History of the defection of the united Netherlands from the Spanish government

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In 1788 , Friedrich Schiller published the first volume of his treatise on the Spanish-Dutch War with History of the Fall of the United Netherlands from the Spanish Government .

This volume ends in 1567 with the arrival of the new governor Duke of Alba in the Netherlands and the departure of the Duchess of Parma . The Spanish-Dutch War began the following year. Schiller did not write any other volumes. The second, revised edition of 1801 he added to the two supplements Trial and Execution of the Counts of Egmont and von Hoorne and Siege of Antwerp by the Prince of Parma in 1584 and 1585 .

With this work, Schiller turned to historical and philosophical investigations. After Don Carlos in 1787, he did not publish another drama until 1799 with the Wallenstein trilogy.

King Philip II of Spain, portrait by Sofonisba Anguissola , around 1570

Origin and edition history

During his studies for Don Carlos , Schiller read Robert Watson's History of Philip II of Spain in the fall of 1785 . The work inspired him. On closer inspection, Schiller did not attribute this to the book, but to his own imagination, which gave the material a charming shape. He sought “to make this effect [...] permanent, to multiply, to strengthen; I wished to spread these uplifting feelings further and also to allow others to participate in them. Dis was the first reason for this story, and it is my whole job to write it. ”Schiller intended to write an essay on the rebellion of the United Dutch in a compilation of the History of Strange Conspiracies and Rebellions from Middle and Modern Times with contributions from various authors. In October 1787 he read to Wieland from the Dutch Rebellion ; he praised the piece very much and said that Schiller was born to be a historian and would achieve the highest rank in this subject. According to Schiller, this effect came because "[...] because this essay has the peculiarity that it combines beautiful, noble style, hard work, clear discussion and philosophical presentation without anything outstanding being recognizable from it." The ever-expanding study of Spanish - The Dutch War, the encouragement by Wieland and some of his friends in Weimar and Schiller's intention to concentrate on history in the future led to the decision to publish the Dutch Rebellion as a separate treatise. He planned a comprehensive work in about six volumes. Wieland printed the introduction in the January and February 1788 issue of Teutsche Merkur with the note that the soon to be published larger work would deal with the entire Dutch War under Philip II and would perhaps continue into the most recent times. With the excerpt from the Teutscher Merkur, Schiller wanted to introduce himself to the public as a historian, "[...] a small sample of the craftsmanship and school-like history that must refute the prejudice against my work that it is poetic." The first part, first volume , containing the preface and three books, was published in late autumn 1788.

In 1792 Schiller indicated a continuation of Dutch history. He didn't work on that.

A revised second edition in two volumes and four books followed in 1801. Schiller divided the third book of the first edition into two books, corrected, shortened and added chapter headings and two supplements. Because he made his changes in a copy instead of a printed copy, the copyist made several omissions and changes. In addition to the preface, Schiller deleted the extensive section on the Council of Trent.

In the year before the French Revolution , Schiller wrote in the introduction to the first edition in 1788: “So the force with which it was concerned has not disappeared among us; the happy success that crowned his daring is not denied to us either when the times recur and similar occasions call us to similar deeds. ”In the second edition he removed 1801, probably out of disappointment about the course of the French Revolution and the one that replaced it Autonomous rule by Napoleon Bonaparte this phrase.

The first version of the Supplement Trial and Execution of the Counts of Egmont and von Hoorne. Schiller published in the eighth issue of Thalia in 1789 under Des Count Lamoral von Egmont Life and Death. The depiction of Egmont's life up to his arrest, in which he used the story of the rubbish [...] , he crossed out for the supplement. With his essay in Thalia at the time, Schiller intended to contrast the Egmont from Goethe's 1788 tragedy with the historical one, not to add anything to his story of waste [...] .

In the fourth and fifth pieces of the Horen of 1795, Schiller anonymously published the Strange Siege of Antwerp in 1584 and 1585 , which he titled Siege of Antwerp by the Prince of Parma in 1584 and 1585, as the second supplement to the edition from 1801 added. At that time, Schiller was increasingly concerned with philosophy and did not enjoy any historical work.

