Energy industry of Lithuania

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The article Energy Industry of Lithuania describes the situation of energy production , energy trade , energy consumption and energy reserves in Lithuania , taking into account the historical development.

As a former part of the Soviet Union, which existed until 1991, the EU member Lithuania has a special situation in terms of energy generation. The pivotal point was the Ignalina nuclear power plant , which was built between 1977 and 1985 (units 1 and 2) and was intended to provide energy to the entire north-west of the Soviet Union. Its by the EU as part of the accession negotiations required and implemented by Lithuania decommissioning of 31 December 2009 made from the nuclear power - Exporter an importer , the heavily now on for many years on supplies of fossil fuels or electricity from Russia and Belarus had to rely only slowly free from the resulting dependence. Since then, the political and social explosiveness of the energy supply in Lithuania has been correspondingly high.

Lithuania has significantly expanded the use of regenerative energies in recent years , so that it was in second place in the Germanwatch report on climate protection in 2017 - directly behind the climate leader Sweden and far ahead of Germany, which does much worse due to the use of lignite . In 2018 and 2019, Lithuania was also one of the top places.

Basic strategic direction of the energy industry in Lithuania

Since June 2018 there has been a new energy strategy that defines all areas (heat and cold generation, mobility and power generation) on renewable energies as the most important energy source; it was passed by the Lithuanian parliament. With this, Lithuania continues to strive for independence from energy imports. By the year 2050, 100% of electricity is to be generated in our own country, and 80% of it is to come from renewable energy sources. Another important energy policy goal is the complete integration of the Lithuanian energy networks (gas and electricity) into the Western European ones.

Total energy market

Lithuania had a primary energy consumption of 6.2 million tons of oil equivalent (mtoe) in 2017 after 6.0 mtoe in 2016 and 7.9 mtoe in 2006. This corresponded to an energy consumption of 2.54 tons per capita in 2016 compared to 3.76 tons per Head in Germany. For 2006 it was already around 2.5 tonnes per capita in Lithuania compared to around 6.1 tonnes per capita in Germany. With an import of 12.2 mtoe at that time and an export of 6.5 mtoe of primary energy, almost two thirds of domestic consumption are covered abroad. Crude oil makes up 71% and natural gas 20%, the remainder is divided among other things into oil products (4%) and solid fuels (2%).

Primary energy consumption in Lithuania
(by energy source)
Energy source absolutely in ktoe Share of total consumption
year 2000 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018 2021 2000 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018 2021
oil 2168.7 2690.5 2495.3 2527.0 2515 3071 - 30.16% 31.28% 28.71% 34.20% 36.0% 40.6% -
natural gas 2064.3 2454.5 2181.6 2654.7 2067 1917 - 28.71% 28.54% 25.10% 35.93% 29.7% 25.4% -
Nuclear energy 2079.1 2217.7 2576.1 0.00 0 0 - 28.91% 25.79% 29.64% 0.00% 0% 0% -
Coal & coke 88.5 256.0 155.4 219.8 181 210 - 1.23% 2.98% 1.79% 2.97% 2.6% 2.8% -
peat 11.2 17.9 14.7 16.9 - 0.16% 0.21% 0.17% 0.23% -
Wood & waste 619.8 729.9 940.6 1003.3 1332 1388 - 8.62% 8.49% 10.82% 13.58% 19.1% 17.7% -
Biogas 0.00 22.9 56.9 74.7 - 0.00% 0.27% 0.65% 1.01% -
Hydropower 29.1 34.2 36.5 36.3 30th 37 - 0.40% 0.40% 0.42% 0.49% 0.4% 0.5% -
Wind & geothermal energy 0.00 2.9 18.7 50.5 77 106 - 0.00% 0.03% 0.22% 0.68% 1.1% 1.4% -
Chem. Process energy 130.5 173.7 214.6 235.9 221 829 - 1.81% 2.02% 2.47% 3.19% 3.2% 11% -
Electricity imports 0.00 0.00 0.00 569.3 548 - 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 7.71% 7.9% -
total 7191.2 8600.2 8690.4 7388.4 6971 7558 -  

consumer

If one disregards the non-energetic use , the final energy consumption in Lithuania is divided into three roughly equal shares of

  • Transportation,
  • private consumption,
  • Industrial companies, agriculture, public institutions, construction (all together).

