Euterpe (genus)
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Euterpe is a palm genus with seven speciesfoundin tropical America . The genus is named after Euterpe , one of the nine muses in Greek mythology.
features
The representatives are single-stemmed or multi-stemmed palms. The trunks are usually tall and erect or leaning. The leaves are pinnate, the leaf sheaths are closed and form a compact crown shaft. The ligule is short and falls off early. The petiole is short or absent, rarely long. The stem is grooved at the top and rounded at the bottom. The rachis is furrowed at the top and flattened at the bottom. The leaflets are numerous, linear and regularly arranged. They are all on one level, mostly hanging a bit. There are one or two lateral veins on each side of the midrib of the leaflet.
The inflorescence is simply branched and protandric . It appears between the leaves and stands out horizontally at flowering time. The peduncle is shorter than the inflorescence axis and dorsiventrally compressed. The cover sheet of the inflorescence is papyrus-like, double-keeled and falls off. The bract on the peduncle is the same or almost the same as the cover sheet, papyrus-like and sloping. The side branches of the inflorescence are usually densely hairy, the hair is permanent. The flowers are in triads, but male flowers can also be in pairs or individually.
The male flowers are sessile, the petals are not overgrown. There are six stamens . The anthers are arrow-shaped and open to latrors. The female flowers have broadly overlapping sepals and petals. Staminodes are absent or are only present in udder pea luminosa . The ovary is unicompartmental, the only ovule is arranged laterally.
The fruits are spherical or rarely ellipsoidal, the remnants of the stigma are slightly below the tip to the side. In the mesocarp there are radial sclereids . The endocarp is fibrous. The embryo sits basal in the semen . The scar (hilum) is elliptical. The endosperm is homogeneous, rarely furrowed. The primary leaf is two-part (bifid) or pinnate.
distribution
The genus occurs in Central America and in tropical South America. In the Caribbean it occurs in Trinidad and the Lesser Antilles . The representatives grow in the lowland rainforest and rise in the mountain rainforests to 2000 m above sea level.
Systematics
The genus Euterpe Mart. is placed within the family Arecaceae in the subfamily Arecoideae , tribe Euterpeae . An extensive cladistic analysis revealed the group from the two genera Prestoea and Neonicholsonia as a sister group , but in this analysis the genus Oenocarpus was missing from the representatives of the tribe .
Henderson and Galeano accepted seven species in their 1996 monograph. These were adopted by Rafael Govaerts and John Dransfield in their World Checklist of Palms in 2005 :
- Euterpe broadwayi Becc. ex Broadway : The distribution area extends from Trinidad-Tobago to the islands over the wind (Antilles) .
- Euterpe catinga Wallace : Home is tropical South America; it comes in two varieties.
- Euterpe edulis Mart. : The homeland is Brazil, Paraguay and the province of Misiones in Argentina.
- Euterpe longibracteata Barb. Rodr. : The home is Brazil and northern South America.
- Euterpe luminosa A.J. Hend. : The home is the Pasco departmentin Peru.
- Euterpe oleracea Mart. : The home is tropical South America and Trinidad.
- Euterpe precatoria Mart. : The home is Trinidad and tropical Central and South America. It comes in two varieties.
use
The species, especially Euterpe oleracea (Açaí palms), are used to extract palm hearts , the so-called palmitos. In 1980 more than 110,000 tons were produced in Brazil alone. A drink called "assai" is produced in Brazil from the fruits of Euterpe oleracea . In 1980, 60,000 tons of fruit were used for this.
supporting documents
- Andrew Henderson, Gloria Galeano: Euterpe, Prestoea, and Neonicholsonia (Palmae: Euterpeinae) . Flora Neotropica, Volume 72, New York Botanical Garden Press, New York 1996, pp. 1-90. (JSTOR)
Individual evidence
- ^ John Dransfield, Natalie W. Uhl, Conny B. Asmussen, William J. Baker, Madeline M. Harley, Carl E. Lewis: Genera Palmarum. The Evolution and Classification of Palms . Second edition, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2008, ISBN 978-1-84246-182-2 , p. 460.
- ^ John Dransfield, Natalie W. Uhl, Conny B. Asmussen, William J. Baker, Madeline M. Harley, Carl E. Lewis: A New Phylogenetic Classification of the Palm Family, Arecaceae . Kew Bulletin, Vol. 60, 2005, pp. 559-569. (JSTOR)
- ↑ Conny B. Asmussen, John Dransfield, Vinnie Deickmann, Anders S. Barfod, Jean-Christophe Pintaud, William J. Baker: A new subfamily classification of the palm family (Arecaceae): evidence from plastid DNA phylogeny . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 151, 2006, pp. 15-38. doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2006.00521.x
- ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Euterpe. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 14, 2009.
- ↑ Michael J. Balick: Ethnobotany of Palms in the Neotropics . In: JT Prance, JA Kallunki: Ethnobotany in the Neotropics . Advances in Economic Botany, Volume 1, 1984, pp. 9-23.
Web links
- Euterpe on the homepage of the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden