Eusebia

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Eusebia (* in Thessalonike ; † probably 360 ), with full name Flavia Eusebia , was Constantius II's second wife (Emperor 337–361) from 353 Empress of the Roman Empire . Eusebia exerted great influence on her husband and actively influenced decisions about power politics at court. So she supported the future emperor Julian , whom she helped to be appointed under-emperor ( Caesar ) of Constantius. The main sources of knowledge about her life are the eulogy that Julian dedicated to her in gratitude for her help, as well as several remarks by the historian Ammianus Marcellinus . However, the evaluations in the sources mostly show positive or negative topoi , so that even the evaluation in modern research is not free of contradictions.

Contemporary history background

At the beginning of the 4th century, Emperor Constantine the Great , Eusebia's father-in-law, prevailed against his competitors and finally ruled the entire Roman Empire from the year 324. As emperor, he initiated a profound change with the relocation of the capital to the east, to Constantinople , and the change in Constantinople . As a result, the religions of Rome were gradually replaced by monotheistic Christianity.

In terms of religious policy, the 4th century was dominated by the Arian dispute , the internal Christian conflict between Arians and Trinitarians. The Trinitarians propagated the Trinity , the unity of God in “Father”, “Son” and “Holy Spirit”, while the Arians only classified the “Father” as divine. While Constantine himself did not commit to one of the two directions, his sons oriented themselves differently: Constantine II and Constans subscribed to the doctrine of the Trinity, Constantius II, on the other hand, advocated Arianism.

After the death of Constantine I in 337 , the military murdered most of the emperor's relatives, who were also potential rivals of the sons of Constantine. It is not known whether the military acted on behalf of the sons of Constantine. Some researchers want to identify Constantius II as the author, a view that could be due to Constantius' bad repute in the sources. The sons of Constantine took power after their relatives were eliminated: Constantine II ruled over Gaul and Spain, Constans over Italy, Africa and Illyria, and Constantius II over the east of the empire. Constantine II died in 340 fighting with his brother Constans, who in turn was murdered in 350 by the henchmen of the usurper Magnentius .

351 appointed Constantius II. His cousin Constantius Gallus to Caesar (sub-emperor) and sent him to the East, where he the border against the Persian Sassanids to defend. In this way, Constantius was able to concentrate on the usurper Magnentius in the west without having to fight on two fronts. After inflicting a severe defeat on Magnentius in the Battle of Mursa in 351 , he was finally able to defeat him in 353. Gallus, however, had made various domestic political mistakes during Constantius' absence and was suspected of wanting to usurp the throne. Constantius then lured him west and finally had him executed in 354. In the high treason trials that followed the execution, Julian , the brother of Gallus, was indicted.

Life

Origin and marriage

Eusebia's family came from Thessalonike , where she was born and grew up with her brothers Eusebius and Hypatius . Before she married, she received a thorough education, particularly in literature. Her father Eusebius was master of the army ( magister militum ) of Constantius, who valued him so much that he distinguished him in 347 with the consulate .

At the beginning of 353 Eusebia married the emperor Constantius II , who was on the verge of his final victory against the usurper Magnentius. Eusebia, who is described as extremely beautiful, was brought to the wedding together with her mother in a splendid cavalcade (equestrian procession) from Thessalonica. Her father was probably already dead by this time. She is said to have exerted a great influence on her husband, who is said to have valued her so much that he named a new diocese , which probably included Bithynia and other parts of Pontica , "Pietas" after her (the word pietas ["piety", "reverence", "sense of duty"] is the Latin equivalent of the Greek eusebeia with the same meaning).

Eusebia used her influence to promote personalities close to her. For example, she supported the political careers of her two brothers, who were jointly appointed consuls in 359. At court, Eusebia - influenced by the strictly Arian, powerful eunuch Eusebius , the chief chamberlain of Constantius - was one of the strong advocates of Arianism. She therefore came into conflict with Leontios , the Catholic, that is, Trinitarian Bishop of Antioch . When Constantius banished Bishop Liberius from Rome to Thrace because he had opposed the condemnation of the anti-Arian bishop Athanasius , Eusebia offered him money - allegedly to cover his costs - but the latter refused. After visiting Rome for the first time in 354 , Eusebia stayed there again from 356 and also saw her husband visit Rome in 357 to celebrate his victory over Magnentius.

