Earth smoke

Earth smoke
	Common earth smoke ( Fumaria officinalis )
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Eudicotyledons
Order :	Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family :	Poppy Family (Papaveraceae)
Subfamily :	Fumitoy (Fumarioideae)
Genre :	Earth smoke
Scientific name
	Fumaria
	L.

The fumitory ( Fumaria ), from Old High German ërderouch , "Earth smoke, pigeons goiter, Fumaria officinalis" translation of medieval Latin fumus terrae ; and this loan translation from the Greek CAPNOS / Kapnos , "smoke", so named because it upon burning the herb eyes are irritated or because of the smoky-looking gray-green leaves is the eponymous plant genus of the subfamily of fume plants (Fumarioideae) from the poppy family (Papaveraceae).

Description and ecology

Illustration of the small-flowered terrestrial smoke ( Fumaria parviflora ) from storm

Seeds of the vine-fumitory ( Fumaria capreolata )

Vegetative characteristics

They are mostly annual, rarely perennial, herbaceous plants that can grow upright, lying or climbing. The Fumarioideae have no milky sap . The sessile leaves are compound.

Generative characteristics

The racemose inflorescences are short. On the side of the zygomorphic flowers there are two small, soon-to-be-falling ("decrepit") sepals . The crown is made up of four differently shaped petals in two circles. In the Fumaria species, the upper outer petal is sack-shaped towards the back, so that a sack-shaped spur forms. The flowers are usually reddish to purple in color. A good feature to distinguish it from the Corydalis is that the flower tip is always a little darker in color. There are usually only two stamens present.

In contrast to the Corydalis (with a two- compartment pod ), the fruits of the fume are single-seeded, spherical nuts . As with the species of the related genus Corydalis , the seeds carry an elaiosome and are spread by ants.

Inflorescence of vine fumigation ( Fumaria capreolata )

Fumaria reuteri

Dark earth smoke ( Fumaria schleicheri )

Pale earth smoke ( Fumaria vaillantii )

Systematics and distribution

The genus Fumaria was first published by Carl von Linné .

The genus Fumaria is widespread in the Mediterranean , Central Europe and Central Asia. One species is known from the mountains of East Africa .

There are around 50 species of Fumaria (selection):

Fumaria agraria Lag. , Origin: Mediterranean area
Fumaria barnolae Sennen & Pau , Origin : Mediterranean area

Fumaria bastardii Boreau , native to: Western and Southern Europe, Western Asia, North Africa

Fumaria bicolor Sommier ex Nicotra , home: central Mediterranean area

Fumaria bracteosa Pomel , native to: Southern Spain, North Africa, Western Asia

Tendril smoke ( Fumaria capreolata L. ), origin: Europe, Middle East, North Africa

Dense bloomed fume ( Fumaria densiflora DC. ), Native to: Europe, North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia

Fumaria faurei (Pugsley) Font Quer , homeland: Spain, Portugal, Algeria, Morocco

Fumaria flabellata Gasparr. , Homeland: central and eastern Mediterranean area

Fumaria gaillardotii Boiss. , Home: Mediterranean area

Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley (Syn .: fumaria vaillantii var. Indica Hausskn. )

Fumaria judaica Boiss. , with three subspecies, native to the eastern Mediterranean

Fumaria kralikii Jordan , homeland: South and Southeast Europe, Western Asia

Fumaria macrocarpa Parl. , Home: Balkan Peninsula, Malta, Western Asia, Libya

Fumaria macrosepala Boiss. : With four subspecies, home: Spain, Morocco

Fumaria melillaica Pugsley , native to: southern Spain, Morocco

Fumaria mirabilis Pugsley , homeland: southern Spain, north Africa

Fumaria munbyi Boiss. & Reuter , home: Spanish Islas Columbretes and Algeria

Wall earth smoke ( Fumaria muralis Sond. Ex WDJKoch ), homeland: Western and southwestern Europe

Common earth smoke ( Fumaria officinalis L. ), origin: Europe, North Africa, Western Asia

Fumaria occidentalis Pugsley , homeland: southern England

Small-flowered fume hood ( Fumaria parviflora Lam. ), Native to: Europe, North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia

Fumaria petteri Rchb. , Home: Southern Europe, North Africa, Western Asia

Fumaria pugsleyana (Pugsley) Lidén , homeland: southern Spain, Morocco

Fumaria purpurea Pugsley , homeland: Great Britain, Ireland and France (Guernsey)

Fumaria reuteri Boiss. (Syn .: F. martinii Clavaud ), home: Western Europe (Portugal, Spain, France, southern England)

Beaten earth smoke ( Fumaria rostellata Knaf ), occurs from Turkey through Eastern and Southeastern Europe to Central Europe

Fumaria rupestris Boiss. & Reut. : With five subspecies, home: Southern Spain, Corsica, North Africa

Dark earth smoke ( Fumaria schleicheri Soy.-Will. ), Home: Europe, Turkey

Fumaria segetalis (Hamar) Coutinho , home: Southern Spain, North Africa

Fumaria sepium Boiss. & Reuter , home: Spain, Portugal, Morocco

Pale earth smoke ( Fumaria vaillantii Loisel. ), Native to: Europe, North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia, Himalayas

The following no longer belong to the genus Fumaria :

