Entelea arborescens

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Entelea arborescens
Whautree01.jpg

Entelea arborescens

Systematics
Eurosiden II
Order : Mallow-like (Malvales)
Family : Mallow family (Malvaceae)
Subfamily : Grewioideae
Genre : Entelea
Type : Entelea arborescens
Scientific name of the  genus
Entelea
R.Br.
Scientific name of the  species
Entelea arborescens
R.Br.

Entelea is the only type of plant kind of Entelea within the family of mallow (Malvaceae). It occurs on the North and South Island of New Zealand . The wood of Entelea arborescens is one of the leichtesten wood species worldwide. Entelea arborescens is used as an ornamental plant.

description

Illustration of a specimen collected at Tolaga Bay, New Zealand, on Sir James Cook's first Pacific voyage on the Endeavor , 1768–1771
Foliage leaves, inflorescences, flowers and fruits
Flower in detail with four white sepals and four petals each and many yellow stamens
The flowers are rarely threefold
Prickly fruits

Appearance and leaf

Entelea arborescens grows as an evergreen shrub or small tree and usually reaches heights of 2.4 to 6, in particularly good locations up to 9 meters; the tallest specimen was about 14.5 meters high. The trunk diameter (BHD = breast height diameter) is usually 12 to 25 centimeters, in particularly good locations on New Zealand's north coast 25 to 38, with a maximum of 53 centimeters. It is a shallow root with two to four almost horizontal, strong main roots that have many fiber roots. It grows very quickly and forms an upright oval shape. The bark is light grayish-brown with round, oval or sickle-shaped lenticels . The leaf scars are more or less oval. The many branches grow upright at first, then spread out. The bark of the branches, the leaves, the inflorescence axis and the flower stalks are densely covered with white, soft, branched hairs ( indument ). The light brown wood shows indistinct rings, which are not annual rings, but several rings can develop in one year; they are non-lignified parenchyma bands that occur in some genera of the Apeibeae tribe, but are otherwise very rare in tree species.

The alternate leaves are arranged in a petiole and a leaf blade. The strong leaf stalk is relatively long with 8 to 30 centimeters. The simple, bright to yellow-green, membranous leaf blade is usually 10 to 15 (5 to 30) centimeters long and 5 to 15, rarely up to 26 centimeters oblique, very broad ovoid with a heart-shaped blade base and sharply pointed upper end. The leaf margin is double notched and serrated or sometimes slightly lobed to five or seven lobes. There are five to seven leaf veins . One thing in common with Sparrmannia is that there are no phloem transfer cells in the higher-order leaf veins . The more or less durable stipules are linear and pointed.

Inflorescence and flower

In New Zealand, the flowering period is mainly from early spring to mid-summer from August to November. The strong inflorescence shaft is 10 to 30 centimeters long. The upright, almost golden , zymous inflorescences have bracts and contain many flowers. The flower stalk is 1 to 4 inches long.

The fragrant, hermaphrodite flowers are about 2.5 centimeters in diameter and are radial symmetry and rarely three, usually four or five-fold with a double flower envelope . The rarely three, mostly four or five white, free sepals are narrow-lanceolate to triangular with a length of 8 to 12 millimeters and have a pointed upper end with a horn-shaped extension. The rarely three, usually four or five white, free petals are 10 to 30 millimeters long and 10 to 30 millimeters wide, more or less circular, wavy and look wrinkled. Many developing centrifugally, standing together in shallow bursts, spreading free or at most very short deformed at its base stamens present, all of which are fertile. The white stamens are 10 to 18, rarely up to 20 millimeters long. The yellow anthers are mobile. Four to seven carpels are hairy stiff to a four to siebenkammerigen, upper permanent ovary adherent, which is at a length of 5-10 millimeters, wide or narrow spherical or ovoid. The ovary contains many anatropic ovules . The simple stylus ends in a more or less spherical to broad-headed, frayed or toothed scar.

Fruit and seeds

The fruits ripen in New Zealand between September and January. The capsule fruit , which is brown, gray to black with a diameter of 1.5 to 3.5 centimeters, is more or less spherical when ripe, opens loculicidally with four to six fruit valves, contains many seeds and is 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters long , hard, prickly bristles (there are emergences ). The seeds are at a length 1.9 to 2.9 millimeters obovate to more or less wide elliptical. The orange-yellow, light-brown or orange-brown, bald seed coat (Testa) is leathery and grainy.

Chromosome set

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 32.

ecology

The spread of the diaspores , it is the prickly fruits, takes place through attachment to animals and people.

Occurrence

Entelea arborescens occurs on the North and South Islands of New Zealand from the North Cape to Nelson and Marlborough , including the Poor Knights , Three Kings , Little and Great Barrier Islands.

On the North Island, Entelea arborescens is locally common from Te Paki to about Kawhia and the Mahia Peninsula; to the south of it some sites are known in eastern Wairarapa, in Paekakariki and Wellington. In the South Island, the deposits are limited to the Golden Bay area of ​​northwest Nelson. Entelea arborescens occurs only locally south of 38 ° latitude and the southernmost locations are at 41 ° south latitude.

Entelea arborescens overgrowns easily and has become naturalized as a " garden refugee " in some locations south of the natural distribution area . It is believed that some inland locations and the southernmost locations on the North Island were created by overgrown plantations of the Māori .