The largest electricity consumers in the industry in 2000 were the oil refinery ORLEN Lietuva (annual consumption 0.5 TWh), the chemical group (mainly fertilizer production) AB Achema (0.23 TWh) and the picture tube manufacturer Ekranas (0.12 TWh; bankrupt in 2005 went).

Final energy consumption of Lithuania
(by sector)
sector absolutely in ktoe Share of total consumption
year 2000 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018 2000 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018
Industry 823 1055.8 783.8 960.8 - - 17.2% 19.1% 15.3% 15.8% - -
Construction k. A. 37.9 39.8 - - k. A. 0.7% 0.7% - -
Transportation 1304 1550.8 1506.4 1574.5 - - 27.2% 28.0% 29.3% 25.9% - -
Agriculture 101 114.4 104.6 110.8 - - 2.1% 2.1% 2.0% 1.8% - -
commercial and public institutions 485 615.9 599.8 614.1 - - 10.1% 11.1% 11.7% 10.1% - -
private households 1367 1429.3 1377.6 1537.1 - - 28.5% 25.8% 26.8% 25.3% - -
non-energetic use 718 771.4 726.3 1232.2 - - 15.0% 13.9% 14.1% 20.3% - -
total 4798 5537.6 5136.4 6069.3 - -  

k. A. = not specified

Energy reserves

Lithuania is poor in fossil fuels . Only in Žemaitėjė and off the coast in the Baltic Sea are there secure oil and natural gas reserves in small quantities. In 2009 Lithuania produced 6,333 barrels of oil per day with a consumption of 74,000 barrels. For comparison: Germany consumed around 2,437,000 barrels a day in 2009, Poland 545,500 and Belarus 173,000 barrels. There is no production of natural gas; Almost every oil well also contains natural gas, but due to the low production volume, the construction of the necessary infrastructure would be (extremely) uneconomical. This situation will not change in the foreseeable future, which means that Lithuania remains very dependent on imports and the respective price fluctuations.

natural gas

Line network

With the exception of a small area in the south of the country, the gas pipeline network is operated by the former state gas supplier Lietuvos dujos . It consists of 1,800 km of main lines and 7,500 km of regional lines. The framework of the network is made up of two east-west arteries - one from Belarus via Vilnius and Kaunas to Kaliningrad in Russia , the other from Panevėžys Šiauliai to Klaipėda - which are connected by a north-south artery ( coming from Latvia via Panevėžys to Vilnius). Almost all major cities in Lithuania are connected to the gas supply via branch lines, the exception being Memelland (see below). The extreme south of the country is supplied via the Belarusian network, which is managed by UAB Haupas (0.6% of gas imports in 2007). Lietuvos dujos must make the pipeline network available to other providers. The state price commission VKEKK sets maximum limits for the prices for the use of the pipeline network, which are renegotiated annually. To do this, Lietuvos dujos must ensure the functionality of the network and invest in modernization. The most important recent project was the construction of a gas pipeline from Šakiai to Klaipėda and thus the connection of Memel Land to the Lithuanian gas network.

Access to new sources of supply

As an alternative to purchasing Russian gas via the pipelines that have existed since Soviet times, a floating terminal for liquefied natural gas was put into operation in the Baltic Sea off Klaipėda in 2015 . Lithuania thus aimed at a liberation from the historically determined dependence on Russia under energy-economic aspects, from which until then, even after regaining its state sovereignty in 1990, an ongoing political dependency ultimately resulted. With a storage volume of 170,000 m³, the terminal has sufficient capacity to supply 90% of the gas required not only to Lithuania but also to the entire Baltic region.

trade

The two companies Lietuvos dujos (the former state-owned natural gas supplier) and Dujotekana mainly handle trading in natural gas in Lithuania . Lietuvos dujos supplies 99% of Lithuanian private households (as of 2007). In addition, the fertilizer manufacturer AB Achema (27%) and the Kaunas thermal power station (10%) act as gas importers, but only for their own consumption. 100% of the gas is supplied by the Russian state gas supplier Gazprom ; the gas is imported from Belarus and Latvia by pipeline . In total, imports in 2007 amounted to 3.6 billion m³ and were thus well above the previous year's values. The reason was the strong increase in gas demand at AB Achema (see section Consumption ). In 2007, Lietuvos dujos also transported 1.2 billion m³ through its own pipeline network from Belarus to Kaliningrad . That was only a slight increase compared to 2006, but more than twice as much as in 2003.