Fumaria africana Lam. ⇒ Rupicapnos africana (Lam.) Pomel
Fumaria alba Mill. ⇒ Pseudofumaria alba (Mill.) Lidén
Fumaria bulbosa L. ⇒ Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv.
Fumaria bulbosa var. Cava L. ⇒ Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. & Kits
Fumaria bulbosa var. Solida L. ⇒ Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv.
Fumaria cucullaria L. ⇒ Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh.
Fumaria decumbens Thunb. ⇒ Corydalis decumbens (Thunb.) Pers.
Fumaria eximia Ker Gawl. ⇒ Dicentra eximia (Ker Gawl.) Torr.
Fumaria flavula Raf. ⇒ Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC.
Fumaria formosa Andrews ⇒ Dicentra formosa (Andrews) Walp.
Fumaria fungosa Aiton ⇒ Adlumia fungosa (Aiton) Greene ex Britton et al.
Fumaria lutea L. ⇒ Pseudofumaria lutea (L.) Borkh.
Fumaria nobilis L. ⇒ Corydalis nobilis (L.) Pers.
Fumaria peregrina Rudolphi ⇒ Dicentra peregrina (Rudolphi) Makino
Fumaria sempervirens L. ⇒ Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borkh.
Fumaria spectabilis L. ⇒ Lamprocapnos spectabilis (L.) Fukuhara

use

A tea made from "Erdrauchkraut" is a herbal medicine for digestive complaints, especially for cramp-like complaints in the gallbladder and biliary tract as well as the gastrointestinal tract.

History of medicine

Already before the birth of Christ, “earth smoke” was valued as a remedy by Arab doctors. The Greek doctor Pedanios Dioscurides of the first Christian century writes about the effects of the smoke from the earth: “The sap is pungent, it sharpens the face and causes tears.” This is the origin of the name Fumus (in German “smoke”) and the Latin name fumaria derive. Another derivation of the name refers to the gray-green, smoke-like color of the leaves. Spread through the medical school of Salerno , the earth smoke found its way into medieval monastic medicine as a medicinal plant. There it was mainly used against skin diseases, but also as a tonic and against constipation.

In addition to its use as a remedy, the "earth smoke" is already used as an incense by the Celts and Teutons, as its Latin name Fumaria (smoke) and its German name indicate. In the Middle Ages it is said to have been used for exorcistic rites. At that time it was believed that the plant sprang from vapors rising from the earth. The German name Erdrauch is also supposed to be derived from this. In addition, it had the reputation of being used by witches as a magic agent with which they could make themselves invisible.

As a remedy, "earth smoke" was forgotten for a long time until it was recently rediscovered by science. Like other plant species from the poppy family, it contains many alkaloids as well as flavonoids , fumaric acid and choline .

swell

Fumaria at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
David E. Boufford: Fumaria. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol. 3: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 (online with the same text as the printed work).

Individual evidence

↑ Helmut Carl: The German plant and animal names: Interpretation and linguistic order. Heidelberg 1957; Reprint Heidelberg / Wiesbaden 1995, p. 204.
↑ See also Petrus Uffenbach (ed.): Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbaei Kraeuterbuch [...]. (translated into German by Johannes Danzius), Frankfurt am Main (by Johann Bringern) 1610, p. 306 ("Taubenkropff [...] Greek Capnos [...] gives zum weynen ursach")
^ Rudolf Fritz Weiss : Textbook of Phytotherapy. 5th edition. Stuttgart 1982, p. 109
^ Rudolf Schubert, Günther Wagner: Plant names and botanical technical terms. Botanical lexicon with an “introduction to terminology and nomenclature”, a list of the “author names” and an overview of the “system of plants”. 6th edition. Melsungen / Berlin / Basel / Vienna 1975, p. 149.
↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. Birkhäuser, Basel / Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-7643-0755-2 , p. 173 f.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Fumaria species at the Botanical Society of the British Isles ( Memento from September 25, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 426 kB).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Fumaria in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen: Atlas florae europaeae. Volume 9 - Paeoniaceae to Capparaceae , page 83-102, Helsinki 1991, ISBN 951-9108-08-4 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Magnus Lidén, 2011: Fumarioideae (excl. Hypecoum). : Fumaria - Datasheet In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
↑ Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great zander. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .

Web links

Commons : Erdrauch ( Fumaria ) - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Fumaria of Australia (English)

[1] Helmut Carl: The German plant and animal names: Interpretation and linguistic order. Heidelberg 1957; Reprint Heidelberg / Wiesbaden 1995, p. 204.

[2] See also Petrus Uffenbach (ed.): Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbaei Kraeuterbuch [...]. (translated into German by Johannes Danzius), Frankfurt am Main (by Johann Bringern) 1610, p. 306 ("Taubenkropff [...] Greek Capnos [...] gives zum weynen ursach")

[3] Rudolf Fritz Weiss : Textbook of Phytotherapy. 5th edition. Stuttgart 1982, p. 109

[4] Rudolf Schubert, Günther Wagner: Plant names and botanical technical terms. Botanical lexicon with an “introduction to terminology and nomenclature”, a list of the “author names” and an overview of the “system of plants”. 6th edition. Melsungen / Berlin / Basel / Vienna 1975, p. 149.

[5] Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. Birkhäuser, Basel / Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-7643-0755-2 , p. 173 f.

[BSoBritishIsles-6] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Fumaria species at the Botanical Society of the British Isles ( Memento from September 25, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 426 kB).

[GRIN-7] Fumaria in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

[AtlasFloraeEuropaeae-8] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen: Atlas florae europaeae. Volume 9 - Paeoniaceae to Capparaceae , page 83-102, Helsinki 1991, ISBN 951-9108-08-4 .

[Euro+Med-9] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Magnus Lidén, 2011: Fumarioideae (excl. Hypecoum). : Fumaria - Datasheet In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .

[Zander2008-10] Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great zander. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .