Haflinger
| Haflinger | |
|---|---|
|
|
| Important data | |
| Origin: | South-Tirol |
| Main breeding area: | Bavaria, Austria, South Tyrol (Italy) |
| Distribution: | Worldwide |
| Stick measure : | 138 to 150 cm |
| Colors : | Light foxes |
| Main application area: | Sports and leisure horse, pack horse , medium-heavy draft horse, agricultural work, freedom training |
The Haflinger is a mountain horse that is primarily used today as a robust leisure horse for riding. Officially, the Haflinger is a pony or small horse breed. The first cloned horse, Prometea , is of this breed.
Background information on horse evaluation and breeding can be found under: Exterior , interior and horse breeding .
Exterior
colour
While there were also browns and blacks at the beginning , today only the fox color is still present in combination with the flax gene , so-called light foxes . The fox color comes in all variations from cabbage fox to light fox . The cabbage fox color is rare, however. Burin hair or " noble spots " are undesirable and can lead to exclusion from breeding. The long hair varies from flax colors to white, color impurities are undesirable and can lead to exclusion from breeding.
Often the stomach and inside of the legs are lightened by the gene pangaré and a flour mouth appears . Head badges from the flake to the blaze are allowed and desired, but not a requirement. More pronounced markings, such as a lantern , are undesirable and can lead to exclusion from breeding. Leg badges are undesirable, but a single leg badge up to half a splint is not assessed negatively, while several and larger leg badges can lead to point deductions or even exclusion.
Particularly light-colored Haflingers are often confused with palominos . However, the Cream gene does not appear in this breed.
Head and physique
Haflingers have an absolutely and relatively small and short, as well as noble and dry head with a broad and long forehead. The eyes are large, the nostrils wide and the ears small and flexible.
While the original stallion Folie was 150 cm high and his sons used for breeding had a height at the withers between 139 and 146 cm, the average Haflinger was smaller. From 1925 to 1980 the average height at the withers in all examinations was about 137 cm. In the meantime it has been increased to 140 to 155 cm in the World Haflinger Association through targeted selection. At the German Equestrian Association, Haflingers can be 138 to 148 cm tall.
The aim of breeding is a well-muscled, but slender neck without a lower neck, a long back with good belt depth and a strong loin area, legs with dry joints and hard hooves, strongly bound. Sometimes a weak ankle joint with severe limb angulation is a fault.
interior
Haflingers were mountain horses raised on high pastures . Due to their origins from small mountain farms, a selection took place in favor of frugality, so that Haflingers are very easy to feed. They were originally considered to be late-ripe, as their development was delayed by scarce feeding in winter and mares were therefore mated for the first time when they were four years old. In the meantime they are usually covered at the age of three. Compared to other breeds, Haflingers have a particularly long period of use for breeding: stallions and mares that are still used for breeding at the age of twenty-five are not uncommon. They also have a very high fertility.
If they are treated appropriately, Haflingers are very motivated, good-natured and have strong nerves. In addition, they are sure-footed and versatile.
Breeding history
Until the end of the First World War
The closer the home Haflingers is in South Tyrol preferred Tschögglberg , a plateau between Etsch and Talfer . It has altitudes between 1,500 and 2,000 meters. At that time, many of the places there were only accessible on foot via mule tracks or with the help of local horses. The Haflinger's home area had very poor feeding conditions, which resulted in a small, stocky and undemanding mountain horse that could be found between the Etsch and Sarntal valleys. Staffler described them in 1847 in his topography of Tyrol and Vorarlberg as “little light-footed horses” who “are particularly distinguished”. Hafling , which gave the Haflingians its name , is also listed among the places where this land plot can be found . This land plot was influenced by oriental and Noriker stallions that were placed in the Sarntal.
In 1874, the stallion 249 Folie was born in the village of Schluderns in Vinschgau, a son of the semi-oriental stallion 133 El Bedavi XXII and a local mare. His foals were so promising that the Ministry of Agriculture at the time gave the order to buy up all the good, noble foals and to heavily subsidize the breeding of his offspring by the farmers. Even before the First World War, all of the stallions in Haflinger breeding went back to three of Folie's sons, namely 14 folie , 37 Laas and lic. 252/233 Hafling .