Promotion of Julian

Emperor Julian's bronze coin

Eusebia is best known for her support for the later emperor Julian , who was appointed Caesar (lower emperor) by Constantius in 355 through her intercession . In connection with the trial of Julian's brother Gallus, Constantius summoned his cousin to Milan in 354 and had him charged there. Julian had to stay in Milan for six months, where he met Eusebia for the first time in person. The two got along well from the beginning, Julian told her about his studies of literature and philosophy. Eusebia, who showed interest in these reports and sympathy for the young man, stood up for Julian with Constantius. As a result, she obtained the pardon of Julian, who was finally released from captivity at court in the summer of 355. Eusebia was also able to persuade her husband to let Julian study in Athens as requested .

In November of the same year, Eusebia made sure that Julian was appointed Caesar , as he was to be responsible for Gaul . Eusebia and Julian met again before the appointment ceremony, and the Empress presented her husband's new subordinate with a library of philosophical, historical, rhetorical and poetic works. The delighted Julian took the present to Lutetia , now Paris, where he resided. In the period that followed, he was repeatedly suspected, not least as a result of various court intrigues, of trying to challenge Constantius for power through usurpation in the West. Eusebia did appeasement work with Constantius, who was known to be sensitive when it came to usurpations - as Julian's brother Gallus had already felt. Julian honored her out of gratitude 356/357 with a panegyric , an eulogy. When the conflict between Julian and Constantius II came to a head, however, Eusebia sided with her husband. She did not live to see the final break in 361.

The End

After the murders of 337 and the death of his brothers, Constantius II was - apart from Julian - the last male descendant of the Constantinian dynasty . Securing the succession through the birth of an emperor's son was a high priority for him. However, his marriage did not result in a child in eight years. Perhaps Constantius was responsible for this, as some sources suggest. But it is also conceivable that Eusebia was sterile. Her childlessness supposedly prompted her to secretly administer Helena , Julian's wife, during Constantius' visit to Rome in 357, so that she could not give birth to a successor for her husband. A child, with whom Helena was already pregnant, had her killed by a midwife during the birth.

The final sign of the empress's influence appears to be a law of January 18, 360 that exempted all her family's properties from tax even in times of need. So she was probably still alive in early 360. Apparently she died before the end of 360, as Constantius entered into a new marriage with a woman named Faustina in the winter of 360/361 - according to Ammianus Marcellinus some time after her death . The cause of death may have been a disease in her uterus or a drug she was supposed to have been given for infertility. Eusebia was buried in Constantinople, in the same tomb in which her husband was buried after his sudden death in 361. The title Augusta , which the emperors usually bestowed on their wives at that time - Constantine the Great still gave it very generously to three women - was denied to Eusebia until her death.

rating

Ammianus Marcellinus

The most important source for the time in which Eusebia was active is the historian Ammianus Marcellinus , whose Res gestae deal with the period from 353 to 378. The heathen Ammian, who generally strives for a balanced judgment, paints a very ambivalent picture of Eusebia. At one point (21,6,4) she is described in an almost panegyric way as beautiful, human and just: “Above all, she was characterized by physical beauty and good morals, and despite such a high position she retained her humanity. As I have reported, Julian was freed from danger by her just favor and made Caesar. ”Her beauty is emphasized once again (18.3,2):“ Eusebiae…, decore corporis inter multas feminas excellentis. ”-“ Eusebia, whose beauty surpassed that of many other women ”.

Above all, the role of Eusebia as Julian's advocate is portrayed positively, as Ammian stylized the pagan emperor Julian - despite his efforts to achieve a balanced judgment - as a hero throughout his work (see Julian in Ammian ). In Eusebia's first intercession (15,2,8) Ammian lets her act “at a sign from the highest deity”, on another occasion (15,8,3) he leaves open whether she acted more out of self-interest or “out of innate Wisdom kept an eye on the common good ”. However, two other passages in the text in Ammian oppose this overall positive portrayal: This contrast is particularly noticeable when looking at 16.10.18-19, where Ammian reports that Eusebia poisoned Julian's wife Helena and thereby rendered her sterile. She also bribed a midwife at a previous birth, who then killed Helena's newborn child. Eusebia also appears negative at 21.16.16, where Ammian Constantius II criticized in a retrospect that he had allowed himself to be influenced too much by his wives and courtiers - this should primarily mean Eusebia.

