Women's movement in the Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau

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In the course of the 1968s , the Protestant church developed its own women's movement , which represented similar content to the autonomous women's movement , but in some cases also set other priorities. In the Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau (EKHN), she made a significant contribution to the abandonment of traditional theological positions on the relationship between the sexes and equal participation of men and women spreading in committees and offices. The Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau was the first regional church to fully equate women and men in the pastoral office, and also the first to officially incorporate church blessings for homosexual couples into the way of life in 2002. Many impulses from Hessen and Nassau radiated into other regional churches and ensured public discussions, such as the Bible in Just Language project .

Central concerns and effects

The evangelical feminist movement has from 1968 to the 1990s changed in many ways the church. The relationship between the autonomous women's movement and the church women's movement was a constructive, complementary action by those involved. There were demands for gender-equitable participation in society and the church.

The women's movement in the Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau pursued both theological and ecclesiastical issues. From a theological point of view, the main aim was to dissolve androcentric images of God and to explicitly consider the world of women in theology. One focus was on the political consequences of Christian convictions, which was expressed in the commitment to peace and justice in the world. In terms of church politics, the evangelical women's movement demanded equal access for women to all offices and bodies, the introduction of new, inclusive liturgies and the introduction of gender-sensitive language in church publications.

The results are also particularly noteworthy within the framework of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD). In 1997 the Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau was one of the first member churches of the EKD to pass an equality law. A new church order in gender-equitable language was drawn up and established in 2002. Outstanding at EKD level is the nationwide project on the Bible in Just Language , headed from 2001 to 2006 by Hanne Köhler .

Initiated by the autonomous women's movement in Germany, peace initiatives, liberation theology and the international movement Frauenkirche / Womenchurch and feminist theology , the women brought about a collaboration between full-time and voluntary volunteers . Through networks , initiatives and actions they have changed the structures of the constituted church and demanded new positions. These include the implementation of a women's hearing with 500 people in 1986, the establishment of a peace pastoral office in 1987, the establishment of the EVAngelische Frauenbegegnungszentrum in Frankfurt am Main and the establishment of a work place for women in the church from 1990 to 2004 as well as the establishment of an equal opportunities department in the EKHN. The changes also include the history of the theologians and pastors and the development of women's ordination in the EKHN.

Philosophical basics

From self-organized networks and women's groups in the 1968s, the women's forums at the Protestant Church Days and women's workshops at the Church Days in Frankfurt am Main in 1987 and 2001 and research in the university sector, Christian feminist theology , combined with the theory of science and contextual theology . The first international publications and movements of women religiously committed were in the USA and Europe. Based on the initiative of Elisabeth Moltmann-Wendel , the first German publication Freedom, Equality, Sisterhood was an important impetus for feminist theology.

Other important publications with criteria for a feminist interpretation of the Bible are the two volumes Read Feministically from 1988 and 1989, edited by Eva Renate Schmidt and others

A strong spirit of optimism developed among church women. Evangelical women's work in Hesse and Nassau played a special role. The 16 women's groups organized here aimed for a fundamental reorganization of the entire women's landscape in the EKHN. The newly established networks did not see themselves supported by the old structures either. This resulted in a movement of the previous women's organizations.

From 1988 to 1998 the Ecumenical Decade of Solidarity of the Churches with Women was proclaimed by the World Council of Churches in Geneva . The EKHN joined the decade. In the 8th Church Synod, the anchoring of feminist theology at a university in the area of ​​the EKHN was advocated. This led to the establishment of the Association for the Promotion of Feminist Theology in Research and Teaching in 1996. V. The then synodal Heidi Rosenstock was an important initiator .

Since 2001, the association has awarded the Leonore Siegele Wenschkewitz Prize every two years for scientific projects that advance theological research on women and gender studies in a special way . The association is also committed to the establishment of a pastoral office for theological research on women at the Evangelical Theological Faculty of the University of Mainz and Frankfurt in 2002 . The position was held by Kerstin Söderblom and Simone Mantei.

Since the beginning of the women's movement, it has been an indispensable requirement to increase the proportion of women in church leadership positions. Full-time and voluntary women are committed to this. In 1980, Waltraud Frodien became the first female dean of the EKHN in Frankfurt am Main and thus the first female dean in Germany and Europe.

Women's Church Movement, Workshops Feminist Theology and Feminist Liturgy

Hand-made flyer for the 10th anniversary of the Frankfurt Women's Network in 1995. Source: Private collection / archive

Starting in the international Womenchurch movement in the USA , Switzerland and Latin America , the feminist-theological movement began to establish itself in the Protestant Church with the feminist-theological workshops since 1979. The women's church movement was concerned with developing a model for a reform of the church based on feminist and theological grounds. Misogynist theological traditions should be reflected on and women's lifestyles should no longer be theologically devalued. The women demanded equality and participation in the church. The Frauenkirche could be experienced above all in the liturgical area, in church services for which women are responsible in the congregations, in services on the World Day of Prayer for women , at women's conferences and in feminist liturgy groups. New texts and song books were published.

