Genealogiae

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Genealogiae is the title of a mythological handbook that wasfirstprinted in modern times under the title Fabulae . The editor of the Editio princeps named C. Iulius Hyginusas its author, whom one would stilllike to identifywith the Augustan grammarian Gaius Julius Hyginus . Others see him as a later mythographer who was given the name Hyginus Mythographus in research. The Genealogiae are linked to another work, the astronomical textbook De astronomia , also written by Hyginus.

Lore history

The only surviving manuscript of the Genealogiae was discovered in 1535 by the German Renaissance humanist Jakob Micyllus in a codex of the cathedral chapter of Freising , Codex Frisingensis 237, and printed in Basel by Johannes Hervagius under the title C. Iuli Hygini Augusti liberti fabularum liber . As a result, the manuscript made in the 9th century was lost, but two fragments were rediscovered in 1864 and 1942. They show that the transmission by Micyllus was quite free and did not follow the wording of the manuscript.

In addition, there is a translation into Greek from 207, written during the consulate of Lucius Annius Maximus and Gaius Septimius Severus Aper , in the third part of the pseudo-Dosithean Hermeneumata . This bilingual excerpt calls the work "the genealogia of Hyginus known to everyone ". But in terms of content, despite all the existing agreement, it differs not insignificantly. This excerpt makes it clear, on the one hand, the different editorial status of the underlying work, the manuscript of which Micyllus edited was consequently the result of numerous modifications. On the other hand, the excerpt raises the question of the language in which the Genealogiae were originally written.

What is striking about the version of the pseudo-Dositheos is that while the larger pieces, which correspond directly to the “Micyllus”, retain their content and narrative sequence, the Latin version is completely independent in terms of wording and sentence structure. The quality of the Latin remains clearly behind that of the Micyllus text. An original version in Greek was considered conceivable, but the question cannot be answered with the existing evidence. If not the authorship, editing by a Latin-speaking Roman is likely. This is supported not least by serious translation errors , which in fabulae 186 make Melanippe the daughter of a Desmontes, because the adjective in the title of the Euripid tragedy Μελανίππη Δεσμῶτις ( Melaníppe Desmotis "The fettered Melanippe") was taken as a patronymic .

Structure and content

The traditional work is divided into three parts. It begins with a very brief, bullet-point genealogy of the Greek gods and heroes . It begins with the fog (Caligo) from which Chaos was born and ends with the birth of Geryon as the son of Chrysaor and the Oceanid Kallirhoe .

This is followed by 220 short, sometimes cross-chapter presentations on mostly Greek mythology - the actual fabulae . The work is concluded by 57 chapters, the so-called indices . Their counting follows that of the fabulae , to which they provide information from a thematic point of view. Here, for example, inventors and their inventions, founders of ancient agons , founder heroes and their cities or the seven wonders of the world are briefly presented. Many of the indexes provide compilations of violent crimes in terms of kinship: women who have their sons, men who have killed their wives, and many more. In addition to historical elements, there are also mythological insertions.

From the table of contents, which precedes the pseudo-Dosithean excerpt, it emerges that the fabulae preserved in the “Micyllus” can not be complete, i.e. that parts of the work are missing. In addition, it can be proven that in the archetype the sequence of the fables is corrupted by exchanging the pages. The narrative suddenly breaks off in Fable 137 (Merope) to be taken up again in Fable 184 b (actually Pentheus et Agave and now mostly integrated in 137). There are also such inconsistencies within the indices when two chapters on the city's founders and the largest islands are inserted between the “inventors and their inventions” (fabulae 274) and the “first inventors” (fabulae 277) .

Hyginus himself gives a reference to his work in his textbook De astronomia , which contains three pieces of information. In the second book of the Astronomia he wrote during a Erörtung to Graiai he had it in the first book of genealogiae written. Accordingly, the work title Genealogiae goes back to Hyginus. In addition, the font was originally divided into books, which suggests the size of the text that has been preserved, as it exceeds the usual antique book size. It is unclear to what extent the structured headings go back to the author. In addition, this short note also documents the loss of content, because the fabulae do not deal with Graien , only their names are mentioned without further explanation in the genealogical introduction.