A comparison of passages 16,10,18-19 and 21,6,4 leads to the historiographical problem of how Ammian was able to allow such an obvious contradiction to exist within his work. Modern research has tried to explain this problem in different ways: Shaun Tougher comes to the conclusion that the different representations of Eusebia can be explained from the context: In 16,10,18-19 Ammian felt compelled to be childless Justify hero Julian. Eusebia, as the wife of Julian's opponent Constantius, who is often viewed negatively in Ammian's work, fitted into Ammian's scheme here. Accordingly, the extremely positive rating at 21, 16, 16 can be explained by the connection between this passage and Eusebia's siblings, especially with Hypatius, whom Ammian assesses as extremely positive.

Anja Wieber-Scariot sees in the text 16,10,18-19 either an allusion to a courtly conflict between Helena and Eusebia or to a natural sterility of Helena, possibly also to another health problem of one of the empresses. Perhaps the text passage is also an expression of Ammian's conflict with Eusebia: on the one hand, he is well-disposed towards her because she supported his hero Julian, on the other hand, he disapproves of her influence at court, as he had general prejudices against the political influence of women, such as his negatively tendentious portrayal of Constantina suggests.

Penelope , wife of Odysseus - statue in the Vatican

Julian

Julian is a very important source for Eusebia, as he dedicated an eulogy or acceptance speech ( panegyric ) to her out of gratitude for her support . He mentioned them in other works, above all in his letter to the Athenians from 361, in which he justified his position towards Constantius, who now saw him as a usurper. Julian's Panegyricus on Eusebia was written in 356/57, during his time as Caesar in Gaul. After his eulogy of Constantius II, this was Julian's second panegyric, whom he had another follow on to Constantius. The speech is particularly interesting for research because Julian not only described the funding by Eusebia, but also went into detail about himself. The style of speech is generally described as simpler and the tone more serious than in the previous panegyric.

Eusebia is raised to the ideal woman in the Panegyricus according to the genre: The seven virtues justice, wisdom, moderation, mildness, forbearance, philanthropy (philanthropy) and generosity are assigned to her. Among the deeds in which these virtues are shown, Julian mentions above all Eusebia's influence on her husband for the better: She led him to more mercy and secured honor and work for “countless people” (116d – 26b). The comparisons also have a typically panegyric character: Julian chooses the mythical figures Arete and Penelope , the wife of Odysseus , as comparative personalities for Eusebia . Several remarks in his letter to the Athenians show that Julian should have really appreciated Eusebia : Although he has "stripped off every panegyric fetter" here, he continues to describe Eusebia positively and thanks her for her benefits.

More ancient authors

The Epitome de Caesaribus (42.19 to 20) who authored an unknown pagan author late 4th century, Eusebia rated rather negatively, by being brought there by some "intrusive service" ( "importuna ministeria") in connection. Adamantia and Gorgonia are also mentioned there, allegedly two ladies-in-waiting whose names Eusebia also cast a bad light: Adamantis was a magic herb, Gorgonia is strongly reminiscent of the Greek horror figures of the Gorgons . It is likely that the author of the epitome disliked the extensive influence of a woman at the imperial court. In the presentation of the Christian historians Cedrenus and Zonaras (who used Cedrenus as a source), however, it is described positively: It was not the beautiful Eusebia, but rather the soft and "unmanly" Constantius who was responsible for the couple's childlessness.

The pagan historian Zosimos , who wrote his New History towards the end of the 5th century, describes in 3: 1, 2–3 the promotion of Julian by Eusebia in relatively detail: Constantius, who is portrayed rather negatively as an adversary of Julian and as a Christian by Zosimos, stands at a loss in this passage before major foreign policy problems (3,1,1), but at the same time does not want to appoint a new Caesar “out of lust for power” . This is where Eusebia comes into play, who is described as "a highly educated woman who is superior to all her sexes in terms of intelligence". She persuades the questioning Constantius with a ruse to accept his nephew Julian as Caesar by stating: “'If he [Julian] is lucky in his undertakings, he will only cause the emperor to attribute these successes to himself personally; If, on the other hand, he suffers a setback and loses his life, then in future Constantius will no longer have anyone who can be called to the highest power as a scion of the imperial family. '”Eusebia is here on the one hand as clever and educated, on the other hand as a schemer Whisperer shown.