The Feminist Theology workshop has existed within the EKHN since 1983 . Its founders are Eva Renate Schmidt, Hella Spitta, Ute Knie, Renate Jost , Helga Engler-Heidle and others. The Feminist Theology workshop was offered annually from 1985 to 2001 by the Frankfurt Women's Parish Office , later the EVAngelisches Frauenbegegnungszentrum Frankfurt . It was prepared and carried out by a voluntary preparatory group under the leadership of the Frankfurt women's pastor Engler-Heidle. The 80 to 120 participants came from a wide variety of professional groups and phases of life, aged 18 to 80. The women's workshop created a strong potential for change, both politically and theologically.

A selection of workshop topics:

  • 1984 Women move and are moved
  • 1986 Get up with me, go with me
  • 1987 With anger and love
  • 1988 rivalry and solidarity among women
  • 1989 Woman makes church - does woman make church?

Half a project center for women-specific pastoral care and liturgy was set up by the EKHN in Wiesbaden in 1996 . After Pastor Annette Majewski had initiated and carried out the Feminist Theological Saturday with Heide Hintze from Evangelical Adult Education since 1988 , she became the owner of the project until 2003. The task was to develop new models of church work with women in the city. This included meditation offers, the organization of International Women's Day and exhibitions and projects with women of different nationalities and cultures.

In 2000, the Evangelical Women's Aid in Hessen and Nassau e. V. a full-time position charged with the task of pursuing feminist theology and lived spirituality of women as an important concern in the association. The distance learning Feminist Theology was carried out from 2008 to 2009 in cooperation with the EVAngelische Frauenbegegnungszentrum Frankfurt.

Milestones

  • In 1972 Ursula Merck, chairwoman of the Evangelical Women's Aid in Hesse and Nassau e. V., appointed as the first honorary woman to the church leadership.
  • In 1977 the women's pastoral office in Frankfurt am Main, which had existed since 1950, was redesigned. Jutta Jürges-Helm and the following pastors supported the numerous networks and in particular the political initiatives of women in the EKHN. An important focus was the examination of patriarchal theology and the search for new approaches to the Bible and faith.
  • In 1982 the EKHN's first female pastors' day took place. Since then, annual female pastors' days have followed. There were also discourses on women in the pastoral office and their influence in the church.
  • In 1986 Eva Renate Schmidt was the first woman to run for the position of deputy church president of the EKHN Synod. Although she was defeated, she was elected Deputy President of the Synod in the same year .
  • 1987 Helga Trösken first Provost in the Evangelical Church in Germany and was the first woman in the episcopate in the Evangelical Church in Germany.
  • In 1987 the post of peace pastor was established. The first peace pastor of the EKHN was Cordelia Kopsch. In 2006 she was elected the first deputy church president.
  • In 1990, Esther Gebhardt became the first chairwoman of the Evangelical Regional Association of Frankfurt am Main through election in the regional assembly.
  • Same-sex couples have been blessed in the EKHN since 2002. In 2013, the EKHN was the first regional church in Germany to equate the blessing with the marriage of same-sex couples.
  • The Protestant women's movement publicized its activities through the church press and attracted attention. Antje Schrupp , who became the first woman to volunteer at the Evangelical Press Association in 1985, played an important role in this .

Actions and initiatives

In 1977/1978, Ursula Trautwein from Frankfurt initiated the protest action Don't buy the fruits of apartheid . Co-initiators were Ursula Merck, Elisabeth Hanusch, Jutta Jürges-Helm, Christa Springe and many others.

In 1985 Ute Knie, Andrea Braunberger-Myers and Irene Dannemann founded the network women in the EKHN.

In six-monthly meetings until 1996, the initiative groups such as B. the real church and women’s political actions such as the candidacy of Eva Renate Schmidt as deputy church president or as deputy president and the candidacy of women in leadership positions within the framework of the Ecumenical Decade of Churches with Women.

The women's peace initiative group

A particularly active and successful group was the Women's Peace Initiative . In 1983, the first women's workshop on feminist theology in Gelnhausen organized a day of resistance for women in the church administration in Darmstadt . Around 40 women came to an action with their children and handed over a letter of protest to the church leadership. In it they demanded that the church leadership take a position against the stationing of additional medium-range missiles . In December 1983 this led to the establishment of the national initiative group Women Peace . It was based on the protagonists and predecessors of the peace movement and the international women's peace marches with the movement of the peace women from Baden On the Road for Life .