Suppliers in the Lithuanian gas market
(as a percentage of total consumption)
Supplier 2002 2006 2007
Total imports (in billion m³) 2.68 3.01 3.56
Transit to Kaliningrad (in billion m³) 0.57 1.20 1.22
Lietuvos Dujos 22nd 46 39
Dujotekan - 17th 13
AB Achema 28 27 39
Kauno TE - 10 8th

consumption

Gas consumption in Lithuania can vary greatly depending on the needs of industry. 1996–2002 it was between 2.2 billion m³ (1998; recession due to the ruble crisis in Russia) and 2.6–2.7 billion m³ (1996, 2001, 2002). The good economic development of recent years has caused consumption to rise significantly, in 2006 it was 3.1 billion m³ and in 2007 it was even 3.7 billion m³. The latter increase was mainly caused by the increased demand from fertilizer producer AB Achema. In Lithuania, gas is primarily consumed by power stations (thermal power stations in Kaunas and Vilnius), in 2006 it was 50% of total consumption; 37% are bought by industry and only 6% by private households.

Gas consumption in Lithuania
(as a percentage of total consumption)
Branch 2002 2006 2007
Total consumption (in billion m³ ) 2.7 3.1 3.7
Power plants 51 50 40
Fertilizer production 28 27 40
other industry 12 10 11
Private households 5 6th 5

liberalization

The gas market in Lithuania has practically been freely accessible since regaining independence. Since 1992 consumers have been free to choose the gas supplier, the former state gas supplier Lietuvos dujos has to guarantee the transport and distribution, the state price commission sets the prices. Since July 1, 2007, the gas market has been de jure subject to free pricing for all customers; in practice, the price for private households is still very heavily controlled by the state.

Gas price

The gas price for private households is set by upper price limits, which the State Price Commission revises every six months. Lietuvos dujos is free to choose its consumer prices within this given framework, but is usually close to the specified upper limit. Until 2006 the Russian gas trading monopoly Gazprom supplied Lithuania with gas at prices below world market levels. The adjustment to free market prices that has taken place since then has caused prices to rise sharply, 1.4-fold from January 1, 2005 to January 1, 2007, and in 2008 (after a year of price stability) an increase of 62–67 % and also for 2009 the increases (depending on consumption) amount to 23–30% (2008 price for small consumers 2.24 Litas / m³).

electricity

Power generation

As a result of the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Lithuania had the highest share of nuclear power in the world after gaining independence with 88% (1993) . By the end of the term of the Ignalina nuclear power plant in 2009, the Lithuanian electricity generation covered the domestic demand and Lithuania was in the balance a current exporter. Since then, 70% of the country has been dependent on electricity imports, which in the following years until 2015 could only be obtained from Russia. Despite a referendum in 2012, in which the majority of the Lithuanian population decided against building a new nuclear power plant, the Lithuanian government is sticking to the idea of ​​building a new, large nuclear power plant and is looking for ways to promote it. The share of renewable energies rose from 23% to almost 30% between 2012 and 2015, making a significant contribution to the country's power supply. The expansion of renewable energies corresponds to the political objective of Lithuania to regain its energy independence; accordingly, the sector is subsidized by the state. In contrast, the fossil fuel power plants Vilnius (603 MW), Kaunas (170 MW) and Panevezys (35 MW) were closed in 2015 following a decision by the Lithuanian Ministry of Energy due to economic considerations. The total installed power plant capacity in 2016 was 3.71 GW . Of these (estimated) 73% were fossil-fuel power plants, 4% hydropower and a further 23% other renewable energies. There is no longer any nuclear power generation. An overview of the power plants currently in operation can be found in the list of power plants in Lithuania . The total electricity production in Lithuania was 3.131 TWh in 2016.


