturhistorisches Museum in Wien , Series B, 111, 2009, pp. 101-133. PDF.
    Bruno Wallnöfer: A revision of neotropical Diospyros (Ebenaceae): part 4. In: Annals of the Natural History Museum in Vienna , Series B, 112, 2010, pp. 181–220. PDF.
    Bruno Wallnöfer: A revision of neotropical Diospyros (Ebenaceae): part 5. In: Annalen des Naturhistorisches Museum in Wien , Series B, 113, 2012, pp. 223-251. PDF.
    Bruno Wallnöfer: A revision of neotropical Diospyros (Ebenaceae): part 6. In: Annalen des Naturhistorisches Museum in Wien , Series B, 115, 2013, pp. 219–235. PDF.
    Bruno Wallnöfer: A revision of neotropical Diospyros (Ebenaceae): part 7. In: Annalen des Naturhistorisches Museum in Wien , Series B, 116, 2014, pp. 153–179.
    Bruno Wallnöfer: A revision of neotropical Diospyros (Ebenaceae): part 8. In: Annalen des Naturhistorisches Museum in Wien , Series B, 117, 2015, pp. 151-218.
    Bruno Wallnöfer: A revision of neotropical Diospyros (Ebenaceae): part 9. In: Annalen des Naturhistorisches Museum in Wien , Series B, 118, 2016, p. 79.
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  10. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Species list for Diospyros in the Red List of South African Plants
  11. a b Diospyros in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017.2. Retrieved on 2017-10-01.
  12. a b Shugang Li, Michael G. Gilbert, Frank White: Diospyros , pp. 215–230 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China . Volume 15: Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1996, ISBN 0-915279-37-1 .
  13. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Diospyros at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  14. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Diospyros. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  15. ^ HG Richter & MJ Dallwitz: Diospyros spp. (Black ebony - Africa, Madagascar). In: Commercial Timbers. May 4, 2000, accessed October 1, 2017 .
  16. a b Variety overview - Diospyros at Kaki-Info.de .

Web links

Commons : Ebony Trees ( Diospyros )  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files