The Women's Peace Group met regularly once a month for twenty years until 2003. This initiative in the EKHN pursued church political goals. The group demanded from the church leadership a peace pastor in the EKHN, the establishment of a women's department and participation in an advisory board, an increase in the proportion of women in full-time and voluntary management functions and targeted promotion and support for volunteers.

There were further actions in 1988/1989 within the framework of the Council Process for Peace, Justice, Integrity of Creation of the World Council of Churches (WCC) and the Working Group of Christian Churches (ACK). At the beginning the initiative group included Ute Knie, Irmingard Eitel, Ursula Hauptmann, Renate Heesemann, Madeleine Gengenbach, Marlene von Oettingen, Marliese Platzöder, Marianne von Schwichow and others after met. In 1986 the first women’s hearing took place in Darmstadt. as well as called for by the Women's Peace Initiative and many others. 450 women and 50 men were present. The church leadership heard what women demanded and how they imagined a women-friendly and women-just church. The demands were again:

  • Establishment of a peace pastor and occupation by a woman
  • Appropriate representation of full-time and honorary women in church governing bodies
  • Establishment of a women's department
  • Introduction of the quota for women
  • Appreciation of volunteering and better conditions for volunteers

The group's demands were officially presented to the church leadership. In 1987 the EKHN church leadership appointed an advisory board to promote the fellowship of women and men in the church. On the advisory board, among others, Renate Heesemann and Madeleine Gengenbach from the women's peace group worked to prepare an equality law Marianne von Schwichow. In 1996 the wave of protests for the women's workplace was carried out.

Special institutional anchoring through impulses from the women's movement

  • In 1987 a pastorate / post for peace work was set up, which is located in what is now the Center for Ecumenism . The first peace pastor was Cordelia Kopsch.
  • In 1997 the EVAngelische Frauenbegegnungszentrum Frankfurt am Main opened in the center of the city. The women's pastoral office (founded in 1950) and the working group women in work (founded in 1968) merged. The first manager was Helga Engler-Heidle. Together with Christa Bralant von Frau im Beruf and other full-time and voluntary women from women's work in Frankfurt am Main, she pushed the project forward with the support of the Evangelical Regional Association. Protestant women distinguished themselves in public space and became visible and audible at a central point. To this day, women with different ways of life and different religious backgrounds meet here. Feminist and feminist-theological positions are discussed. Current political issues and actions, but also creative and leisure activities have space in the EVA . The spiritual focus is the monthly ecumenical women's service in the old Nikolaikirche on the Römerberg .
  • From 2001 to 2006 the theologian Hanne Köhler received a position for the nationwide sensational project Bible in Just Language . The EKHN financed the project site, in addition to self-organized funding. The Righteous Language Bible was published in 2006.
  • In January 2005 the Evangelical Women's Aid in Hessen and Nassau e. V. and the Evangelical Women's Work in Hesse and Nassau to form the joint Association of Evangelical Women in Hesse and Nassau e. V. together. The mediation and further development of feminist theology has been included in the new statutes as an indispensable task of the association. This was preceded by the establishment of a project center for support and development work for a general association for women by the EKHN in 2001, initiated by the Protestant women's work in Hesse and Nassau. Engler-Heidle was commissioned with the various women's institutions and associations to push ahead with the restructuring of the women's landscape in the EKHN Women Working Group .

The Workplace Women in the Church

In 1989 the EKHN Synod decided on four positions (a theologian, a social scientist, a lawyer, a clerk) for a job women in the church with good staffing . Accompanied by a voluntary advisory board, the Women in Church Office started its work in 1991. Employees were Ulrike Hofmann, Charlotte Mania, Katrin Ader, Christel Ledig, Maren Cirkel, Christiane Wessels, Ingrid Schäfer and others

The agency held a second women's hearing in 1995. The topics of the two women's hearings were taken up and dealt with in the following years. The General Equal Treatment Act was the most important project, along with various hearings on the situation of volunteers, the Decade of Solidarity of the Church with Women and their concerns, and the issue of violence against women and Christian tradition. A mentoring project was carried out and a handout on feminist theology was published. The demands from the women's hearing on volunteering and the Forum Lust auf Ehrenamt in 1994 were taken up by the Women’s Office and in 2006 led to the establishment of the EKHN volunteer academy, one of the first volunteer academies in the Evangelical Church in Germany. A great deal of commitment from the employees was necessary in order to bring a gender-specific perspective into the committees.

In 2004 the job was closed. The equality work was located in the Equal Opportunities staff area. As a result of the restructuring of women's work, from 2005 onwards, some topics were addressed by the Evangelical Women in Hesse and Nassau e. V., the current Equal Opportunities Unit of the EKHN and located in the Education Center of the EKHN .

