Window leaves
| Window leaves | ||||||||||||
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Monstera adansonii var. Laniata as a houseplant |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Monstera | ||||||||||||
| Adans. |
The window leaves ( Monstera ) are a plant genus in the family of the arum family (Araceae). They are common in the Neotropic . Few species are used by humans as ornamental and food plants.
description
Appearance and leaves
Youth and age forms often differ significantly in terms of vegetation. The Monstera species are climbing evergreen , perennial herbaceous plants . They grow terrestrial, lithophytic to hemi-epiphytic (semi-epiphytic). The most common are hemi-epiphytes, where the seeds germinate on the forest floor. Long, scaly runners crawl across the forest floor; As soon as a tree is reached, the first leaves develop and the stem axes begin to climb. In the process, short adherent roots and long aerial roots are formed, the lower part of the plant dies and thus an epiphyte is formed . The shoot axes are never independently upright. There is no milk juice .
The alternate leaves are arranged in two rows on the stem axes and are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. In some species there is heterophylly, then clearly different leaf shapes are formed in youth and age forms. The leaves of the juvenile forms of some species are pressed against their carrier tree and result in a very typical pattern on the tree trunks on the lower level of the tropical forest. The petiole is kneeled, in this it differs from other genera. The leaf blades are simple, lobed to pinnate, in some species these are slashed and perforated, hence the German common name . Hole-like leaf blades are also rarely found in Dracontium , in no other Araceae genus. The outline of the leaf blades can be narrowly lanceolate to ovate-heart-shaped.
Inflorescences and flowers
The inflorescences stand individually in the axils of cataphylls . Monstera TYPES possess the typical Araceae, standing on Blütenstandschäften inflorescences , resulting from spathe and spadix composed. The single bract (spathe) envelops the cylindrical piston (spadix). The upright, boat-shaped spathe is white to yellowish or pink, depending on the species, and has no narrowing at its base; it widens during anthesis and wilts soon after. The piston is roughly the same along its entire length.
The hermaphrodite flowers are mainly fertile, only in the lower part of the bulb are some sterile. Bloom are not available. The combination of characteristics of hermaphroditic flowers and lack of bracts occurs within the Araceae only in the closely related genera Monstera , Heteropsis , Rhodospatha and Stenospermation . There are four free stamens . The two-chamber ovary contains only two ovules in any ovary chamber on the basis of a central angle constant placenta. The thickened stylus is about as long as the ovary and ends in a straight to heady stigma.
Infructescence, fruit and seeds
A collective crop is formed. The upper area of the berries remains closed even when ripe and they turn whitish to orange in color; they contain one to three seeds. With a length of 5 to 22 millimeters, the spherical to elongated seeds have no endosperm .
distribution
Monstera species are native to the tropical areas of Central America, the Caribbean islands and the tropical forests of South America. There are 22 species in Costa Rica.
Meanwhile, wild monstera species can also be found in Florida , Asia ( Malaysia , India ), Australia and the western Mediterranean region ( Portugal , Morocco , Madeira ).
Systematics and distribution
The genus name Monstera was first published in 1763 by Michel Adanson in Familles des Plantes . Synonyms for Monstera Adans. are Tornelia Good. ex Schott and Serangium Wood ex Salisb. The genus Monstera belongs to the tribe Monstereae in the subfamily Monsteroideae within the family of the Araceae .
Monstera is taxonomically the most difficult genus of the Araceae family. A variety of names have been published. There are only a few morphological distinguishing features between the species with a relatively high degree of variability within the species. There are also difficulties in determining because the vegetative forms of youth and age often differ significantly.
The genus Monstera contains 31 to 50 or even 60 species (selection according to the Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ):
- Monstera acacoyaguensis Matuda : It is distributed from Mexico via Belize to Guatemala .
- Pointed window leaf ( Monstera acuminata K.Koch ): It is common in Central America .
- Slotted window leaf ( Monstera adansonii Schott ), ( Syn . : Monstera pertusa (L.) de Vriese , Dracontium pertusum L. , Philodendron pertusum (L.) K.Koch & CDBouché ): It is widespread from Central America to tropical South America .
- Monstera amargalensis Croat & MMMora : It is common in Colombia .
- Monstera aureopinnata Croat : It is common in northern Peru .
- Monstera barrieri Croat, Moonen & Poncy : It is common in French Guiana .