In terms of content, the fabulae deal almost exclusively with topics from Greek mythology that are intended to be brought closer to a Latin-speaking audience. For many myths, they offer abstracts, in which often rare or non-traditional variants are presented. Very rare sound of Roman subjects, most likely still in the indices that Romulus and Remus or by Virgil recorded history of Camilla , daughter of Volskerkönigs metabus mention. Since, like Tullia the Younger or Lucretia, they are often at the end of a list and they do not appear in the fabulae themselves, it is uncertain in which cases later additions can be made.

With fabulae 220 , however, there is a purely Roman fable that tells of the creation of man and leads to the etymological explanation that man ( Latin homo ) is named after the earth (humus) from which he is made. Roman perspective is reflected in the myth of Phoenix when the author Phoenix to name to the North African Poeni , so Carthaginians , makes, while the Greek myth of Phoenix with Phenicia connects.

swell

Hyginus quotes a few Greek authors as his sources: four times he refers to Euripides , twice to Hesiod , once each to Eumelos , Pherecydes and Apollonios Rhodios . In relation to the naming of 50 different authors, to whom he refers in his De astronomia , the greatly abbreviated character of the text that has been preserved is once again evident. Not a single source for the fabulae can be identified directly . Rather, the author seems to have only processed summaries or mentions in other works even where he refers to specific authors.

For details, a Roman treatment of Greek material as the basis of the stories can be proven, for example a direct ten line quotation from Cicero's Aratea in fabulae 14 . In fabulae 183 he mentions Ovid for a different list and references to his metamorphoses can be shown several times. In other cases like the Iliona (fabulae 109) only Roman models can be proven in the ancient tradition, in this case a tragedy Iliona by Marcus Pacuvius . Other quotations from Roman authors may be interpreted as late interpolation. So fabulae 57: 2–3 quotes a line from De rerum natura des Lucretius . But the connection is so intentional that one believed that the place was a later insertion. Nevertheless, the quotation can be found again in abbreviated form in fabulae 151.1 .

Author's question

Jakob Micyllus published the work under the name of the Augustan grammarian Gaius Julius Hyginus . With the philological research since the early 19th century, this has been increasingly called into question. Instead, the name Hyginus Mythographus was used for the author, whose work was dated to the late 1st or first half of the 2nd century and whose name Hyginus is backed up by his widely received De astronomia . To this day, the research discussion has largely fluctuated between these two positions. While in the last few decades some of the philologists have returned to an assignment to Gaius Julius Hyginus, another part continues to represent the dating to the 2nd century and separate the Genealogiae from the grammarian. A third group sees the surviving work as the result of numerous authors who have brought it into the present form over a long period of time.

Editions and translations

Editio princeps

Jacob Micyllus: C. Ivlii Hygini Avgvsti Liberti Fabvlarvm Liber, Ad Omnivm poëtarum lectionem mire necessarius & antehac nunquam excusus. Eivsdem Poeticon Astronomicon, libri quatuor. Quibus accesserunt similis argumenti [...] Index rerum & fabularum in his omnibus scitu dignarum copiosissimus. Apud Joan. Hervagium, Basel 1535 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Freader.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fde%2Ffs1%2Fobject%2Fdisplay%2Fbsb10934127_00002.html~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D)

Further

  • Jean-Yves Boriaud (Ed.): Hygin: Fables. Les Belles Lettres, Paris 1997, ISBN 2-251-01403-9 (critical edition with French translation; Review: Marc Huys: Review: Hygin. Fables; texte établi et traduit par Jean-Yves Boriaud. In: Mnemosyne . Volume 53, 2000, pp. 615-620).
  • Peter Kenneth Marshall (Ed.): Hygini fabulae . 2nd Edition. Saur, Munich / Leipzig 2002, ISBN 3-598-71237-5 (critical edition).
  • Herbert Jennings Rose (Ed.): Hygini fabulae. 3rd, unchanged edition. Sijthoff, Leiden 1967 (1st edition 1933; critical edition).
  • Stephen M. Trzaskoma, R. Scott Smith: Apollodorus 'Library and Hyginus' Fabulae. Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology. Hackektt, Indianapolis 2007, ISBN 978-0-87220-821-6 , pp. 95-182 (annotated English translation).
  • Franz-Peter Waiblinger (Ed.): Hyginus: Fabulae. Ancient legends. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-423-09350-1 (uncritical edition with German translation).