In January 2005 the Evangelical Women's Aid in Hessen and Nassau e. V. and the Evangelical Women's Work in Hesse and Nassau to form the joint Association of Evangelical Women in Hesse and Nassau e. V. together. The mediation and further development of feminist theology has been included in the new statutes as an indispensable task of the association.

Laws and Regulations

Since January 1, 1969, celibacy for women in parish ministry in the EKHN has been abolished. At the end of 1970 the Synod of the EKHN passed the Church Law to align the rights of women in the parish office to the rights of pastors in the EKHN. The law came into force on January 1, 1971. The EKHN was the first regional church in the EKD, in which women and men were treated equally in the pastoral office. After intensive discussions, various steps were taken in the synod of the EKHN to achieve full equality between women and men. In 1997 the Synod was the first member church of the EKD to pass the ecclesiastical law on equality between women and men, which was revised in 2005. Finally, in 2012 the Church Law for the Promotion of Equal Opportunities for Men and Women (ChGlG) was passed. In order to enforce equal opportunities in the committees of the church, an ordinance was issued in 2016 for gender-equitable composition of committees in the EKHN. As early as 2002, the Synod had rewritten the church order in fair language based on suggestions and demands from the ranks of committed women and men. A very important demand of the women's movement in the EKHN was the strengthening of voluntary work. After several hearings and many negotiations in the synod, the honorary office law was passed in 2003 . The volunteer academy was established in 2006. The first manager, Engler-Heidle, developed a structure with 18 regional locations.

Sources / literature / media

  • Christiane Drewello-Merkel, Sylvia Puchert (ed.): 100 years on the right track. Evangelical women in Hesse and Nassau and their history . Darmstadt 2007, ISBN 3-934083-09-9 .
  • Helga Engler-Heidle, Marlies Flesch-Thebesius (ed.): Women in gowns. A piece of Frankfurt church history . Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 3-922179-29-0 .
  • Helga Engler-Heidle: About equality and influence. A century of women , in: Jürgen Telschow (ed.): Everything has its time. 100 years of Protestant parishes in the old Frankfurt city area . Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-922179-31-2 .
  • Jutta Flatters: Frauenkirche , in: Schlangenbrut e. V. (ed.): Brood of snakes. Polemic for women interested in feminism and religion , No. 28. Münster 1990, pp. 20–27.
  • Elisabeth Gössmann (ed.): Dictionary of feminist theology . Gütersloh 2002, ISBN 3-579-00285-6 .
  • Elisabeth Moltmann-Wendel: freedom, equality, sisterhood. For the emancipation of women . Kaiser Traktate 25, Munich 1977, ISBN 3-459-01112-2 .
  • Ute Knie (ed.): Let us hear your voice. Workshop book Feminist Theology . Gütersloh 1999, pp. 11-12, ISBN 3-579-03097-3 .
  • Herta Leistner (ed.): Let your strength be felt. Feminist liturgy. Basics - arguments - suggestions . Gütersloh 1997, ISBN 3-579-00544-8 .
  • Simone Mantei, Kristin Bergmann: Equality in the ministry . Supplementary volume 1 to the atlas of equality between women and men in the EKD . Hanover 2017. As digitized version (as of August 18, 2017).
  • Gisela Matthiae ao: Feminist Theology. Initiatives, churches, universities - a success story . Gütersloh 2008, ISBN 978-3-579-08032-1 .
  • Eva Renate Schmidt, Mieke Korenhof, Renate Jost (eds.): Read feminist. 32 selected Bible texts for groups, congregations and church services , vol. 1. Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-7831-0949-3 , as well as vol. 2, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-7831-0909-4 .
  • Antje Schrupp: Future of the women's movement . Rüsselsheim 2004, ISBN 3-922499-75-9 .
  • Antje Schrupp: What if? About desire and the conditions of female freedom . Sulzbach 2009, ISBN 978-3-89741-292-7 .
  • Elisabeth Schüssler-Fiorenza: In your memory. A feminist theological reconstruction of Christian origins . Gütersloh 1993, ISBN 3579020730 .
  • Central archive of the EKHN: protocol book Women-Peace, all actions and discussions with the church leadership were recorded. Inventory 178, No. 547.
  • Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau e. V. (Ed.): Bye Bye and everything will be different - right ?: The women’s job in the EKHN Church ends its work . Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-934083-06-4 .
  • The timeline in History of Protestant Women in the Church in Hesse and Nassau , in a nutshell , in: Christiane Drewello-Merkel, Silvia Puchert (ed.): 100 years on a good course. Evangelical women in Hesse and Nassau and their history . Darmstadt 2007, pp. 208-211, ISBN 3-934083-09-9 .
  • Another timeline in: Anna Karena Müller, Gisela Matthiae: Data on the history of feminist theology in Germany , pp. 386–390, in: Renate Jost, Claudia Janssen, Antje Röckemann et al. (Eds.): Feministische Theologie. Initiatives, churches, universities - a success story. Gütersloh 2008, ISBN 3579080326 .
  • Annette Majewski, Heide Hintze (ed.): 12 years Feminist Theological Saturday , documentation. Wiesbaden 2000.
  • Annette Majewski, Dagmar Sydow: Women take the floor. 'International Women's Day Services on March 8, 1998 , Documentation. Wiesbaden 1998.
  • Annette Majewski (ed.): Frech und Fromm. 2000 years of FrauenLEBEN in Wiesbaden . Catalog for the exhibition from 8. – 29. March 2001. Wiesbaden 2001.
  • Annette Majewski (ed.): Home away from home. Guest workers and their history in Wiesbaden. Catalog for the exhibition from 8. – 29. March 2003 in Wiesbaden City Hall. Wiesbaden 2003.
  • Documentary We are not brothers after all - Protestant women seek their way in the church . Hessischer Rundfunk, Frankfurt / Main, 1984. Editor: Helwig Wegner. VHS No. 4200635.
  • Ute Knie, Helga Engler-Heidle (ed.): Women's movement in the EKHN. Accompanying publication to the "women's movement online". Darmstadt 2020, ISBN 978-3-87390-431-6