- Monstera boliviana Rusby : It occurs in Bolivia and Peru.
- Monstera buseyi Croat & Grayum : It is distributed from Costa Rica to Panama .
- Monstera cenepensis Croat : It is common in northern Peru.
- Monstera costaricensis (Engl. & K.Krause) Croat & Grayum : It is common in Costa Rica.
- Delicious window leaf or large window leaf ( Monstera deliciosa Liebm. , Syn .: Monstera lennea C. Koch) : It is common in Mexico.
- Monstera dissecta (Schott) Croat & Grayum : It iswidespreadin the Neotropics .
- Monstera dubia (Kunth) Engl. & K.Krause : It is common in the Neotropics.
- Monstera egregia Schott : It occurs in Mexico and Belize.
- Monstera epipremnoides Engl .: It is common in Costa Rica.
- Monstera filamentosa Croat & Grayum : It is distributed from Costa Rica to Colombia.
- Monstera florescanoana Croat, T.Krömer & Acebey : It occurs only in the Mexican state of Veracruz .
- Monstera glaucescens Croat & Grayum : It is distributed from Nicaragua to Panama.
- Monstera gracilis Engl .: It iswidespreadfrom Venezuela to Peru.
- Monstera integrifolia Zuluaga & Croat : The species first described in 2018 occurs in Costa Rica and Panama.
- Monstera kessleri Croat : It is common in Bolivia .
- Monstera lechleriana Schott: It is distributed from Mexico to Venezuela and Bolivia.
- Monstera lentii Croat & Grayum : It is distributed from Costa Rica to Panama.
- Monstera limitaris M.Cedeño : The species first described in 2018 occurs in Costa Rica and Panama.
- Monstera luteynii Madison : It is common in Costa Rica.
- Monstera maderaverde Grayum & Karney : It is common in Honduras.
- Monstera membranacea Madison : It is distributed from Costa Rica to Panama.
- Monstera minima Madison : It is distributed from Panama to Colombia.
- Monstera molinae Croat & Grayum : It is distributed from Costa Rica to Panama.
- Holey window leaf ( Monstera obliqua (Miq.) Walp. , Syn. Monstera expilata Schott ): It is widespread in tropical South America.
- Monstera oreophila Madison : It is distributed from Costa Rica to Panama.
- Monstera pinnatipartita Schott : It is widespread in the Neotropics.
- Monstera pittieri Engl .: It is distributed from Costa Rica to Colombia.
- Monstera planadensis Croat : It is common in Colombia.
- Monstera praetermissa E.G. Gonç. & Temponi : It is common in Brazil.
- Monstera punctulata (Schott) Schott ex Engl .: It is distributed from Mexico to Central America.
- Monstera siltepecana Matuda : It is distributed from Mexico to Central America.
- Monstera spruceana (Schott) Engl .: It is common in the Neotropics.
- Monstera standleyana G.S.Bunting : It is common in Central America.
- Monstera subpinnata (Schott) Engl .: It is distributed from Ecuador to Bolivia.
- Monstera tenuis C. Koch : It is widespread from Nicaragua to Panama.
- Monstera tuberculata Lundell : It is distributed from Mexico to Central America.
- Monstera vasquezii Croat : It is common in northern Peru.
- Monstera xanthospatha Madison : It is common in Colombia.
use
The first Monstera specimens reached Europe from Mexico at the beginning of the 19th century; it was Monstera deliciosa . They have been cultivated in European nurseries since 1848. The delicious window leaf ( Monstera deliciosa ) is very common as a houseplant or as an ornamental plant in tropical parks and gardens; other species are also used as an ornamental plant.
The fruits of Monstera deliciosa are - as the specific epithet already suggests - edible and are sold in markets in some countries at very high prices.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Yasin J. Nasir: Monstera at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ a b Monstera: Hemi-Epiphyt - online at the Botanical Garden Munich-Nymphenburg .
- ↑ a b c d e f MH Grayum: Araceae . In: BE Hammel, MH Grayum, C. Herrera, N. Zamora (eds.): Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Volume II. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, 2003, ISBN 1-930723-22-9 (online) .
- ↑ Volume 2, p. 470: First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ↑ Monstera at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2012.
- ↑ Monstera in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Monstera. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 14, 2020.
- ↑ a b c d Walter Erhardt among others: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names . Volume 2. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
