Archduke Johann House
When Archduke Johann House will Biedermeier villas designated as especially from 1820 to 1860 in the middle of Styria were built. Characteristic is the portico-like built-over entrance with columns.
The term “Archduke Johann House” was first coined in the 1930s by the Styrian folklorist Viktor Geramb .
Characteristics
The architectural style is designed pragmatically on the one hand, and representative on the other. The floor plan is rectangular, the main entrance is on the street side and has a portico , the inner roof of which is mostly artistically designed. There is a partial basement, the farm entrance is on the courtyard side, three windows on the gable side on the ground floor. The gable roof rises at a 45-degree angle, it has a small overhang and there is a cove between the roof and the masonry.
The foundation of an Archduke Johann House usually consists of rubble stones , with a final row of bricks on top . The walls are of considerable strength, but mostly not solidly built, but as a jacket with loose inner filling. The street-side facade is richly ornamented, whereby the urban model cannot be overlooked; Stylistically, there is a great variety of wall decorations, ranging from Biedermeier to classicism . The main entrance, which is always in the middle of the street, usually has a porch, called a portico, with a triangular gable and a few steps to the left and right that lead to a podium in front of the front gate. In everyday farm work, this representative porch proved to be impractical, which is why the ground-level access to the farm in the courtyard was mostly used. In later years the portico was often walled up or converted into a small terrace .
The house gate leads to a wide corridor , often with a massive barrel vault . The kitchen, living room and bedroom opened up to the left and right, although only the peasant couple had their own room. While mostly only the daughters and the female servants were allowed to sleep in the house, servants and sons set up camp in the stable. In later years, additional living space was often created by expanding the attic . The whole family built the building, often with the help of the neighborhood , but increasingly under the leadership of Italian bricklayers . The bricks needed were even beaten and in a site erected brick kiln fired. A professional construction company was rarely employed, so there were usually no construction plans . One of these rare specimens is owned by the Grinschgl family vulgo Leibnitzer in Petzendorf .
While the floor plans of the house type “were taken from what already existed in the landscape and only further developed”, the innovations arose particularly in the construction: the continuous use of bricks instead of wood, significantly larger windows and the rafter roof, which was largely unusual in rural areas .
distribution
A large number of Archduke Johann houses were built in the first seventy years of the 19th century in western Styria and around Graz , but this style was also decisive in the rest of central Styria . "In addition to the economic upturn, the background for this busy building phase was the introduction of fire insurance , which benefited buildings made of fire-resistant material."
A comprehensive recording of this clearly contoured construction in the Eastern Styrian district of Feldbach by the doctoral student Magda Matzer resulted in a number of more recent findings based on studying the building files and archival documents:
- The spread of this type of construction was at least as common in Eastern Styria .
- "Contrary to what was previously assumed, the Imperial and Royal Agricultural Society never seems to have officially propagated the type of house later named after Archduke Johann."
- The dissertation came across Archduke Johann Houses, which were built before the kk Landwirtschaftsgesellschaft was founded, and concluded from this that the architectural style of the Archduke Johann House was evidently not inspired "from above", but based on practical experience " in the people ”.
The Carinthian counterpart to the Archduke Johann House is the “ Stöckl type ”, one or two-storey tent roof houses in so-called traffic-open landscapes, especially in Lower Carinthia, often also as a parsonage . The Empire style was evidently formative here and influenced both builders and builders . While the traditional corridor was retained in the interior structure, special attention was paid to prestige and impact in the facade design .
Naming
The term refers to Archduke Johann of Austria , who worked and lived as an essential reformer and founder of numerous institutions in Styria. The Archduke was the founder and first president of the Steiermärkische Landwirtschaftsgesellschaft in 1819 , an office he held until his death in 1859. The aim of the company was - after the stresses of the Napoleonic Wars - to improve the economic situation of the farmers through innovations, including the rural living conditions. However, "neither in the speeches and records or publications of Archduke Johann himself nor in the negotiations and essays of the kk Landwirtschaftsgesellschaft für die Steiermark, nor in building files or archival sources." Geramb found the architectural style so called, although Schwerter has put forward the hypothesis that it must be a matter of “centrally controlled” influences, “without, at least up to now, being able to determine with any certainty their actual“ triggers ”or stimuli, role models and the like."
““ With regard to the Archduke Johann House, there are no depictions made by either painters or architects. Above all, there is a lack of those that could be traced back to official initiatives. Probably around 1829 in the kk Landwirtschaftsgesellschaft für Steiermark there was talk of sample plans that they wanted to prepare and intended to publish, but so far nothing has been found, so that nothing certain can be said about the ideas at that time.
“Archduke Johann employed chamber painters and had models of farm implements made to document rural life of his time. But sample plans or sketches for rural houses? [...] Nothing. "
The "kk Landwirtschaftsgesellschaft in Steyermark", which was endowed with the unique imperial privilege of being heard by all authorities in agricultural and forestry matters, was the forerunner of the Chamber of Agriculture that still exists today . It was founded on the model of the associations of aristocratic large estates that arose in England and Germany in the second half of the 18th century as a lobby group and was devoted to agricultural experimentation, publication and teaching. The most important of these companies in the Habsburg monarchy was the Kk Landwirtschaftsgesellschaft Wien , founded in 1807 and dissolved in 1938.
The former mansion for Radwerk II at Hauptstrasse 85 in Vordernberg is also referred to as the Archduke Johann House , although it neither belongs to the style period nor has the characteristics, but because of a real reference to the patron saint. It was built in 1684 by Hans Adam Stampfer , Archduke Johann bought the building in 1822. Johann's future wife, Anna Plochl, lived here from the following year . The house is popularly known as the Meranhaus , and goes back to Count Franz Meran , the son of Archduke Johann and Anna Plochl.
See also
literature
- Matzer, Magda: The Archduke Johann House in the Feldbach district. Phil. Diss. Graz 1984
proof
- ↑ Marktgemeinde Dobl : The Archduke Johann House I ( Memento of the original from May 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Lebensraum Dobl, a series by Otto Plank. Official information from the market town of Dobl, N. 11, September 2012, p. 15
- ↑ a b Marktgemeinde Dobl : The Archduke Johann House II ( Memento of the original from May 25, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Lebensraum Dobl, a series by Otto Plank. Official information from the market town of Dobl, N. 14, December 2012, pp. 8 and 9
- ↑ Burkhard Pöttler: Rural building between landscape-related material use, building regulations and enlightened reform. In: Styria: Change in a Landscape in the Long 18th Century , ed. by Harald Heppner and Nikolaus Reisinger, Vienna, Cologne, Weimar: Böhlau 2006, p. 243
- ↑ a b c Matzer, Magda: The Archduke Johann House in the Feldbach district. Phil. Diss. Graz 1984
- ↑ The typical Carinthian character of a Stöckl building is not yet covered in this article.
- ↑ Viktor Herbert Pöttler: The rural settlement forms as well as the farmhouse and farm in Styria. In: Kurt Woisetschläger, Peter Krenn: Dehio Handbuch - Die Kunstdenkmäler Österreichs: Steiermark (excluding Graz). Topographical inventory of monuments, ed. from the Federal Monuments Office, Department for Monument Research. Publisher Anton Schroll. Vienna 1982. ISBN 3-7031-0532-1 . Page XXI (introductory part).
- ^ Austria-Forum : Agricultural societies, also arable farming societies , accessed on May 24, 2014