Web links

Wikisource: Women's Movement  - Sources and Full Texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ www.ekhn.de/glaube/trauung/segnung-gleichgeschlechtlicher.html (as of September 2, 2017).
  2. ↑ Christiane Drewello-Merkel, Sylvia Puchert (ed.): 100 years on a good course. Evangelical women in Hesse and Nassau and their history . Darmstadt 2007, p. 205, ISBN 3-934083-09-9 .
  3. ↑ Gisela Matthiae, Renate Jost, Claudia Jansen and others (eds.): Feminist theology: initiatives, churches, universities - a success story . Gütersloh 2008, ISBN 978-3-579-08032-1 .
  4. ^ Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau e. V. (Ed.): Bye Bye and everything will be different - right ?: The women’s job in the EKHN Church ends its work . Frankfurt am Main 2005, p. 10, ISBN 3-934083-06-4 .
  5. ↑ Ibid., P. 12.
  6. ↑ Eva Quistorp: Women for Peace. Analyzes, documents and actions from the women's peace movement . Frankfurt 1982, ISBN 3-88704-101-1 .
  7. ↑ Rosemary Radford Ruether: Women Church. Theology and Practice of Feminist Liturgical Communities . Harper and Row 1988. German translation: Heal our wounds, celebrate our liberation. Celebrate rituals in the Frauenkirche . Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-7831-0931-0
  8. ↑ Rosemary Radford Ruether: Sexism and God-Talk. Toward a Feminist Theology . Boston 1983, ISBN 978-0807012055 . German translation: Rosemary Radford Ruether: Sexism and the talk of God. Steps to Another Theology . Gütersloh 1996, ISBN 3579004883 .
  9. ↑ Office for Adult Education of the EKHN (ed.): Women's hearing in the Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau. Documentation and suggestions for working with groups . Darmstadt 1986.
  10. ↑ Helga Engler-Heidle, Marlies Flesch-Thebesius (ed.): Women in the gown. A piece of Frankfurt church history . Series of publications of the Evangelical Regional Association Frankfurt am Main. Frankfurt am Main 1997, p. 274, ISBN 3-922179-29-0 .
  11. ↑ Christiane Drewello-Merkel, Sylvia Puchert (ed.): 100 years on a good course. Evangelical women in Hesse and Nassau and their history . Darmstadt 2007, pp. 216f., ISBN 3-934083-09-9 .
  12. ^ Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau e. V. (Ed.): Bye Bye and everything will be different - right ?: The women’s job in the EKHN Church ends its work . Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-934083-06-4 .
  13. ↑ www.ekhn.de/ueber-uns/aufbau-der-landeskirche/Kirchenverwaltung/Chancengleichheit.html (as of September 7, 2017).
  14. ↑ Helga Engler-Heidle, Marlies Flesch-Thebesius (ed.): Women in the gown. A piece of Frankfurt church history . Series of publications of the Evangelical Regional Association Frankfurt am Main. Frankfurt am Main 1997, pp. 16ff., ISBN 3-922179-29-0 .
  15. ↑ Eva von Harrach, Gesine Hefft: See the women. Documentation of the women's workshop at the Frankfurt Kirchentag 1987 , in: German Evangelical Working Group for Adult Education (ed.): Information paper No. 70/71. Karlsruhe 1987.
  16. ↑ Annette Neff, Helga Engler-Heidle: Women's workshop at the Kirchentag 1987 , in: Christiane Drewello-Merkel, Sylvia Puchert (ed.): 100 years on a good course. Evangelical women in Hesse and Nassau and their history . Darmstadt 2007, p. 119, ISBN 3-934083-09-9 .
  17. ↑ Christine Bergerau: Women's forum and women's workshops of the German Church Congress , in: Renate Jost, Claudia Janssen, Antje Röckemann et al. (Ed.): Feministische Theologie. Initiatives, churches, universities - a success story. Gütersloh 2008, pp. 59–65, ISBN 3579080326 .
  18. ^ Renate Jost, Claudia Janssen, Antje Röckemann et al. (Eds.): Feminist Theology. Initiatives, churches, universities - a success story. Gütersloh 2008, ISBN 3579080326 .