research

The sources on Eusebia use the two common topoi for powerful women: on the one hand the topos of the cunning intriguer (Ammian 16,10,18-19; Zosimos), on the other hand that of the beautiful and just benefactress (Julian; Ammian 21,6, 4). Many of those researchers who have examined Eusebia in a more general context have adopted the more positive variant of a Eusebia, which Julian had kindly supported. The historian Edward Gibbon (1737–1794) portrayed Eusebia as “a woman of beauty and merit”. Many later historians have also taken up the positive variant by taking over Eusebia's support for Julian and the story of Julian's wife Helena at Ammian 16,10,18-19 have declared implausible. The French ancient historian Noël Aujoulat, on the other hand, comes to the conclusion that Eusebia actually made Julian lose a successor and that above all political motives played a role in her support for Julian.

The assumption, especially rumored by Julian, that Eusebia acted unselfishly and benevolently in promoting Julian, is also questioned by other current articles. The British historian Shaun Tougher, for example, put forward the thesis that Constantius was actually behind Eusebia's commitment to Julian. Eusebia had to use Eusebia to gain access to Julian, since he had lost his trust through the execution of Gallus and through his possible involvement in the murders after the death of Constantine the Great . The American J. Juneau believes that Eusebia acted independently, but only from the point of view of supporting Constantius and consolidating his power - not out of altruism. The naming of a diocese in Pietas in Eusebia's honor was a kind of reward for this faithful behavior.