Wilhelm I of Orange-Nassau, Adriaen Thomasz Key, (around 1575)

Outline of the content of the second edition

introduction

First book.

  • Earlier history of the Netherlands to the sixteenth century.
  • The Netherlands under Charles V
  • Philip the Second, ruler of the Netherlands.
  • The Inquisition Court.
  • Other interventions in the constitution of the Netherlands.
  • William of Orange and Count of Egmont.
  • Margaretha von Parma, governor of the Netherlands.

Second book.

  • Cardinal Granvella.
  • The Council of State.
  • Count Egmont in Spain.
  • Sharpened religious edicts. General opposition of the nation.

Third book.

  • Conspiracy of the nobility.
  • The Geusen.
  • Public sermons.

Fourth book.

  • The iconoclasm.
  • Civil war.
  • Abdication of Wilhelm of Orange.
  • Decay and dispersion of the Geusenbund.
  • Alba's armor and train to the Netherlands.
  • Alba's first orders and departure of the Duchess of Parma.

Side dishes

  • I. Trial and execution of the Counts of Egmont and von Hoorne.
  • II. Siege of Antwerp by the Prince of Parma in 1584 and 1585.
Lamoral from Egmond

subjects

A subject that Schiller often touches in his works is that of freedom, in this case the freedom of a people. In the introduction he places the Spanish rule in the Netherlands next to the Roman rule in the same area fifteen hundred years earlier. According to the laws of nature, the same circumstances produce the same results. Rousing Schiller Civilis calls the Batavians to revolt. He compares the war of the Batavians and that of the Dutch, emphasizing that Batavians and Romans fight humanly because they do not wage a religious war.

Schiller represents the philosophy of history from the time of the Enlightenment, which seeks a regularity in historical events, whereby he does not fail to recognize the importance of chance. He reports how geography, climate and human-shaped legal freedoms, security of life and property, religion, culture, economy and law determine the development of the Netherlands. For Schiller, climate and culture explain the success of Protestantism in the Netherlands and that of Catholicism in Italy. With natural law he justifies the rebels' revolt against despotism. He also generally reflects on these issues.

Schiller masterfully succeeds in characterizing key people, e.g. B. Philip II., Duke of Alba, Cardinal Granvella , Margaret of Parma, Wilhelm I of Orange , Lamoral von Egmond , and mass descriptions, z. B. in the fourth book The Iconoclasm.

As a historian, Schiller strives for objectivity and wants to avoid one-sided judgments. He critically examines representatives of ideas to see whether, under the guise of the idea, they are pursuing completely different purposes. In the first book he writes about the Reformation :

“The good cause had had to choose the bad path of rebellion, and now whatever will happen, as long as people will be people, happened now. Even the bad thing, which had nothing in common with the former but the illegal means, made bolder by this relationship, appeared in their company and was mistaken for it. Luther had been jealous against the worship of the saints - every cheeky boy who broke into their churches and monasteries and robbed their altars was now called a Lutheran. The faction, the robbery, the dizziness, the fornication dressed in his color, the most monstrous criminals confessed to his sect before the judges. "

Schiller uses speeches whenever he finds them in the sources. He only invented speeches in individual cases, such as the Civilis' address to the Batavians in the introduction, for which he used the histories of Tacitus as a basis.

Detail from a portrait of Margaret of Parma by Antonio Moro

Schiller's relationship to historiography

For his tragedy The Fiesco Conspiracy in Genoa in 1783, Schiller claimed freedom for the poet to deal with historical events. This changed with the work on Don Carlos . Here, in the autumn of 1785, history influenced the representation of individuals. Schiller dealt with historiography. He concluded in 1786 in The Criminal from a Lost Honor - a true story that the historian should not, like the poet, put the reader in a state like that of the acting person, but he must give him the thoughts of the acting person, the sources of these thoughts in the unchangeable Communicate the structure of the human soul and the changing conditions of the environment so that the reader can soberly explain the resulting deeds. In this way the historian achieves the goal of instructing and educating the reader, like the poet by compassion. He criticizes, “[...] that some of the best historians of recent times and antiquity have adhered to the first method and bribed the heart of their reader with a ravishing presentation. But this manner is a usurpation of the writer and offends the republican freedom of the reading public, who are entitled to sit in court themselves; it is at the same time a violation of the justice of boundaries, because this method belongs exclusively and peculiar to the speaker and poet. "

In the preface to the first edition of the history of waste [...] Schiller stated that his aim was to write an objective story that does not bore the reader. For this purpose, history should use art "[...] without necessarily becoming a novel." Before that he speaks "[...] of the violence [...] which every witty writer more or less exercises over his readers [...] “He uses it to describe the dilemma of literary history. Schiller in particular, with his beautiful, moving style and extraordinary talent, is able to carry the reader away and convince him of his own views and judgments. A literary masterpiece from the field of history grips the reader and makes it difficult for him to remain independent.

Schiller's friend Christian Gottfried Körner advised him not to delve into history. His language, artistic talent and creativity put him in the front row as a poet. As historians, many are ahead of him thanks to years of study. He did not believe that Schiller, as a historian, could reach a comparably high level as quickly and with just as much pleasure in his work as as a poet.

The history of waste [...] promoted Schiller's appointment as professor to Jena , where he taught history. Schiller took his historical studies very seriously. In order to cope with sources, adaptations and works by other historians, he finally extended his daily working hours to sixteen hours. Schiller declared that it was only up to him to become Germany's most important historian. However, he saw his calling in poetry. In the spring of 1793, Schiller's interest in philosophy superseded his interest in history. The passion for history never left him entirely. When they met Wilhelm von Humboldt for the last time in the autumn of 1802, he enthusiastically expressed his intention if, in old age, he lost the ability to poetry, to write a history of Rome.

Granvelle as a cardinal, oil painting by Willem Key (16th century)

Reception history

When it appeared, the story of the rubbish met with general applause. This changed with the emergence of historicism , which rejected philosophical history . Niebuhr and Ranke criticized Schiller's historical works as the writings of a layman. Wilhelm von Humboldt saw in Schiller a serious historian and historian whose talent predestined him to do so. Johann Gustav Droysen said that one could "be doubtful whether Schiller would not have become our greatest historian if he had not preferred to be [...] our greatest poet." In science, a discussion about Schiller as a historian continues to the present day which leads to an extensive literature.

The Duke of Alba in a painting by Titian

literature

Text output

  • Friedrich Schiller: History of the fall of the united Netherlands from the Spanish government , first part. 1st edition. Crusius, Leipzig 1788, Google Books
  • Friedrich Schiller: History of the fall of the united Netherlands from the Spanish government , first part, first volume. 2nd edition. Crusius, Leipzig 1801 Google Books
  • Friedrich Schiller: History of the fall of the united Netherlands from the Spanish government . gutenberg.spiegel.de

Secondary literature

  • Georg Bollenbeck, Lothar Ehrlich (ed.): Friedrich Schiller: the underrated theorist . Weimar Classic Foundation. Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-412-11906-5 .
  • Johannes Pieter van Cappelle: Hooft en Schiller as divorced . In: Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der Nederlanden . Vincent Loosjes, Haarlem 1827, pp. 337–363.
  • Otto Dann , Norbert Oellers , Ernst Osterkamp (ed.): Schiller as a historian . Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 1995. ISBN 978-3-476-01333-0 ( table of contents ).
  • Richard Dietrich: Friedrich Schiller as a historian and history thinker . In: Die Welt als Geschichte , 19, 1959, pp. 226–243.
  • Hugo Dittberner: Schiller's historical profession. A story . In: Friederich Schiller special volume . Text + criticism Jahrbuch. Edition Text + Critique, Munich 2005, pp. 96–107.
  • Hugh Dunthorne: Dramatizing the Dutch Revolt: romantic history and its sixteenth-century antecedents . In: Public opinion and changing identities in the early modern Netherlands: essays in honor of Alastair Duke . 2007, pp. 11-31.
  • Ernst Engelberg: Friedrich Schiller as a historian . In: Joachim Streisand (ed.): The German historical science from the beginning of the 19th century to the unification of the empire from above . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1963 (Studies on German History; Vol. 1) (Writings of the Institute for History. Series I, General and German History; Vol. 20).
  • Richard Fester: Introduction . In: (Hrsg.): Eduard von der Hellen (Hrsg.): Schiller's historical writings, Schiller's complete works . Secular edition in 16 volumes. Stuttgart / Berlin 1904/05, Volume 13, pp. V ff as well as comments on the history of the descent of the united Netherlands by the Spanish government, Volume 14, p. 417 ff.
  • Daniel Fulda: Schiller as a thinker and writer of history . In: Hans Feger (ed.): Friedrich Schiller: the reality of the idealist . Winter, Heidelberg 2006, pp. 121–150 (contributions to recent literary history, volume 3, vol. 235).
  • Daniel Fulda: Science from Art - The Origin of Modern German Historiography, 1760-1860 . Berlin etc., 1996.
  • Otto Güntter, Georg Witkowski (ed.): Schiller's complete works: historical-critical edition in twenty volumes, with co-authors of Karl Berger et al. Max Hesses Verlag, Leipzig 1910. Vol. XIV, p. 415 p. contains: Schiller as a historian. History of the Fall of the United Netherlands .
  • Karl-Heinz Hahn: Schiller's contribution to the theory of historical science . In: Helmut Brandt (Ed.): Friedrich Schiller, Offer and Discourse: Approaches, Poetry, Contemporary . Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Sect. Literature and Art Studies. 1st edition. Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin etc. 1987, ISBN 3-351-00258-0 , pp. 78-91.
  • Karl-Heinz Hahn: Schiller and the story . In: Hans Erich Bödeker et al. (Ed.): Enlightenment and history: studies on German history in the 18th century . Weimarer contributions, 16 (1970), H. 1, 39-69, pp. 388-415, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1986 (publications of the Max Planck Institute for History, 81).
  • Michael Hofmann, Jörn Rüsen, Mirjam Springer (eds.): Schiller and the story . Fink cop., Munich etc. 2006.
  • Wilhelm von Humboldt : Correspondence between Schiller and Wilhelm v. Humboldt . Stuttgart 1830.
  • Hans-W. Hunter: History of the defection of the United Netherlands from the Spanish Government . In: Manfred Kluge, Rudolf Radler (Hrsg.): Major works of German literature . Kindlers Literatur Lexikon, Munich 1974, p. 276 f.
  • Stephan Jaeger: The eloquence of the Prince of Orange or Friedrich Schiller's aesthetic invention of modern historical thinking . In: Britta Herrmann (Ed.): Aesthetic Invention of Modernity? Perspectives and models 1750–1850 . Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2003, ISBN 978-3-8260-2061-2 (Foundation for Romantic Research; 17).