  19. ^ Elisabeth Moltmann-Wendel: Freedom, equality, sisterhood. For the emancipation of women . Kaiser Traktate 25, Munich 1977, ISBN 3-459-01112-2 .
  20. ^ Eva Renate Schmidt, Mieke Korenhof, Renate Jost (eds.): Feminist read , Volume 1 and Volume 2. Stuttgart 1988 and 1989.
  21. ↑ Christiane Drewello-Merkel, Sylvia Puchert (ed.): 100 years on a good course. Evangelical women in Hesse and Nassau and their history . Darmstadt 2007, pp. 24-27, ISBN 3-934083-09-9 .
  22. ↑ Women in the Church (Ed.): Accounting. The ecumenical decade of solidarity between the churches and women 1988-1998 in the Evangelical Church of Hesse and Nassau . Darmstadt 1999.
  23. ↑ Helga Engler-Heidle: The Effects of the Ecumenical Decade of Solidarity of the Churches with Women 1988-1989 in the EKHN , in: Christiane Drewello-Merkel, Silvia Puchert: 100 years on a good course. Evangelical women in Hesse and Nassau and their history . Darmstadt 2007, p. 212f., ISBN 3-934083-09-9 .
  24. ^ Karl Heinrich Schäfer: Women in the Church as a synodal theme. From the necessary duty to the indispensable component in: Sigrid Düringer, Hanne Köhler (eds.): Integrated into the bundle of the living . Festschrift for Heidi Rosenstock's 70th birthday. Arnoldshain 2002, pp. 67-73.
  25. ↑ Christiane Wessels: The Association for the Promotion of Feminist Theology in Research and Teaching e. V. In: Christiane Drewello-Merkel, Silvia Puchert: 100 years on the right track. Evangelical women in Hesse and Nassau and their history . Darmstadt 2007, p. 31, ISBN 3-934083-09-9 .
  26. ^ Karl Heinrich Schäfer: Women in the Church as a synodal theme. From the necessary duty to the indispensable component in: Sigrid Düringer, Hanne Köhler (eds.): Integrated into the bundle of the living . Festschrift for Heidi Rosenstock's 70th birthday. Arnoldshain 2002, p. 72.
  27. ↑ Helga Engler-Heidle, Marlies Flesch-Thebesius (ed.): Women in the gown. A piece of Frankfurt church history . Series of publications of the Evangelical Regional Association Frankfurt am Main. Frankfurt am Main 1997, p. 169, ISBN 3-922179-29-0 .
  28. ↑ Hildburg Wegener: On the history of the women's church movement in Germany , in: Ute Knie (ed.): Let hear your voice. Workshop book Feminist Theology . Gütersloh 1999, p. 18, ISBN 3-579-03097-3 .
  29. ↑ Herta Leistner (ed.): Women's Church and the history of feminist Christian liturgy , in: Ute Knie (ed.): Let hear your voice. Workshop book Feminist Theology . Gütersloh 1999, pp. 11-22, ISBN 3-579-03097-3 .
  30. ↑ Hildburg Wegener: On the history of the women's church movement in Germany , in: Ute Knie (ed.): Let hear your voice. Workshop book Feminist Theology . Gütersloh 1999, pp. 14f., ISBN 3-579-03097-3 .
  31. ↑ Heidi Rosenstock, Hanne Köhler: You God, friend of the people . Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-7831-1107-2 .
  32. ↑ Erhard Domay , Burkhardt Jungkurt, Hanne Köhler: Singing of your justice. The hymn book in fair language . Gütersloh 2005, ISBN 3-579-05510-0 .
  33. ↑ Ute Knie: A treasure trove of voices in the Frauenkirche , in: Let your voice be heard. Workshop book Feminist Theology . Gütersloh 1999, p. 10, ISBN 3-579-03097-3 .
  34. ↑ Helga Engler-Heidle, Marlies Flesch-Thebesius (ed.): Women in the gown. A piece of Frankfurt church history . Series of publications of the Evangelical Regional Association Frankfurt am Main. Frankfurt am Main 1997, pp. 271-281, ISBN 3-922179-29-0 .
  35. ↑ Annette Majewski, Heide Hintze (ed.): 12 years Feminist Theological Saturday , documentation. Wiesbaden 2000.
  36. ↑ Annette Majewski, Dagmar Sydow (ed.): Women take the floor. Services for International Women's Day on March 8, 1998 , documentation. Wiesbaden 1998.