After the First World War, with the dissolution of the Danube Monarchy, South Tyrol and with it the Sarntal and the Tschögglberg fell to Italy . Since this happened after the breeding season was over, all sires except for five stallions were in the Styrian state stallion depot in Austria , while the mare base of the breed was in Italy.
Haflinger breeding in Italy, especially South Tyrol: Aveligneser
After the First World War, Italy bought some stallions and distributed them to the breeding stations in order to rebuild the breed. Due to the poor economic situation, Italy exported around 350 broodmares to Bavaria and Austria, so that in South Tyrol in 1938 there were only 168 broodmares that were brought in. In 1931 the first volume of the studbook of the Haflingers bred in South Tyrol appeared, which increased the value of the breed.
After breeding work came to a standstill during the Second World War and was resumed in 1946, the Alto Adige Association of the South Tyrolean Haflinger Horse Breeding Cooperative was founded in 1947. As a result, the Haflingers spread throughout Italy to Sicily. The stallions owned by the cooperative were used in different parts of the country as required.
Some authors considered the Italian Haflinger as a separate breed under the name Aveligneser. Since the Italian Association of Haflinger Breeders (ANACRHAI - Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Cavalli di Razza Haflinger Italia) is now a member of the World Haflinger Association, this view must be considered out of date.
In 1984 the breeding stock in South Tyrol included around 2000 Haflinger mares and 28 stallions. However, 1/3 of the mares were not purebred. There were 5700 broodmares and 251 stallions in Italy. In 2007 there were around 5500 broodmares with a maximum of 1.57% foreign blood and 248 stallions in Italy, the total stock was a good 10,000 Haflingers.
origin of the name
The name Haflinger comes from the village of Avelengo in South Tyrol. The Haflinger was named after this village, the Italian expression "Avelengneser" also comes from this place, because the fascist Ettore Tolomei named Hafling as Avelengo during the time of Italianization . These two names have stayed with the horse to this day.
Haflinger breeding in Austria, especially North Tyrol
After the First World War, the Ministry of Agriculture chose North Tyrol, which is similar in its natural conditions and is adjacent to the original breeding area, in order to rebuild Haflinger breeding there. As early as 1919, the breeding stallions that had remained in German hands moved into their new stud stations there. In addition to Huculs , which were to be used for displacement breeding, 100 original Haflinger mares from Italy were purchased. The first breeding association was founded there in 1921, others followed, and in 1938 a total of ten breeding associations formed the South Tyrolean breeding association.
Haflinger breeding increased by leaps and bounds from 1938, as the Wehrmacht had a great need for pack animals and bought all available Haflinger and Haflinger-like animals. The young stallions who best met the requirements of the Wehrmacht were raised in the foal farm of Zams and therefore, when they were four years old, the smallest and finest stallions were selected as breeding stallions. Since these did not correspond in type and model to the classic Haflinger type, this was seen as a breeding regression after the end of the war.
After the end of the Second World War, sales of foals collapsed because the military no longer needed as many pack animals. This is why the Zams Haflinger Zuchtverein (Haflinger Zuchtverein) first and from 1947 the other breeding associations excluded all non-pure-bred mares from breeding. The Ebbs foal farm was founded in 1947 to ensure orderly stallion rearing. In the same year and again in 1958 the mare material was sighted and all mares of quality class IV were excluded from breeding. This significantly increased the average quality of the mare population and made Tyrol a high breeding area for Haflingers. Since 1948 about 180 stallions have been sold to other countries, so that Austria has had a decisive influence on the worldwide Haflinger breed.
In 1985 there were about 5000 broodmares in Austria, about 1600 of them were in Tyrol. There were 163 stallions in Austria, 36 of them in Tyrol.
Haflinger breeding in Germany
The first Haflinger imports to Bavaria were made before the First World War. In 1928 the horse merchant Benedikt Mösl imported South Tyrolean Haflinger geldings from Trostberg to Bavaria. These were so ideally suited as carrying and draft animals that the state ministry and breeding management decided to build up the breed in terms of breeding. Up until the start of state funding for Haflinger breeding, there were around 80 mares. In 1936 the Wehrmacht imported 30 Haflinger mares and placed them in the Wiesen Haflinger Stud near Oberaudorf. After Austria was annexed to the German Reich in 1938, 168 more mares from Austria and 112 mares from South Tyrol were imported to Bavaria.