  • Stephan Jaeger: Schiller and the sources of his historiography. An investigation into the history of the defection of the united Netherlands by the Spanish government . In: Yearbook of the German Schiller Society. International organ for modern German literature , 52, 2008, pp. 216–246.
  • Johannes Janssen: Schiller as a historian . 2., rework. Edition. Freiburg 1879.
  • EF Koßmann: Schiller's story of the strange rebellions and apostasy of the united Netherlands. Studies on the creation and printing history . In: Euphorion , 6, 1899, pp. 511-536.
  • Ludwig Bellermann (ed.): Schiller's works . Crit. through and ext. Ed. Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig etc.1895–1897. 6: stories; Waste of the Netherlands. 7: Thirty Years War. 14: Minor historical writings. Theodor Kükelhaus wrote the commentary on the historical writings.
  • Matthias Luserke-Jaqui : “Your work must be known in Holland.” Friedrich Schiller's story of the defection of the united Netherlands from the Spanish government (1788) . In: Jan Konst u. a. (Ed.): Dutch-German cultural relations 1600–1830 . V&R unipress, Göttingen 2009, pp. 267–286.
  • Golo Mann : Schiller as a historian . In: idem, history and stories . Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1961
  • Golo Mann : Schiller as a historian . Sl 1959. In: Merkur , vol. 13.
  • John Karl Menzies: Schiller, historical truth, and the Netherlands: the genesis of Schiller's concept of history . Univ. Microfilms International, Ann Arbor MI 1986. Univ. of California, Berkeley 1981.
  • Eric Moesker: Schiller and the Netherlands . Lecture given on May 10, 2005 at the Goethe-Institut Amsterdam on the 200th anniversary of Friedrich Schiller's death (1759–1805). Goethe-Institut Netherlands, Amsterdam 2009.
  • Christian Moser, Eric Moesker, Joachim Umlauf (eds.): Friedrich Schiller and the Netherlands: historical, cultural and aesthetic contexts . Aisthesis, Bielefeld 2012, ISBN 978-3-89528-906-4 . The collected contributions go back to a symposium that was held at the Goethe-Institut Amsterdam in 2009 on the occasion of Schiller's 250th birthday: “Schiller and the Netherlands”, November 21-21, 2009.
  • Julius Moll: Schiller as a historian: with special. Taking into account its history of the waste of the Netherlands . Monasch, Krotoschin 1872.
  • Thomas Prüfer: The formation of history. Friedrich Schiller and the beginnings of modern history . Böhlau, Köln etc. 2002, ISBN 3-412-05802-5 (contributions to historical culture ; vol. 24).
  • Deric Regin: Freedom and dignity: the historical and philosophical thought of Schiller . Nijhoff, The Hague 1965.
  • Ernst Schaumkell: History of German cultural historiography from the middle of the 18th century to Romanticism in connection with general intellectual development . Leipzig 1905, pp. 179-209.
  • Theodor Schieder: Schiller as a historian . In: Same: Encounters with History . Göttingen 1962, pp. 56–79, here p. 57 and note 3.
  • Georg Schmidt: Creating analogies: Schiller's concept of universal history and his “history of the waste of the united Netherlands” . In: Stefan Ehrenpreis et al. (Ed.): Ways of Modern Times: Festschrift for Heinz Schilling for his 65th birthday . Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-428-12394-0 .
  • Günter Schmidt, Volker Wahl: The Jenaer Schiller: Life and impact history 1789-1959 . Quartus, Bucha bei Jena 2005, ISBN 3-936455-22-8 (Palmbaum-Texte. Kulturgeschichte; Vol. 19).
  • Heinrich Sproemberg: Schiller and the uprising in the Netherlands . In: The same: Contributions to Belgian-Dutch history . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1959 (research on medieval history; Vol. 3) pp. 326–345.
  • Johannes Süßmann : Historiography or a novel? on the constitutional logic of historical narratives between Schiller and Ranke (1780-1824) Steiner, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-515-07589-5 (Frankfurter Historische Abhandlungen; Vol. 41) Berlin 1998.
