Ernestina (ship)
 The ship in 2013
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||
The Ernestina is the oldest surviving two-masted gaff schooner in a series of fishing boats that were originally used for fishing on the Newfoundland Bank. She was later also used as an expedition ship to the Arctic and now serves as a museum and training ship in the New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park . It has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983 and has been a National Historic Landmark since 1990 . With the Bowdoin there is only another floating sailing ship that was also used for exploring the Arctic.
description
The schooner, built as Effie M. Morissey in 1894 , was modeled on the Fredonia launched in 1889 , which, thanks to structural improvements, was much more stable in the water than the Gloucester clippers that had prevailed up to that point and had established a new schooner design.
The boat was originally made entirely of American white oak , the boards and planks of which were connected with wooden and iron nails and Swedish wrought iron . As part of later maintenance work, parts of the area were replaced by tropical hardwood or pine wood and the wooden nails were replaced by iron nails. The Kraweel planking consists of 76 mm thick oak boards and was covered with a 5 cm thick layer of laurel wood in 1926 to make the ship safe for the Arctic. However, this additional protection was removed again in 1959 and replaced in 1978 by a fiberglass cover below the waterline , which is still in place today. The trunk is reinforced by a 10 cm thick longitudinal beam.
The two masts made of the wood of the common Douglas fir are 23 m and 22.5 m high and have a diameter of 50 cm (main mast) and 53 cm ( foremast ) at their strongest point . Since 1986 the sail area has been the same as the original configuration of the Effie M. Morissey at 773 m² .
The engine was first installed in 1927 and renewed several times until it was replaced in 1986 by today's diesel engine with 290 hp. It drives a single screw with a diameter of 120 cm. Below deck, the schooner consists of the three areas fore ship , hold and captain's cabin.
Historical meaning
Effie M. Morrissey
The American fishing industry has its origins in the waters off New England and there in particular in the area around Gloucester , where the largest fishing fleet in the USA was for a long time. The most popular type of ship of the 19th and early 20th centuries were schooners based on the Fredonia designed by Edward Burgess in 1889 . The Effie M. Morrissey , which was commissioned in 1894 , was of this common type and was named after the daughter of her first captain, William Morrissey. She "combines speed, storage capacity, maneuverability, seaworthiness and elegance in a balance that has rarely been achieved".
The ship served as a fish catcher at the Newfoundland Bank for the first 20 years, where she essentially caught cod , which was immediately processed and salt-preserved below deck. After a good trip, she was able to unload up to 145 tons of fish in the port.
In 1905 she was sold to Ansel Snow and relocated to Digby, Nova Scotia , from where she continued to be used as a fish catcher with a Canadian crew, but her catch was sold in the USA - mainly in Gloucester and Portland, Maine .
In 1914, the Effie M. Morrissey became the property of Harold Bartlett, who converted it into a cargo ship and used it for transports on a route between Newfoundland and Labrador . In 1921 National Geographic reported on the ship in an article. In 1925 the schooner went to his nephew Robert A. Bartlett , who used it for his famous expeditions to the Arctic .
Expedition ship
Robert Bartlett made 22 trips to the Canadian Arctic, six to other Arctic regions, visited Siberia and commanded ships for Robert Edwin Peary and Vilhjálmur Stefánsson . In 1909 he accompanied Peary and Matthew Henson to 150 miles from the North Pole , from where they continued the journey without him.
With the Effie M. Morrissey , Bartlett sailed a total of 16 times under his own direction to the Arctic and four more times for the federal government of the United States . He is considered to be the first Arctic explorer to value scientific knowledge rather than new discoveries. But he could not cope with his early successes and was addicted to alcohol in 1924 and had no financial means. However, he recovered a year later when then Vice President of the United States Rubber Company , James B. Ford, bought the Effie M. Morrissey and made it available to Bartlett for another job. In 1926, Bartlett began annual Arctic expeditions that started in June from Rye, New York and were carried out by him for 20 years in a row. The trips were partly funded by institutions such as the American Geographical Society , the American Museum of Natural History or the Smithsonian Institution .
Bartlett's voyages were well and widely documented by the press. Pathé News published many weekly newsreels on "The Adventures of Captain Bob and His Little Morrissey," and many magazines featured articles on the expeditions. Bartlett himself wrote two books and published 18 articles about them.
In 1941, the United States Bureau of Standards funded an expedition north to intercept radio waves in the Arctic as war loomed. During the Second World War , Bartlett surveyed the coast of Greenland for the United States Navy on board the Effie M. Morrissey and supplied military and civil stations in the Arctic, including one visit to Murmansk .
Ernestina
In 1947 the ship after it was severely damaged by a fire outbreak, Mendes and sold to the brothers Henrique and Louise, who laid it to New Bedford, repair set, to honor Henriques daughter Ernestina rechristened and from 1948 as a packet ship between New England and the Cape Verde Islands .
At the beginning of the 1960s, steamships had largely displaced the sailing boats on the line between Cape Verde and the USA, so that the operation of the Ernestina became unprofitable. In 1967 Mendes therefore sold the ship to Alberto Lopes, who used it on trade routes between the islands.
In 1982 Ernestina, which had been badly damaged again in the meantime, was repaired from the Cape Verde Islands, which had been independent since 1975, and given as a gift to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . On the occasion of Operation Sail 1986, she sailed in honor of the restoration of the Statue of Liberty and was fully restored in 1988.
See also
- Adventure (ship, 1926)
- List of entries on the National Register of Historic Places in New Bedford
- List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts
literature
- James P. Delgado: Maritime Heritage of the United States NHL Theme Study - Large Vessels. (PDF) United States Department of the Interior , National Park Service , April 18, 1990, accessed September 4, 2017 .
- Massachusetts Schooner Ernestina Commission: Schooner Ernestina Commission manual . Schooner Ernestina Commission, New Bedford, MA 1995, OCLC 41171406 .
- Daniel D. Moreland: The Schooner Ernestina: History Under Sail . In: National Maritime Historical Society (ed.): Sea History . Winter 1987/88. National Maritime Historical Society, 1987, ISSN 0146-9312 , pp. 22 (English).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State: Massachusetts. National Park Service , accessed August 10, 2019.
- ↑ a b c cf. Delgado, p. 4.
- ↑ cf. Delgado, p. 5.
- ↑ cf. Delgado, p. 10.
- ↑ a b c cf. Delgado, p. 11.
- ↑ a b cf. Delgado, p. 12.
- ↑ cf. Delgado, p. 13.
- ↑ a b c cf. Delgado, p. 14.
- ↑ cf. Delgado, p. 15.
- ↑ cf. Delgado, p. 16.