literature

  • Arnold Hugh Martin Jones , John Robert Martindale, John Morris : Eusebia. In: The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (PLRE). Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1971, ISBN 0-521-07233-6 , pp. 300-301.
  • Otto Seeck : Eusebia 1 . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume IV, 1, Stuttgart 1900, column 1365 f.
  • Werner Portmann: Eusebia 1. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 4, Metzler, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-476-01474-6 , Sp. 308.
  • Anja Wieber-Scariot: Between polemics and panegyric. Women of the imperial family and rulers of the East in the Res gestae of Ammianus Marcellinus (= Bochum Ancient Science Colloquium , Volume 41). Diss., Trier 1999, ISBN 3-88476-346-6 .
  • J. Juneau: Pietas and Politics: Eusebia and Constantius at Court . In: The Classical Quarterly New Series, 49, 1999, pp. 641-644.
  • Shaun Tougher: The Advocacy of an Empress. Julian and Eusebia . In: The Classical Quarterly New Series 48, 1998, pp. 595-599.
  • Shaun Tougher: In Praise of an Empress. Julian's Speech of Thanks to Eusebia . In: Mary Whitby (ed.): The Propaganda of Power. The Role of Panegyric in Late Antiquity . Leiden et al. 1998, pp. 105-123.
  • Shaun Tougher: Ammianus Marcellinus on the Empress Eusebia. A split personality? . In: Greece & Rome 47, 2000, pp. 94-101.
  • Anja Wieber-Scariot: At the center of power. On the role of the empress in late antique imperial courts using the example of Eusebia in the Res Gestae by Ammianus Marcellinus . In: Aloys Winterling (Ed.): Comitatus. Contributions to research into the late antique imperial court . Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-05-003210-3 , pp. 103-131.
  • Noël Aujoulat: Eusébie, Hélène et Julien . In: Byzantion 53, 1983. Part I: Le témoignage de Julien , pp. 78-103; Part II: Le témoignage des historiens , pp. 421–452.
  • Joachim Szidat: Historical Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus, Book XX – XXI . Part III (final volume): The confrontation . Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-515-06570-9 , p. 54f (= Historia individual writings , volume 89).
  • Klaus Rosen : Julian. Emperor, God and haters of Christians . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-608-94296-3 , pp. 52, 114f., 130-136, 155, 171, 177, 181.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ See for example Klaus Rosen , Julian. Kaiser, Gott und Christenhasser , pp. 50–53, and Pedro Barceló , Constantius II. And his time. The beginnings of the state church , Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2004, pp. 46–49.
  2. ↑ Ammian 18,3,2; Julian, speech 3; Letter to the Athenians 273a; Zosimos 3,1,2.
  3. ↑ Ammian 17,7,6. See Juneau, Pietas and Politics: Eusebia and Constantius at Court , and Wieber-Scariot, Between Polemik and Panegyric , pp. 256–261.
  4. ^ Suda , sv Leontios, 254 Adler
  5. ↑ Theodoret , Church History 2,16,28. On Eusebia's religious views and their influence on Constantius' religious policy cf. Athanasios, ad. mon. 6; Socrates Scholasticos 2,2,4; 2.2.6; Sozomenos 3,1,4.
  6. ↑ Ammianus Marcellinus goes into detail on this visit to Rome (16.10). See Richard Klein , The visit of the Emperor Constantius II to Rome in 357 , in: Richard Klein, Roma versa per aevum. Selected writings on pagan and Christian late antiquity (= Spudasmata 74), edited by Raban von Haehling and Klaus Scherberich , Hildesheim / Zurich / New York 1999, pp. 50–71. On Eusebia's presence, see Noël Aujoulat: Eusébie, Hélène et Julien. II. In: Byzantion 53, 1983, pp. 421-452, here: 434-438.
  7. ↑ Julian, Letter to the Athenians 272d; 274a.
  8. ↑ On this, for example, Rosen, Julian. Kaiser, Gott und Christenhasser , S. 114f.
  9. ↑ a b On the Panegyric in Eusebia Liz James: Is there an empress in the text? Julian's Speech of Thanks to Eusebia . In: Nicholas Baker-Brian, Shaun Tougher (Eds.): Emperor and Author. The Writings of Julian the Apostate . Classical Press of Wales, Swansea 2012, ISBN 978-1-905125-50-0 , pp. 47-59 .
  10. ↑ So Rosen, Julian. Kaiser, Gott und Christenhasser , p. 115 (with note 32, p. 473) on the basis of a comment by Julians in his letter to the Athenians 273a.
  11. ↑ a b Zonaras 8,11,29; Cedrenus 302c. In addition Monika Staesche, The private life of the Roman emperors in late antiquity. Studies on the personal and cultural history of the late imperial era , Bern et al. 1998, pp. 129f. There is also a brief discussion of the problem of Constantius II's sexuality.
  12. ↑ Ammian 16: 10, 18-19. See further below.
  13. ↑ Codex Theodosianus 11,1,1.
  14. ↑ Joachim Szidat: Historical Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus, Book XX – XXI , Part 3, Stuttgart 1996, p. 55; Jan den Boeft et al .: Philological and Historical Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus XXI , Groningen 1991, p. 81.
  15. ↑ Ammian 21,6,4.