Up until the end of the Second World War, Haflinger breeding was massively promoted for the purposes of the military, both through the purchase and rearing of foals by the state and through subsidies for the purchase and keeping of brood mares. After the end of the Second World War, the sales market collapsed like in Austria.
Nevertheless, various breeders remained loyal to the breed and the Haflinger spread throughout Germany. In 1984 there were around 5700 broodmares and 309 stallions in Germany, of which around 2500 mares and 92 stallions were in Bavaria.
The GDR imported from 1956 to 1961, the first 51 Haflinger mares and 5 stallions for breeding for agricultural purposes. When later a more versatile horse type was desired, thoroughbred Arabs were partially crossed in order to improve the riding horse properties. In 1985 the breeding stock in the GDR consisted of 60 stallions, in 1984 around 1700 mares, many of which had Arabian blood.
Since 2008, German Haflingers have been divided into the studbook for Haflingers and the studbook for noble blood Haflingers . There are around 4,450 pure-blood Haflinger broodmares and around 2,260 noble-blood Haflinger broodmares in Germany.
Other countries and the World Haflinger Association
While most of the heavy draft horses lost their importance after the Second World War due to the introduction of the tractor, the Haflinger breed spread to all continents as a supplement to the tractor. Two Haflingers, which were given to Queen Elisabeth II on the occasion of a state visit to Austria in 1971, aroused interest in this breed of horse in Great Britain. The British royal family initiated the establishment of a breed in Brampton (Norfolk) .
The World Haflinger Association was founded in 1976 at the Ebbs foal farm . It is a global organization of which all major Haflinger breeding countries and all major Haflinger breeding organizations except Germany are members. The World Haflinger Association was founded and directed by the Austrian Otto Schweisgut, Willi Krapf from Switzerland, Leon Le Petit from France and Mary Bromiley from England. Over time, the number of members grew. Otto Schweisgut was president from the foundation until 2000, after which the breeding director of the Tyrolean Association, Johannes Schweisgut, was elected as his successor. The World Haflinger Association defines the breeding goal and type orientation of the Haflinger to a modern leisure horse worldwide, regulates the assessment criteria for international events and defines the regulations for performance tests in the Haflinger aptitude test. Today the World Haflinger Association has 21 member organizations in 22 nations and 4 continents. The World Haflinger Association allows Haflinger up to 1.56% foreign blood, but insists on pure breeding for further breeding. The World Haflinger Association trains international judges and annually creates a new list of such Haflinger experts and approves European and world exhibitions for Haflinger horses.
In 1980 there were around 14,000 broodmares and 720 breeding stallions worldwide, the total stock was 44,500 animals. In 2005 around 2000 Haflinger stallions covered around 45,000 registered mares worldwide. There were almost 250,000 Haflingers in the same year. In 1980 there were Haflinger horses in over 30 countries, now there are over 70.
Arabian crossbreeds
Partly, e.g. B. in the GDR , Bavaria and the Netherlands , Arabs were crossed into the Haflinger population in order to improve the riding horse characteristics, while in other countries such as Tyrol and France only pure breeding was practiced.
At the Haflinger Horse Breeding Association in Tyrol, crossbreeding with a horse of another breed after the stallion Folie is not permitted on the stallion's side. The breeding book 1920 is closed for mares. Thereafter, no cross-breeding of foreign blood is allowed. The World Haflinger Association also aims for pure breeding, but allows up to 1.56% of foreign blood. Animals with a higher proportion of foreign blood are not accepted.
For Haflingers with a share of Arabian blood, their own stud books have been opened as noble blood Haflinger and Arabian Haflinger .
Bloodlines
Bloodlines serve to systematize the breeding population and provide information about relationships in the pedigree of a horse. The Haflinger is bred exclusively as a pure breed and its bloodline is always marked in its name with the first letter of the father. The Haflinger line's founder comes from a refined country mare owned by the farmer Folie, who lived in Sluderno in Vinschgau, and the oriental stallion El Bedawi XXII: Folie 249 born in 1874. Based on 249 Folie, who is the first generation in the stallion pedigree tables, there is in There are basically 7 bloodlines in Haflinger breeding today. These are the lines A, B, S, M, N, ST, W whereby the lines B, M and S are qualitatively and quantitatively the weaker lines.