Line network

The Lithuanian power line network includes high-voltage lines with voltage levels of 400 kV , 330, 300 and 110 kV; the total line length is 7200 km. These are maintained by Lietuvos energija . AB Energijos skirstymo operatorius is responsible for the distribution to end consumers in Lithuania ; formerly Rytų skirstomieji tinklai and Vakarų skirstomieji tinklai (Eastern and Western distribution network), then LESTO ; Companies LE, VST and RST were 100% subsidiaries of Leo LT from May 2008 .

Since the Soviet era, there have been five 330 kV lines to Belarus , four to Latvia and three to the Russian Oblast of Kaliningrad . Since December 2015 there has been a 1000 MW line to Poland ( LitPol Link ) and a 700 MW line to North Baltic .

Network affiliation

Currently (as of 2019) the Lithuanian power grid is still synchronized with the Russian BRELL grid from the Soviet era. However, the country is aiming for desynchronization by 2025 in order to be able to synchronize itself as an EU member state with the European power grid UCTE . From a technical point of view, the best and most secure solution for synchronization and thus for complete integration would be a direct connection to the continental European network via two independent AC power lines to Poland. This solution offers economic advantages in the long term, since it does not entail any permanent additional operating costs, but it is associated with high initial investments. Therefore, a solution using a new technology underwater high-voltage direct current cable ( HVDC ) to complement the existing LitPol Link connection to Poland is also being considered. Russia sees the efforts to change network affiliation as a political action directed against itself, which is unjustified and unreasonable, after all, a reliable power supply has always been ensured in the past. In addition, due to a network change, the Russian exclave Kaliningrad is no longer supplied from the Russian power grid. On the one hand, in addition to its economic importance for Lithuania, the change of network will bring its final independence from Russian political influence. On the other hand, the negative attitude of the three Baltic states Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to sanctions in the EU's infringement proceedings against Poland for disregarding the rule of law can also be interpreted as a new dependency on Poland, a country on whose consent to use its energy networks one is dependent.

Electricity trading

Due to the high rated output of the Ignalina nuclear power plant , Lithuania had a surplus of electrical energy available until the end of 2009. Whenever possible, this was sold to neighboring countries. The lack of connection to the UCTE network essentially limited sales to the neighboring states of the former Soviet Union. With the shutdown of the power plant in 2009, the role of Lithuania in the international electricity trade changed from exporter to importer; here too, due to the Soviet-era management structure, trade was initially limited to deliveries from successor states of the Soviet Union . It has only been possible to obtain electricity from EU countries via the two new lines since 2015. This opened up the possibility of a joint Scandinavian and Baltic electricity market. Lithuania now buys and trades around 80% of its electricity (as of 2019) on the Nord Pool spot power exchange . In 2015, 60% was obtained through direct contracts with the respective producers. At the end of 2017, the most important suppliers in electricity wholesale were:

  • Inter RAO Lietuva AB (57.7%)
  • Energijos tiekimas UAB (21.7%)
  • Lietuvos energijos gamyba AB (1.4%)
  • Others (19.2%)

End customer market

Since 2015, all electricity customers (including private ones) in Lithuania have been able to cover their consumption through a provider of their choice. In 2018, seventeen active electricity providers (of 37 licensed) shared the retail market. The electricity price for private customers averaged € 0.13 per kWh gross in 2019, that for industrial consumers was € 0.05 per kWh, whereby the electricity price is not subsidized by the state.

Special form: trading in the statistical allocation of electricity from renewable energies

A special form of electricity trading is the sale of parts of the statistical allocation of the energy generated from renewable resources from one EU member state to another. An actual electricity supply does not necessarily take place. On October 26, 2017, Lithuania and Luxembourg were the first EU member states to reach such an agreement in accordance with the EU's Renewable Energy Sources Directive . Luxembourg hopes to still be able to meet its climate target by 2020, although (as of 2017) only 5% of its energy is actually generated from renewable sources. Between 2018 and 2020, at least 700 GWh of electricity generated from renewable sources in Lithuania should be credited to Luxembourg. The expected proceeds of 10 million euros are to be invested in the further expansion of renewable energies in Lithuania. The statistical transfer and sale is possible because Lithuania already generates proportionally more electricity from renewable sources than the targets set, regardless of the fact that the country actually has to import electricity.

