Fire lily

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Fire lily
Lilium bulbiferum var. Bulbiferum

Lilium bulbiferum var. Bulbiferum

Systematics
Monocots
Order : Lily-like (Liliales)
Family : Lily family (Liliaceae)
Subfamily : Lilioideae
Genre : Lilies ( Lilium )
Type : Fire lily
Scientific name
Lilium bulbiferum
L.

The Fire Lily ( Lilium bulbiferum ) is a plant type from the kind of the lilies ( Lilium ) in the section Liriotypus (candidum section) . The plant is widespread in European mountains from the Pyrenees through Central Europe to the Balkans and in Transylvania .

description

The fire lily is a perennial , herbaceous plant that grows between 20 and 90, rarely up to 120 centimeters. The white onion is egg-shaped, its scales are wide and pointed. From spring onwards the plant forms a red or black spotted, upright stem with woolly hair in the upper area . The alternately arranged, linear to linear-lanceolate leaves are up to 10 centimeters long in the lower part, higher leaves remain shorter.

May-July appear in a flat doldigen inflorescence one to five flowers with short-haired or bald flower stems. The hermaphroditic, threefold and odorless flowers have six upright bracts ( tepals ), the outer ones are somewhat narrower than the inner ones. They reach four to six centimeters in length, are bright red or yellow-red and have dark brown, hairy papillae on the upper side . The nectar gutter is eyelashed. The stamens are about half as long as the tepals, anthers red, the pen is a little longer than the stamens.

Obvious, about four centimeters long, blunt-edged capsule fruits are formed. The seeds of the fire lilies germinate delayed - hypogean . The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.

ecology

The fire lily is a scentless exception among the otherwise strongly scented species of the genus Lilium . The plant is pollinated by butterflies that settle on one of the bracts. If the flower is arranged diagonally upright, the insect will sit on the lower bract. At the base of each tepalum there is a nectar trough into which the pollinator inserts its proboscis and thus gets the nectar.

A special feature of the species is that it attracts ants of the genera Myrmica , Lasius and Formica through primitive nectaries at the tips of the leaves and the tepals of young flower buds . Possibly this serves to protect against predators like the lily chicken .

distribution

Lilium bulbiferum in the biotope , a slope meadow in the Rhön

The fire lily is the most widespread wild lily in Europe. The plant is particularly widespread in the mountains of southern and, more rarely, central Europe from the Pyrenees via Corsica and the Apennines to the northern Balkans . Rare in the northern peripheral Alps, scattered in the southern peripheral Alps. In places, like in the Dolomites , it is often to be found. In Austria the fire lily occurs as the real fire lily ( Lilium bulbiferum var. Bulbiferum ) scattered or rarely in all federal states except Vienna and possibly in Burgenland . It is partially protected here.

In fields, the species is distributed as Lilium bulbiferum var. Croceum as far as north-west Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony) and parts of the Netherlands (provinces of Groningen and Drente ). These stocks have declined extremely and are considered to be severely threatened. Most likely they are naturalized, the original growth outside the Alps is controversial. It also occurs wild in Scandinavia.

Locations and plant sociology

The plant thrives on mountain meadows, debris fields, rocks and bushes from the plain up to an altitude of about 2400 meters (colline to subalpine altitude). The fire lily prefers limestone soils in warm and sunny locations, but also grows on weakly acidic soils.

It is a character species of the association Bupleuro longifolii-Laserpitietum latifolii , but the main occurrences are found in the Association of Mountain Gold Oat Meadows ( Polygono Trisetion ) and in the order Alpine Blue Grass Turf ( Seslerietalia albicantis ).

Lilium bulbiferum var. Bulbiferum from South Tyrol
Lilium bulbiferum var. Croceum in the Spanish Pyrenees

Systematics

The epithet of the species refers to the ability of Nominatunterart , Achselbulben train for the propagation and goes back to vorlinneische times, it can already be found at Caspar ileocecal in his Pinax theatri botanici of the 1,623th

In Combers classical division of the class of 1949, the Fire Lily became the Caucasus lilies of the section Liriotypus asked. The decisive factors here were not just morphological, but above all geographical aspects. Molecular genetic studies, however, underpin the close relationship, suspected by Stephen Haw , among others, with Lilium pensylvanicum (with which the fire lily can also hybridize) and also with Lilium maculatum . However , there is no closer relationship to the other species of the Liriotype section .