  16. ↑ On the cause of death Zonaras 13: 11, 29–30; Cedrenus 297c. Johannes Chrysostomos , ad epistulam in Philippis 15,5, reports on the alleged remedy, followed by Otto Seeck , for example , in: RE VI, 1, Sp. 1366. Whether the passage refers to Eusebia is questionable, as is Wieber-Scariot , In the center of power , p. 128, note 151. The church historian Philostorg (4.7) also reports of a disease of the uterus, which, however, was quickly cured by the fetched Theophilus .
  17. ↑ Cf. Dietmar Kienast , Roman Imperial Table. Basic features of a Roman imperial chronology , Darmstadt 1996, p. 56/57.
  18. ↑ "Eusebia [...] corporis morumque pulchritudine pluribus antistante et in culmine tam celso humana, cuius favore iustissimo exemptum periculis declaratumque Caesarem rettulimus Iulianum." Quoted in Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History , Latin and German, with a commentary provided by Wolfgang Seyfarth , band 2, Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1968, pp. 140f.
  19. ↑ Ammianus Marcellinus, Römische Geschichte , edited and translated by Wolfgang Seyfarth, Volume 2, Berlin 1968, pp. 14f. A more detailed explanation and interpretation of the passage in Wieber-Scariot, Between Polemik and Panegyric , pp. 261–264.
  20. ↑ Quotations from: Ammianus Marcellinus, Römische Geschichte , edited and translated by Wolfgang Seyfarth, Volume 1, Berlin 1968, p. 113 (15,2,8), p. 137 (15,8,3). See also Wieber-Scariot, Between Polemics and Panegyric : To 15,2,7–8: pp. 209–222; to 15,8,1-3: pp. 222-231.
  21. ↑ Detailed analysis of Ammian 16,10,18-19 in Wieber-Scariot, Between Polemik und Panegyrik , pp. 231-256.
  22. ↑ Cf. Ammianus Marcellinus # The depiction of Constantius II and the Persian War . See also Michael Whitby, Images of Constantius , in: Jan Willem Drijvers, David Hunt (Ed.), The Late Roman World and Its Historian: Interpreting Ammianus Marcellinus , Routledge, London 1999, pp. 77-88.
  23. ^ Tougher, Ammianus Marcellinus on the Empress Eusebia. A split personality? . There is also a discussion of some other suggestions: Klaus Rosen, Ammianus Marcellinus (= income from research 183), Darmstadt 1982, p. 114f., Does not offer any explanation, but merely points out that literature is not a zone free of contradictions; Noël Aujoulat, Eusébie, Hélène et Julien , 1983, suspects that Ammian suppressed Eusebia's evil machinations at the moment when he wanted to describe the benefactress of his hero Julian in an exceptionally positive way.
  24. ↑ Wieber-Scariot, In the Center of Power. On the role of the empress at late antique imperial courts using the example of Eusebia in the Res Gestae by Ammianus Marcellinus , 1998.
  25. ↑ General on Julian's Eusebia-Panegyrikus: Tougher, In Praise of an Empress . Dating: p. 109, note 19; on deeds, virtues and comparisons: p. 112ff.
  26. ↑ Wieber-Scariot, In the Center of Power , p. 120.
  27. ↑ In addition Monika Staesche, The private life of the Roman emperors in late antiquity. Studies on the personal and cultural history of the late Imperial Era , Bern et al. 1998, p. 129 with note 618; incidentally also Portmann, in: Der Neue Pauly , Volume 4, Col. 308. Seeck, in: RE VI, 1, Col. 1365, takes the statement of the epitome here at face value.
  28. ^ Translations taken from Zosimos. Neue Geschichte , translated and introduced by Otto Veh , reviewed and explained by Stefan Rebenich , Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1990, pp. 117f., ISBN 3-7772-9025-4 . Tougher, Ammianus Marcellinus on the Empress Eusebia , pp. 95f.
  29. ↑ On the topic of powerful women Barbara Garlick u. a. (Ed.), Stereotypes of Women in Power. Historical Perspectives and Revisionist Views , New York et al. a. 1992; Wieber-Scariot, In the Center of Power , p. 104, transfers this to Eusebia.
  30. ^ Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , Leipzig 1829, Volume 2, p. 156: "a woman of beauty and merit" - on p. 159, note 39, Gibbon then also rejects Ammian 16 , 10.18–19 as unhistorical.
  31. ↑ An example from older research can be Joseph Bidez , who describes her as “a generous and authoritative personality” ( Julian the Apostate , usually by Hermann Rinn, Verlag Hermann Rinn, 5th edition, Munich 1948, p. 119). A more recent example is Alexander Demandt , Die Spätantike. Roman history from Diocletian to Justinian 284–565 AD , CH Beck, Munich 1989 (= Handbook of Ancient Science , Volume 3.6), p. 96.
  32. ↑ For example Rosen, Julian. Kaiser, Gott und Christenhasser , p. 171, who dismisses the story as a "rumor of pagan Julian friends"; or John F. Matthews, The Roman Empire of Ammianus , London 1989, p. 86: “an unsupported fragment of court gossip” (“an unsupported fragment of court gossip”).
  33. ↑ Noël Aujoulat, Eusébie, Hélène et Julien ., 1983
  34. ↑ Shaun Tougher, The Advocacy of an Empress. Julian and Eusebia , 1998.
  35. ↑ J. Juneau, Pietas and Politics: Eusebia and Constantius at Court , 1999.
This article was added to the list of excellent articles on January 31, 2007 in this version .
personal data
SURNAME Eusebia
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Flavia Eusebia
BRIEF DESCRIPTION roman empress
DATE OF BIRTH 4th century
PLACE OF BIRTH Thessaloniki
DATE OF DEATH 360