District heating

Combined heat and power plants (CHP) make waste heat usable as district heating when burning energy sources. Power generation is only minimally reduced, which increases overall efficiency . This system was widespread in the Soviet Union and is used in all thermal power plants in Lithuania.

District heating was handed over to the municipalities in 1997 as one of the first steps in the privatization of the energy market.

Currently (as of 2019) work is being carried out on the further expansion and modernization of the district heating networks under the leadership of the University of Klaipėda in Lithuania and other Baltic Sea countries ; The use of renewable energies, the use of low-temperature technology and improved pipe insulation are on the agenda. The shutdown conventional thermal power stations are being replaced - funded by the European Union - by new thermal power stations based on biomass and process waste heat from the thermal treatment of waste (" waste-to-energy plants ").

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Message from the Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs of June 13, 2002: Complete shutdown of Ignalia. quoted from Nuclear Forum Switzerland / Forum Nucléaire Suisse . June 2002, accessed on July 9, 2019 : "The country has committed itself to decommissioning the Ignalina-2 nuclear power plant (1185 MW RBMK) by 2009, as requested by Brussels."
  2. ^ Message from the Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs of June 13, 2002: Complete shutdown of Ignalia. quoted from Nuclear Forum Switzerland / Forum Nucléaire Suisse . June 2002, accessed on July 9, 2019 : "Almost all of the country's electricity generation must be converted to fossil-fuel power plants within a very short time."
  3. ^ FAZ Frankfurter Allgemeine: Lithuania and Morocco far ahead in climate protection. November 15, 2017, p. 1 , accessed on July 12, 2019 : “Lithuania scores well in almost all categories in the report as the second best country (5th place), said Burck. In particular, it has expanded renewable energies significantly and also scored points in international climate policy. "
  4. ↑ Germanwatch: CCPI 2019, CCPI 2018. Overall Results. 2019, accessed July 12, 2019 .
  5. ↑ a b c New energy strategy: Lithuania plans the energy transition. German-Baltic Chamber of Commerce in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, June 25, 2018, accessed on August 13, 2019 .
  6. ↑ Eurostat press office: Lithuanian energy industry. (pdf; 386kB) eurostat press release: " Energy consumption in the EU increased by 1% in 2017 ". February 7, 2019, p. 4 , accessed on July 3, 2019 : " Table of primary energy consumption in the EU 2017, line 15 "
  7. ↑ Federal Agency for Civic Education: Primary energy supply per capita. In tonnes of oil equivalent, selected European countries, 2016. March 20, 2019, accessed on July 5, 2019 : “ Source: IEA World Energy Balances database © OECD / IEA 2018, www.iea.org/statistics; Eurostat: Online database: Population change (as of 05/2018); United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): Online database: UNCTADstat: Population (status: 12/2018) "
  8. ↑ a b Dr. Antanas Petras Juðka, Habil. Vaclovas Miðkinis: Lietuvos Energetika 2007. (pdf; 778 kB) Energy in Lithuania. In: ISSN 1822-5268. Lietuvos energetikos institutas, August 19, 2008, p. 4 , accessed on August 21, 2019 (English, Lithuanian): "Table" Key Indicators ", Balances 2000–2007"
  9. ↑ a b Prof. Habil. Vaclovas Miðkinis: Lietuvos Energetika 2012. (pdf; 2.2 MB) Energy in Lithuania. In: ISSN 1822-5268. Lietuvos energetikos institutas, December 3, 2013, p. 4 , accessed on August 21, 2019 (English, Lithuanian): "Table" Key Indicators ", Balances 2009–2012"
  10. ^ Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) by source - Lithuania. (csv; 842 bytes) INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY, 2016, accessed on August 23, 2019 (English).
  11. ^ Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) by source - Lithuania. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY, 2020, accessed on April 18, 2020 (English).