Two varieties are distinguished in the literature:

  • Real fire lily , meadow fire lily ( Lilium bulbiferum var. Bulbiferum ). The nominate carries in the upper leaf axils breeding nodules ( bulbils ) that mature fall to the ground and can arise from which flowering size after two to three years onions. The flower spots are dark brown, the capsule fruit blunt-edged. It is mainly represented in the Eastern Alps from the montane to subalpine altitude.
  • Crocus fire lily , field fire lily ( Lilium bulbiferum var. Croceum (Chaix) Pers. ). It seldom carries brood nodules. The flower spots are black, the capsule fruit sharp-edged. It is mainly represented in the southwest and western Alps from the colline to subalpine altitude. It is more common than the nominate form.

The occasionally mentioned particularly in older literature varieties var. Chaixii (Elwes) Stoker : (smaller form of the Maritime Alps , up to 50 cm) or var. Giganteum N.Terracc. : (huge form from the Naples area , up to 180 cm) are largely no longer recognized today.

  • Young plant of Lilium bulbiferum var. Bulbiferum

  • Lilium bulbiferum var. Bulbiferum from Lower Austria

  • Close up of the Lilium bulbiferum var. Bulbiferum

  • Lilium bulbiferum var. Croceum on a sand field

  • Close up of Lilium bulbiferum var. Croceum in Oisans

Meaning, history, culture

As the only lily native to the Netherlands , it was widespread as a motif in Flemish-Dutch painting, and the herbalists of the 16th century also depicted the “ goldt gilg ”. The Fire Lily is also in the poem meaning noise of Else Lasker-Schüler mentioned. Today it is popular as a robust garden plant.

The species forms stem roots and should therefore be planted 10–15 cm deep. It tolerates both acidic and calcareous soils and, unlike most other species, even loam. Since it produces plenty of bulbs , it should be divided every 3–4 years.

There are crosses with Lilium umbellatum , the very similar Lilium maculatum and Lilium davidii wilmottiae, and so the fire lilies came into the ancestry of most Asiatic lilies .

Ethnobotany

The folk names used in Austria, Germany and Switzerland include: Berg-Ilga, Donnerblume, Donnerrose, Fanzognia, Feldlilie, Fiur di San Giuan, Füür-Ilga, Yellow Gilgen, Goldrose, Machoja, Rot-Ilgä, Steirose, Tulipana, Wild Gilgen.

The fire lily is part of the so-called " midsummer tuft ". This is thrown into the midsummer bonfire to keep storms away. Because of its fiery red color, the plant is said to attract lightning, which is why it should not be brought indoors.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Gustav Hegi: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Volume II Part 2, 2nd edition. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich 1939, pp. 298–299.
  2. ^ Edward A. McRae: Lilies. A Guide for Growers and Collectors. Timber Press, Portland / Oregon, 1998, ISBN 0-88192-410-5 , p. 117.
  3. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer: Plant-sociological excursion flora. 8th edition. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , p. 131.
  4. ↑ Dieter Heß: Alpine flowers - Recognize - Understand - Protect. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3243-5 .
  5. ↑ Erich-Wilhelm Ricek: Extrafloral nectaries in Lilium bulbiferum. In: Communications from the Botanical Working Group at the Upper Austrian State Museum Linz. Volume 6, Issue 1, 1974, pp. 53-57 ( Online PDF ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ))
  6. ^ Oskar Angerer, Thomas Muer: Alpine plants. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8001-3374-1 .
  7. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 1038 .
  8. ↑ a b Fire Lily. In: FloraWeb.de.
  9. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 (reprint: ISBN 3-937872-16-7 ).
  10. ↑ Tomotaro Nishikawa et al: A Molecular Phylogeny of Lilium in the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA. In: J Mol Evol. 49, 1999, pp. 238-249.
  11. ^ Manfred A. Fischer , Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  12. ↑ a b Derek Fox: Growing lilies. Croom Helm, Beckenham 1985, p. 94.
  13. ↑ Elfrune Wendelberger: Alpine plants - flowers, grasses, dwarf shrubs. Frankfurt am Main 1984, ISBN 3-7632-2975-2 .

Web links

Commons : Fire Lily ( Lilium bulbiferum )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files