  37. ↑ Annette Majewski (ed.): Heimat in der Fremde. Guest workers and their history in Wiesbaden . Catalog for the exhibition from 8.-29. March 2003 in Wiesbaden City Hall. Wiesbaden 2003.
  38. ^ Christiane Drewello-Merkel, Silvia Puchert: 100 years on the right track. Evangelical women in Hesse and Nassau and their history . Darmstadt 2007, p. 174, ISBN 3-934083-09-9 .
  39. ↑ www.evangelischefrauen.de/verbandsgeschichte (as of August 18, 2017).
  40. ↑ Helga Engler-Heidle, Marlies Flesch-Thebesius (ed.): Women in the gown. A piece of Frankfurt church history . Series of publications of the Evangelical Regional Association Frankfurt am Main. Frankfurt am Main 1997, pp. 241-253, ISBN 3-922179-29-0 .
  41. ^ Archive - Pastors' Day in the EKHN -. Retrieved September 1, 2018 .
  42. ↑ Ute Knie: The influence of the pastor on the understanding of the pastoral office. Have women changed the church? , in: Birgit Janetzky (ed.): Aufbruch der Frauen. Challenges and perspectives of feminist theology . Münster 1989, pp. 177-185, ISBN 3-923792-36-0 .
  43. ↑ Ibid., P. 14.
  44. ↑ Helga Engler-Heidle, Marlies Flesch-Thebesius (ed.): Women in the gown. A piece of Frankfurt church history . Series of publications of the Evangelical Regional Association Frankfurt am Main. Frankfurt am Main 1997, p. 181, ISBN 3-922179-29-0 .
  45. ^ Christiane Drewello-Merkel, Silvia Puchert: 100 years on the right track. Evangelical women in Hesse and Nassau and their history . Darmstadt 2007, p. 41, ISBN 3-934083-09-9 .
  46. ↑ Helga Engler-Heidle, Marlies Flesch-Thebesius (ed.): Women in the gown. A piece of Frankfurt church history . Series of publications of the Evangelical Regional Association Frankfurt am Main. Frankfurt am Main 1997, p. 195, ISBN 3-922179-29-0 .
  47. ↑ www.ekhn.de/glaube/trauung/segnung-gleichgeschlechtlicher.html (as of September 2, 2017).
  48. ↑ www.evangelischesfrankfurt.de/207/09/evangelische-kirche-in-hessen-und-nassau-fuehrt-die-trauung-fuer-alle-ein (as of September 7, 2017).
  49. ↑ www.antjeschrupp.de/radiobeitraege (as of September 2, 2017).
  50. ↑ Ursula Trautwein: Women against Apartheid: Politics with the shopping basket , in: Christiane Drewello-Merkel, Silvia Puchert: 100 years on a good course. Evangelical women in Hesse and Nassau and their history . Darmstadt 2007, p. 110f. and ibid .: Jutta Jekel, Christa Springe: Empowerment through Challenge , pp. 202f., ISBN 3-934083-09-9 ; Sebastian Tripp: Pious and Political: Christian Anti-Apartheid Groups and the Transformation of West German Protestantism 1970-1990, Göttingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-8353-1628-7 .
  51. ↑ Christiane Wessels: Chronology of the Ecumenical Decade. Churches in solidarity with women for the Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau, in the balance sheet of the Ecumenical Decade of Solidarity of the Church with Women 1988-1998 , presented by the Women in Church Office on behalf of the EKHN church leadership, Darmstadt 1999.
  52. ↑ Margarete Reinel et al. (Ed.): Can a woman become a bishop? Frankfurt 1985.
  53. ↑ Christel Lottermann: On the way for life: since 1984 pilgrims for peace and justice , in: Christiane Drewello-Merkel, Silvia Puchert: 100 years on a good course. Evangelical women in Hesse and Nassau and their history . Darmstadt 2007, p. 108f., ISBN 3-934083-09-9 .
  54. ↑ Ursula Hauptmann, Renate Heesemann: Successful women's policy in the EKHN: The women's peace group 1983-2003 , in: Christiane Drewello-Merkel, Silvia Puchert: 100 years on a good course. Evangelical women in Hesse and Nassau and their history . Darmstadt 2007, pp. 115-118, ISBN 3-934083-09-9 .
  55. ↑ Christiane Drewello-Merkel, Silvia Puchert (ed.): 100 years on the right track. Evangelical women in Hesse and Nassau and their history. Darmstadt 2007, pp. 116–118, ISBN 3-934083-09-9 , as well as the protocol book of the Frauen-Frieden group in the central archive of the EKHN, holdings 178; No. 547.