  12. ↑ Dr. A. Juðka, Dr. S. Bartkus: Lietuvos Energetika 2001. (pdf; 355 kB) Energy in Lithuania. In: ISBN 9986-492-71-8 . Lietuvos energetikos institutas, December 3, 2002, p. 7 , accessed on August 24, 2019 (English, Lithuanian): "Table" Final Energy Consumption ""
  13. ↑ Dr. Antanas Petras Juðka, Habil. Vaclovas Miðkinis: Lietuvos Energetika 2007. (pdf; 778 kB) Energy in Lithuania. In: ISSN 1822-5268. Lietuvos energetikos institutas, August 19, 2008, p. 3 , accessed on August 21, 2019 (English, Lithuanian): "Table" Energy Balances 2006, 2007 ""
  14. ↑ Prof. Habil. Vaclovas Miðkinis: Lietuvos Energetika 2009. (pdf; 4.1 MB) Energy in Lithuania. In: ISSN 1822-5268. Lietuvos energetikos institutas, December 12, 2010, p. 3 , accessed on August 24, 2019 (English, Lithuanian): "Table" Energy Balances 2008, 2009 ""
  15. ↑ Prof. Habil. Vaclovas Miðkinis: Lietuvos Energetika 2012. (pdf; 2.2 MB) Energy in Lithuania. In: ISSN 1822-5268. Lietuvos energetikos institutas, December 3, 2013, p. 3 , accessed on August 21, 2019 (English, Lithuanian): "Table" Energy Balances 2011, 2012 ""
  16. ^ Annual report of Lietuvos dujos 2007
  17. ↑ Schultz, Stefan (Spiegel online): Liquid gas instead of Putin's gas. LNG terminal arrived in Lithuania. October 27, 2014, accessed on July 21, 2019 : “The terminal is an important strategic project, said Head of State Dalia Grybauskaite. "It means not only energy independence, but also political freedom." With a storage capacity of 170,000 cubic meters of liquid gas, it can cover up to 90 percent of the gas requirements in the Baltic States. "
  18. ^ Annual report of Lietuvos dujos 2007
  19. ↑ Energy Industry Lithuania 2007/2008, publication by Germany Trade & Invest Agency, published on July 1st, 2008  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.gtai.de  
  20. ↑ Energy Industry Lithuania 2007/2008, publication by Germany Trade & Invest Agency, published on July 1st, 2008  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.gtai.de  
  21. ↑ Announcement of gas prices for 2008 by Lietuvos Dujos, message on delfi.lt, January 29, 2008 (lit.)
  22. ↑ Gas price setting for 2009 by the state price commission, message on delfi.lt, 23 December 2008 (lit.)
  23. ^ Nuclear Energy Institute: Soviet-Designed Nuclear Power Plants in Russia, Ukrane, Lithuania, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, Hungary, and Bulgaria , 4th edition 1996 .: Ignalina Operating History. Quoted from :. Pacific Northwest national Laboratory / US Department of Energy, January 26, 1999, accessed on July 28, 2019 : “By 1993, Lithuania had set a world record for the proportion of nuclear-generated electricity produced in a single nation, with nuclear energy providing 88% of its power, up from 60% in 1991. "
  24. ↑ Steffens, Beate: Lithuanians do not want atomic energy. October 15, 2012, accessed on July 26, 2019 : “The Lithuanians also voted on a referendum on the future of nuclear energy. More than 60 percent of the population said no to building a new nuclear power plant. "
  25. ↑ Rehmsmeier, Andrea (DLF culture): Long live the nuclear power in Lithuania. September 3, 2015, accessed on July 26, 2019 : “Nuclear power, too, says the energy minister, could experience a renaissance in Lithuania. “Lithuania is planning a new nuclear project, the Visaginas nuclear power plant. We have already found an investor and a technology supplier: Hitachi. Several political parties in Lithuania decided to carry out the project together with Latvia and Estonia. ""
  26. ↑ länderdaten.info: Energy balance in Lithuania. 2015, accessed on July 26, 2019 : "Table" Share of renewable energies ""
  27. ^ Renewable energies in Lithuania. The market premium model is intended to create new incentives. Rödl & Partner, August 2018, retrieved on July 28, 2019 : “In addition to reducing CO2 emissions, the declared focus of Lithuania in the expansion of renewables is on regaining its energy independence, which it achieved through the shutdown and dismantling of the Ignalina nuclear power plant Lost in 2009. "
  28. ↑ Lockhart, Richard: Closure of Lithuania's Vilnius CHP plant meets resistance , February 11, 2016, accessed July 26, 2019
  29. ↑ a b c The World Factbook. CIA , accessed July 27, 2019 .
  30. ↑ LITGRID, Vilnius: LITGRID STRATEGY 2017–2026. (pdf; 1.5MB) May 2, 2017, p. 4 , accessed on July 25, 2019 (English, Lithuanian): "7200km Total length of 110, 300, 330 and 400 kV electricity transmission grid"