  • Karl Tomaschek : Schiller in his relationship to science. Karl Gerold's son, Vienna 1862.
  • Carl Twesten: Schiller in his relationship to science . Berlin 1863.
  • Friedrich Ueberweg: Schiller as historian and philosopher ; with a biographical sketch Ueberwegs by Mrs. A. Lange; ed. by Moritz Brasch. Reissner, Leipzig 1884.
  • Gert Ueding: Talking story. The historian Friedrich Schiller . In: Friedrich Strack (ed.): Evolution of the spirit: Jena around 1800: Nature and art, philosophy and science in the field of tension of history . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-608-91678-4 (German Idealism; Vol. 17).
  • Volker Wahl, Erhard Lange, Heinz Penzlin: Schiller our colleague: Speeches on the 200th return of Friedrich Schiller's entry into the faculty of the University of Jena . May 26, 1989. Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 1990.
  • Wolfgang Wittkowski (ed.): Friedrich Schiller: Art, humanity and politics in the late Enlightenment: a symposium . Niemeyer, Tübingen 1982, ISBN 3-484-10440-6 . revised Lectures and discussions at the Schiller Symposium that took place from October 30th to November 1st, 1980 in Albany.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Friedrich Schiller: Letter to Ferdinand Huber, October 5, 1785
  2. ^ Friedrich Schiller: History of the descent of the united Netherlands from the Spanish government , first part, 1st edition. Crusius, Leipzig 1788, preface
  3. ^ Friedrich Schiller: History of the descent of the united Netherlands from the Spanish government , first part, 1st edition. Crusius, Leipzig 1788, preface
  4. ^ EF Koßmann: Schiller's story of the strange rebellions and defection of the united Netherlands. Studies on the creation and printing history. In Euphorion 6 (1899), pp. 511-536 (514)
  5. ^ Friedrich Schiller: Letter to Ferdinand Huber, October 26, 1787
  6. ^ Friedrich Schiller: Letter to Ferdinand Huber, October 26, 1787
  7. ^ Friedrich Schiller: History of the fall of the united Netherlands from the Spanish government, first part, 1st edition, Leipzig: Crusius, 1788, preface; on the sources used by Schiller, Richard Fester: Notes on the history of the fall of the united Netherlands from the Spanish government, Schiller's Complete Works: Secular Edition in 16 volumes, Eduard von der Hellen, Stuttgart / Berlin 1904/05, Volume 14 , P. 418 ff
  8. ^ Friedrich Schiller: Letter to Siegfried Crusius, November 5, 1787
  9. ↑ Hans-W. Jäger, Redaktion Kindlers Literatur Lexikon: HISTORY OF THE WASTE OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS FROM THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT, major works of German literature, edited by Manfred Kluge and Rudolf Radler, Munich, 1974, p. 276
  10. ^ Friedrich Schiller: Letter to Siegfried Crusius, end of January 1788
  11. ^ Friedrich Schiller: Letter to Siegfried Crusius, September 3, 1792
  12. ↑ Richard Fester: Notes on the history of the descent of the united Netherlands by the Spanish government, Schiller's Complete Works: Secular Edition in 16 volumes, Eduard von der Hellen, Stuttgart / Berlin 1904/05, Volume 14, p. 431
  13. ↑ Richard Fester: Notes on the history of the fall of the united Netherlands from the Spanish government, Schiller's Complete Works: Secular edition in 16 volumes, Eduard von der Hellen, Stuttgart / Berlin 1904/05, Volume 14, p. 417
  14. ↑ Hans - W. Jäger, editorial team Kindlers Literature Lexicon: HISTORY OF THE WASTE OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS OF THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT, major works of German literature, edited by Manfred Kluge and Rudolf Radler, Munich, 1974, p. 277
  15. ^ Richard Fester: Notes on the history of the fall of the united Netherlands from the Spanish government, Schiller's Complete Works: Secular edition in 16 volumes, Eduard von der Hellen, Stuttgart / Berlin 1904/05, Volume 14, p. 448; on the sources used by Schiller, ibid p. 448 f