  56. ↑ Office for Adult Education of the EKHN (ed.): Women's hearing in the Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau. Documentation and suggestions for working in groups . Darmstadt 1986.
  57. ↑ Ursula Hauptmann, Renate Heesemann: Successful women's policy in the EKHN: The women's peace group , in: Christiane Drewello-Merkel, Sylvia Puchert (ed.): 100 years on a good course. Evangelical women in Hesse and Nassau and their history . Darmstadt 2007, p. 118, ISBN 3-934083-09-9 .
  58. ↑ www.zentrum-oekumene.de (as of September 2, 2017).
  59. ↑ Helga Engler-Heidle: About equality and influence , in: Jürgen Telschow (ed.): Everything has its time. 100 years of Protestant parishes in the old Frankfurt city area . Frankfurt 1999, pp. 211-213, ISBN 3-922179-31-2 , and Helga Engler-Heidle, Marlies Flesch Thebesius (ed.): Women in the gown. A piece of Frankfurt church history . Frankfurt am Main 1997, pp. 293-303, ISBN 3-922179-29-0 .
  60. ↑ Christiane Drewello-Merkel, Sylvia Puchert (ed.): 100 years on a good course. Evangelical women in Hesse and Nassau and their history . Darmstadt 2007, p. 175, ISBN 3-934083-09-9 .
  61. ↑ Sylvia Puchert: Who will be. Shaping the future together. The merging of the work of the women's association in the EKHN 2005 , in: Ibid., Pp. 24-27.
  62. ↑ Home Volunteer Academy - Volunteer Academy. Retrieved September 1, 2018 .
  63. ↑ Ursula Hauptmann, Renate Heesemann: Successful women's policy in the EKHN: The women's peace group , in: Christiane Drewello-Merkel, Sylvia Puchert (ed.): 100 years on a good course. Evangelical women in Hesse and Nassau and their history . Darmstadt 2007, p. 117, ISBN 3-934083-09-9 .
  64. ^ Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau e. V. (Ed.): Bye Bye and everything will be different - right ?: The women’s job in the EKHN Church ends its work . Darmstadt 2005, ISBN 3-934083-06-4 .
  65. ↑ www.ekhn.de/ueber-uns/aufbau-der-landeskirche/kirchenverwaltung/chancengleichheit.html (as of September 2, 2017).
  66. ↑ Christiane Drewello-Merkel, Sylvia Puchert (ed.): 100 years on a good course. Evangelical women in Hesse and Nassau and their history . Darmstadt 2007, p. 175, ISBN 3-934083-09-9 .
  67. ↑ Helga Engler-Heidle, Marlies Flesch-Thebesius (ed.): Women in the gown. A piece of Frankfurt church history . Series of publications of the Evangelical Regional Association Frankfurt am Main. Frankfurt am Main 1997, pp. 24-27, ISBN 3-922179-29-0 .
  68. ^ Maren Cirkel: 10 Years Equal Opportunities Act of the Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau , in: Christiane Drewello-Merkel, Sylvia Puchert (Ed.): 100 years on a good course. Evangelical women in Hesse and Nassau and their history . Darmstadt 2007, p. 215, ISBN 3-934083-09-9 .
  69. ^ Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau e. V. (Ed.): Bye Bye and everything will be different - right ?: The women’s job in the EKHN Church ends its work . Frankfurt am Main 2005, p. 14, ISBN 3-934083-06-4 .
  70. ↑ www.ekhn.de/ueber-uns/aufbau-der-landeskirche/kirchenverwaltung/chancengleichheit.html (as of September 2, 2017).
  71. ↑ www.ekhn.de/ueber-uns/aufbau-der-landeskirche/kirchenverwaltung/recht.html (as of September 2, 2017).
  72. ^ Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau e. V. (Ed.): Bye Bye and everything will be different - right ?: The women’s job in the EKHN Church ends its work . Frankfurt am Main 2005, p. 13, ISBN 3-934083-06-4 .
  73. ^ Church administration of the EKHN (ed.): Handbook of honorary office. A practical aid for church councils and volunteers in the EKHN . Darmstadt 2012. As a digitized version (as of August 18, 2017).