literature

  • Joseph Brock: Hygins Fables in German Literature. Delphin, Berlin 1913.
  • Alan Cameron : Greek Mythography in the Roman World (= American Classical Studies. Volume 48). Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 2004, pp. 33–51.
  • Kris FB Fletcher: Hyginus' Fabulae: Toward a Roman Mythography. In: Stephen M. Trzaskoma, R. Scott Smith (Eds.): Writing Myth. Mythography in the Ancient World. Peeters, Leuven 2013, pp. 134-164 ( online ).
  • Marc Huys: Euripides and the 'Tales from Euripides': Sources of the Fabulae of Ps.-Hyginus? In: Archives for Papyrus Research and Related Areas . Volume 42, 1996, pp. 168-178
  • Marc Huys: Euripides and the 'Tales from Euripides': Sources of the Fabulae of Ps.-Hyginus? Part II. In: Archives for Papyrus Research and Related Areas. Volume 43, 1997, pp. 11-30.
  • Patrizia Mascoli: Igino bibliotecario e gli Pseudo-Igini. In: Invigilata lucerni. Volume 24, 2002, pp. 119-125.
  • Martin Schanz , Carl Hosius : History of Roman Literature up to the Legislative Work of Emperor Justinian. Second part: Roman literature in the time of the monarchy up to Hadrian. Fourth, revised edition. CH Beck, Munich 1935, pp. 372-379.
  • Peter Lebrecht Schmidt , Helmuth Schneider: Hyginus, C. Iulius. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 5, Metzler, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-476-01475-4 , Col. 778 f.
  • Johannes Tolkiehn : Iulius (Hyginus). In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume X, 1, Stuttgart 1918, Sp. 636-651 (here: Sp. 636-640, digitized version ).

Web links

Wikisource: Genealogiarum liber  - Sources and full texts (Latin)
  • Genealogiae at The Latin Library (selection of the Latin text)
  • Genealogiae im Theoi Project (English translation)