  16. ^ Friedrich Schiller: Letter to Goethe, March 19, 1795; on the sources used by Schiller, Richard Fester: Notes on the history of the fall of the united Netherlands from the Spanish government, Schiller's Complete Works: Secular Edition in 16 volumes, Eduard von der Hellen, Stuttgart / Berlin 1904/05, Volume 14 , P. 449
  17. ↑ Hans - W. Jäger, editorial team Kindlers Literatur Lexikon: HISTORY OF THE WASTE OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS OF THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT, major works of German literature, edited by Manfred Kluge and Rudolf Radler, Munich, 1974, p. 276
  18. ↑ Richard Fester: Introduction to Schiller's Historical Writings, Schiller's Complete Works: Secular Edition in 16 Volumes, Eduard von der Hellen, Stuttgart / Berlin 1904/05, Volume 13, pp. XXI ff
  19. ↑ Richard Fester: Introduction to Schiller's Historical Writings, Schiller's Complete Works: Secular Edition in 16 Volumes, Eduard von der Hellen, Stuttgart / Berlin 1904/05, Volume 13, pp. XXVII f
  20. ↑ Friedrich Schiller: The Fiesco Conspiracy to Genoa, introduction
  21. ↑ Friedrich Schiller: Letter to Ferdinand Huber, October 5th, 1785, "I now read a lot in Watson and my Philipp and Alba are threatened with important reforms."
  22. ↑ Friedrich Schiller: The criminal from lost honor - a true story, wikisource , Thalia - first volume, volume 2 (1786) 22 ff
  23. ↑ Friedrich Schiller: The criminal from lost honor - a true story, wikisource , Thalia - first volume, volume 2 (1786) 22 ff
  24. ↑ Friedrich Schiller: The criminal from lost honor - a true story, wikisource , Thalia - first volume, issue 2 (1786) 23
  25. ^ Christian Gottfried Körner: Letter to Schiller, January 21, 1788
  26. ^ Christian Gottfried Körner: Letter to Schiller, January 21, 1788
  27. ^ Wilhelm von Humboldt: About Schiller and the course of his intellectual development. Recall in: Correspondence between Schiller and Wilhelm v. Humboldt, Stuttgart 1830, p. 58
  28. ↑ Richard Fester: Introduction to Schiller's Historical Writings, Schiller's Complete Works: Secular Edition in 16 Volumes, Eduard von der Hellen, Stuttgart / Berlin 1904/05, Volume 13, P. XIV
  29. ↑ Richard Fester: Introduction to Schiller's Historical Writings, Schiller's Complete Works: Secular Edition in 16 Volumes, Eduard von der Hellen, Stuttgart / Berlin 1904/05, Volume 13, S. XV
  30. ↑ Hans-W. Jäger, Redaktion Kindlers Literatur Lexikon: HISTORY OF THE WASTE OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS FROM THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT, major works of German literature, edited by Manfred Kluge and Rudolf Radler, Munich, 1974, p. 277
  31. ^ Wilhelm von Humboldt: About Schiller and the course of his intellectual development. Recall in: Correspondence between Schiller and Wilhelm v. Humboldt , Stuttgart 1830, p. 5 f
  32. ^ Wilhelm von Humboldt: About Schiller and the course of his intellectual development. Recall in: Correspondence between Schiller and Wilhelm v. Humboldt, Stuttgart 1830, p. 59
  33. ↑ z. B. Wieland in January 1788 of the Teutsche Merkur, p. 3 f; Richard Fester: Introduction to Schiller's historical writings, Schiller's Complete Works: Secular edition in 16 volumes, Eduard von der Hellen, Stuttgart / Berlin 1904/05, Volume 13, pp. VI f
  34. ^ Theodor Schieder: Schiller as a historian. In: Ders .: Encounters with history. Göttingen 1962, pp. 56-79, here p. 57 and Note 3; on Niebuhr's criticism of Schiller's history of the Thirty Years War , Richard Fester: Introduction to Schiller's historical writings, Schiller's Complete Works: Secular edition in 16 volumes, Eduard von der Hellen, Stuttgart / Berlin 1904/05, Volume 13, pp. VII
  35. ^ Wilhelm von Humboldt: About Schiller and the course of his intellectual development. Recall in: Correspondence between Schiller and Wilhelm v. Humboldt, Stuttgart 1830, p. 55 ff
  36. ↑ Quoted from: Thomas Prüfer: The formation of history: Friedrich Schiller and the beginnings of modern history. - Cologne etc .: Böhlau, 2002. - (Contributions to the culture of history; Vol. 24). P. 3