  31. ↑ (Engl.) Map of Lithuanian electricity transmission network ( Memento of the original on 25 December 2008 at the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link is automatically inserted and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lpc.lt
  32. ^ Dario Cavegn: Network operator Elering signs agreement to join Continental Europe grid. ERR News (English-language service of Estonian Public Broadcasting), May 24, 2019, accessed on August 6, 2019 (English): "The Baltics plan to desynchronize from the Soviet-era BRELL system by 2025 (...) Elering, Estonia's state-owned electricity and gas network operator, has signed an agreement to join the synchronous electricity grid of Continental Europe along with Latvia and Lithuania (...) by the end of 2025. "
  33. ↑ Bernd Schröder: Showdown on the Amber Coast: When Politics Determines Energy Supply . Hot media. December 12, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
  34. ↑ a b c Political Roadmap on the synchronization of the Baltic States' electricity networks with the Continental European Network via Poland. European Commission, June 28, 2018, p. 3f , accessed on August 11, 2019 (English): "... indicate that the best solution to achieve the above-mentioned goal is synchronizing the Baltic States' electricity networks with the continental European network via Poland through two separate alternating current (AC) lines, which guarantees highest degree of security of supply and has no significant additional operating costs to the Baltic States. "
  35. ↑ a b c Peter, Andreas: Baltic power grid soon decoupled from Russia? EU plans are ripening. On the sidelines of the Brussels summit with the Baltic states and Poland, the EU Commission decided on the timetable for synchronizing their power grids with the EU. Independence from Russia is the goal. What is unbearable at Nord Stream 2 doesn't matter here. And the security of supply in Kaliningrad is obviously of secondary importance. International news agency Rossiya Segodnya, Moscow ("Sputnik"), July 3, 2018, accessed on August 11, 2019 : "But then everyone can always agree on a goal when it comes to Russia. (...) The It goes without saying that the Baltic power grid is decoupled from the Russian one, without seriously considering Russian interests or positions (...) the Baltic states immediately rewarded. You jumped to the side of the Polish government when the EU Commission initiated infringement proceedings against Poland for disregarding the rule of law. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania boldly declared that they would not support EU sanctions against Poland. (...) "
  36. ↑ a b c Brilius, Matas: Factsheet Lithuania. Self-supply with renewable energies in industry including storage solutions. German-Baltic Chamber of Commerce in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, February 6, 2019, accessed on July 6, 2020 : "Since January 1, 2015, all electricity consumers, including private households, have been able to freely choose their electricity supplier."
  37. ↑ a b c d e Sam Morgan, (German translation by Johanna Greuter): Luxembourg buys excess energy in order to achieve its energy target. Lithuania and Luxembourg were the first EU member states to agree on the transmission of renewable energies on Thursday (October 26th). euractiv, October 27, 2017, accessed on August 6, 2019 .
  38. ↑ LowTEMP district heating project. Partner meeting, online platform and pilot projects. atene KOM GmbH, April 2, 2019, accessed on August 11, 2019 : "The modernization and expansion of district heating networks leads to future-oriented supply systems that transfer heat at lower temperatures in optimally insulated pipes and at the same time use renewable heat sources."
  39. ^ Ceremonial signing of the contract for a new thermal power station in Lithuania. Steinmüller Babcock Environment GmbH, September 29, 2016, accessed on August 11, 2019 : “The entire project includes the construction of a total of three lines for generating electricity and district heating: a waste incineration line with grate technology (lot 1) and two biomass lines with fluidized bed technology (lot 2). "