Remarks

  1. ↑ For the history of the manuscript, see Stephen M. Trzaskoma, R. Scott Smith: Apollodorus 'Library and Hyginus' Fabulae. Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology. Hackektt, Indianapolis 2007, p. Xlii. xlix-li.
  2. ^ Alan Cameron : Greek Mythography in the Roman World. Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 2004, p. 35.
  3. ↑ Corpus glossariorum Latinorum III 56.30 - 69.38 ( digitized version ).
  4. ↑ Corpus glossariorum Latinorum III 56.30–34; Giuseppe Flammini: Hermeneumata Pseudodositheana Leidensia (= Bibliotheca Teubneriana). Sauer, Munich / Leipzig 2004, p. 104, line 2587 f.
  5. ^ Alan Cameron : Greek Mythography in the Roman World. Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 2004, pp. 35-37
  6. ^ Alan Cameron: Greek Mythography in the Roman World. Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 2004, pp. 35-37; Kris FB Fletcher: Hyginus' Fabulae: Toward a Roman Mythography. In: Stephen M. Trzaskoma, R. Scott Smith (Eds.): Writing Myth. Mythography in the Ancient World. Peeters, Leuven 2013, p. 139 f.
  7. ↑ Hyginus, De astronomia 2,12,2.
  8. ^ Alan Cameron: Greek Mythography in the Roman World. Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 2004, p. 33.
  9. ^ Marc Huys: Euripides and the 'Tales from Euripides': Sources of the Fabulae of Ps.-Hyginus? Part II. In: Archives for Papyrus Research and Related Areas. Volume 43, 1997, p. 30, note 132.
  10. ^ Kris FB Fletcher: Hyginus' Fabulae: Toward a Roman Mythography. In: Stephen M. Trzaskoma, R. Scott Smith (Eds.): Writing Myth. Mythography in the Ancient World. Peeters, Leuven 2013, p. 135 f.
  11. ^ Kris FB Fletcher: Hyginus' Fabulae: Toward a Roman Mythography. In: Stephen M. Trzaskoma, R. Scott Smith (Eds.): Writing Myth. Mythography in the Ancient World. Peeters, Leuven 2013, p. 142.
  12. ↑ Libraries of Apollodorus 3,1,1.
  13. ^ Marc Huys: Euripides and the 'Tales from Euripides': Sources of the Fabulae of Ps.-Hyginus? In: Archives for Papyrus Research and Related Areas. Volume 42, 1996, pp. 168-178 and Euripides and the 'Tales from Euripides': Sources of the Fabulae of Ps.-Hyginus? Part II. In: Archives for Papyrus Research and Related Areas. Volume 43, 1997, pp. 11-30 believed to be able to prove for the fabulae that they are often drawn from various Greek and Roman adaptations of the tragic material.
  14. ^ Alan Cameron: Greek Mythography in the Roman World. Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 2004, p. 38.
  15. ^ Alan Cameron: Greek Mythography in the Roman World. Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 2004, pp. 38-41; Kris FB Fletcher: Hyginus' Fabulae: Toward a Roman Mythography. In: Stephen M. Trzaskoma, R. Scott Smith (Eds.): Writing Myth. Mythography in the Ancient World. Peeters, Leuven 2013, pp. 149–156.
  16. ↑ Petra Schierl (ed.): The tragedies of Pacuvius. A commentary on the fragments with an introduction, text and translation. De Gruyter, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-11-018249-1 , pp. 23-25.
  17. ↑ Lucretius, De rerum natura 5,905.
  18. ^ Kris FB Fletcher: Hyginus' Fabulae: Toward a Roman Mythography. In: Stephen M. Trzaskoma, R. Scott Smith (Eds.): Writing Myth. Mythography in the Ancient World. Peeters, Leuven 2013, pp. 147–149.
  19. ^ So Peter Lebrecht Schmidt , Helmuth Schneider : Hyginus, C. Iulius. In: Der Neue Pauly (DNP) , Vol. 5, Stuttgart 1998, Col. 778 f .; André Le Bœuffle (Ed.): Hygin: L'astronomie. Les Belles Lettres, Paris 1983, pp. XXXI-XXXVIII; Jean-Yves Boriaud (Ed.): Hygin: Fables. Les Belles Lettres, Paris 1997, pp. VII-XIII; Mariagrazia F. Vitobello (Ed.): C. Giulio Igino: L'astronomia. Adriatica, Bari 1988, pp. VII-XI.
  20. ↑ Holding on to a date in the 2nd century, for example: Marc Huys: Euripides and the 'Tales from Euripides': Sources of the Fabulae of Ps.-Hyginus? In: Archives for Papyrus Research and Related Areas . Volume 42, 1996, p. 169; Marc Huys: Review: Hygin. Fables; texts établi et traduit by Jean-Yves Boriaud. In: Mnemosyne . Volume 53, 2000, pp. 615-620, here: p. 616; Alan Cameron: Greek Mythography in the Roman World. Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 2004, p. 11 with note 36.
  21. ↑ Stephen M. Trzaskoma, R. Scott Smith: Apollodorus 'Library and Hyginus' Fabulae. Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology. Hackektt, Indianapolis 2007, pp. Xlii-xliii; Anthony Bernard Breen: The "Fabulae Hygini" Reappraised: A Reconsideration of the Content and Compilation of the Work. University of Illinois 1991, p. 18; Patrizia Mascoli: Igino bibliotecario e gli Pseudo-Igini. In: Invigilata lucerni. Volume 24, 2002, pp. 119–125 assumes that the corpus circulating under the name Hyginus includes works by at least two authors of the same name.