Entelea arborescens thrives mainly in coastal areas, but also rarely in lowland forests or in shrub vegetation. It usually thrives in open locations such as landslides, rock walls, scree slopes, in clearings, sand dunes or on the banks of stagnant or flowing water. It never occurs further than 8 km from the coast and never at altitudes above 350 meters. Inland, for example, it grows on the Waikato River near Hamilton or Rotorua. The occurrences are strongly dependent on the temperature and not particularly on the annual average temperature, but on the lowest temperatures, as Entelea arborescens is very sensitive to frost. It is sensitive to strong winds. She avoids very dry and poorly drained soils . Entelea arborescens is a pioneer plant and covers the previously vegetation-free locations soon after germination; Urtica ferox , Macropiper excelsum , Coprosma macrocarpa or Coprosma australis only follow later at one location . Entelea arborescens thrives in full sun and does not tolerate shade from other plant species.

Entelea arborescens was rated “not at risk” in 2012 according to the New Zealand Threat Classification System = NZTCS.

Systematics

The genus Entelea was established in 1824 with the first description of Entelea arborescens by Robert Brown in Botanical Magazine , Volume 51, Plate 2480. The genus name Entelea is derived from Greek and means perfect and refers to the fact that all stamens are fertile. The specific epithet arborescens means tree-like. Synonyms for Entelea arborescens R.Br. are Apeiba australis A.Rich. , Entelea australis Walp. and Entelea sloaneoides Turcz.

Entelea is the only kind of genre of Entelea from the tribe Apeibeae Benth. (Syn .: Sparmanniaceae J. Agardh nom. Cons.) In the subfamily Grewioideae within the family Malvaceae . Common feature of all genera of the tribe Apeibeae is a horn-shaped extension at the upper end of the sepals. It was formerly part of the Tiliaceae family.

The genera Entelea , Sparrmannia , Apeiba , Clappertonia , and Ancistrocarpus are in a clade within the Apeibeae tribe. The genus Entelea has a lot in common with the South African genus Sparmannia , the main difference is that in Entelea all stamens are fertile, in Sparmannia some are converted to staminodes .

use

The light brown wood was used by humans. The wood can be exceptionally light, sometimes lighter than balsa wood ( Ochroma pyramidale ); the weight is said to be less, half as large, as that of cork , hence some of the common English names. The Māori used to make buoys , floats for fishing nets and fenders for boats from wood or bark . The Ngati-Porou used seasoned Whau wood to make “ mokihi ”, a raft for coastal fishing (for example for lobster fishing ). Pieces of wood were used as white parts in stick games. The darts for the Teka game were made from Whau wood. Poi , a ball, was made from this light wood, for example.

Under the bark there is a layer of the trunk with long fibers. “The strongest fishing lines of the Māori” were made from the long fibers. The fibers were also used to lash objects together.

The bark was used for coloring . There are tales of babies being wrapped in the large leaves.

Entelea arborescens is used as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens. Entelea arborescens is sensitive to frost, but can withstand temperatures of up to - 3 ° C. The USDA climate zones are specified as 9b to 11. It can be used as an ornamental wood in mild climates, for example in sheltered locations in the south-western part of the British Isles. In areas with frost, they can be grown in greenhouses. It thrives in full sun to slightly shady, but by no means shady locations. It thrives best in rich, moist loamy soils , but can also cope with light, medium, and heavy, sandy to clay soils. It does not place any special conditions on the soil pH value. Entelea arborescens is sensitive to drought. It is cultivated in South America, for example.

Common names

Common names are:

  • Maori language : Hauama, Houama, Whau, Whauama, Whauma
  • English language : corkwood (used for some plant species of different families), evergreen-lime, New Zealand-mulberry, New Zealand cork tree, paper mulberry

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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Stewart R. Hinsley: data sheet at Malvaceae Info .
  2. ↑ Early New Zealand Botanical Art - Joseph Banks - data sheet with information for illustration.
  3. ↑ a b c d e LH Millener: A Study of Entelea arborescens R. Br. (Whau): Part I. Ecology. In: Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand , Volume 76, 1946/1947, pp. 267-288. on-line.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad PJ de Lange, 2011: data sheet at the New Zealand Plant Conservation Network .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l HH Allan: Flora of New Zealand. Volume I - Indigenous Tracheophyta - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledons. , 1982 Entelea , p. 335 : First electronic edition, Landcare Research, 2004. Transcr. AD Wilton, IML Andres.
  6. ↑ a b c d e Ulrike Brunken, Alexandra N. Muellner: A new tribal classification of Grewioideae (Malvaceae) based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic evidence. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 37, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 699-711. doi : 10.1600 / 036364412X648670 .
  7. ↑ a b data sheet at Flora of New Zealand online .
  8. ↑ a b c data sheet with photos at terrain.net - Taranaki Educational Resource: Research, Analysis and Information Network .
  9. ^ Robert Brown scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org in 1824.
  10. ↑ Entelea arborescens at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed March 15, 2015.
  11. ↑ a b c d Entelea arborescens in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  12. ↑ a b c d e Entelea arborescens at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 3, 2015.
  13. ^ Rajni N. Patel: Wood anatomy of the dicotyledons indigenous to New Zealand 17. Tiliaceae. In: New Zealand Journal of Botany , Volume 26, Issue 3, 1988, pp. 337-343, doi : 10.1080 / 0028825X.1988.10410639 .
  14. ↑ a b c d e data sheet at Ngā Tipu Whakaoranga - Māori Plant Use Database .
  15. ↑ Datasheet at Tiritiri Matangi Open Sanctuary .

Web links

Commons : Entelea arborescens  - collection of images, videos and audio files