The A-line
The A-line developed from the stallion 999 Anselmo, who was born in 1926. Very successful today at licensing, this line was almost extinct 50 years ago.
The B line
The stallion Bolzano, born in 1915, is considered to be the founder of the B-line. This line was also in bad shape in 1965 and attempts were made to build it up with the stallion 856 Bozen, born in 1964. Overall, the B-line is still weak, but there has been a slight upturn in recent years.
The M line
Massimo, born in 1927, was the founder of the M line. In this line, some stallions cause a bit of confusion in terms of names. Nilo (Niggl 5), a direct son of Massimo, is considered an important representative of the M line, although he has an N name. Midas, born in 1977, can be seen as one of the most important sires of the M line, a direct son and two grandchildren are used in breeding in Tyrol. Mention should also be made of the stallion Mercedes 112, born in 1958, who was a type full stallion, with a very good shoulder and neck and a lot of walking ability and who strengthened the M line in Germany. Unfortunately, the M line still requires more intensive breeding work. In Tyrol one tries to put this line qualitatively and quantitatively on a broader basis with a special support program through the breeding association.
The N line
Nibbio (Niggl 2), born in 1920, is considered to be the founder of the N-Line, which today, together with the A-Line, is one of the strongest and most widespread lines. 1514 Nabucco, born 1987, not a particularly appealing stallion himself, sired countless excellent sires and is still used in breeding in Tyrol today. Liz. 181 / T Nordtirol and the elite stallion licensed in Germany, Notting Hill are probably two of the best-known of his sons, who in turn have several sons in breeding.
The German H-Line
The stallions Hafling and Hofrat 96 were bred through the Italian line of the N line, the stallion Nautilus. An important tribe was established in Germany through Hofrat's son Hofmeister 101, which is now often referred to as the H-line. However, this line is nothing more than a splitting off of the N line. One of the most famous trademark stallions is certainly the powerful stallion Hofmarschall 1042, born in 1976.
The S line
The fact that the S line has a stallion with the ST name Stelvio, born in 1923, as the founder of the line is extremely confusing. The S-line was already on the verge of collapse when Tyrol bought the stallion 857 Salurn, pulled over the Italian stallions Ezio, Nunu and Silvio. The line was rebuilt in a relatively short time.
The ST line
The ST line has the 1047 student born in 1927 as the line founder. This line could be built up especially through his son 128 Stromer, who made a good sire in Austria with the stallion 505 Stüber. The ST line spread in Germany through the stallion Sturmwind 60, born in 1948, who was stationed in Bavaria.
The W line
401 / liz. Willi is the founder of the W-Line. The W-lineage was strongly influenced by liz.124 / T Wirbelwind, born in 1990, which was also used in artificial insemination. Today the stallion is used for breeding in Carinthia and also has some good offspring in Austria. In 2008 the stallion license 381 Wonderful was bought by the Upper Austria Breeding Association.
use
Pack horses and work horses
Even today, the Haflinger still serves as a pack animal to feed remote alpine huts or with various armies around the world. It is used as a back horse in steep or soft forest areas and serves as an agricultural workhorse on farms whose fields are too steep for the economical use of tractors. However, this area of application is very limited.
Leisure area
With proper training and husbandry, Haflingers are particularly suitable for beginners because of their character. In the leisure sector, Haflingers are used for distance rides, carriage and sleigh rides, among other things. When it comes to jumping and dressage, most Haflingers are more suitable for the lower performance classes.
Sports
Driving is the “domain” of the Haflinger , where it has established itself in the top international positions for years. There are now many drivers who rely on Haflinger horses with both 2 and 4 horses. In addition, the Haflinger has proven himself in western riding in recent years , where he can show his strengths especially in the disciplines of trail and reining . In the western scene it is often referred to as the Alpine Quarter . Haflingers can also be found more and more frequently in show jumping and dressage . The breed is constantly being refined, so the animals can also keep up with more sporty breeds. Today, modern Haflingers show sufficient freedom of gait and a gait with thrust and space.
Due to their good nature, Haflingers are also suitable horses for beginners and children, on which even inexperienced riders can safely complete their first tests in equestrian sport. However, as with all horse breeds, attention must be paid to professional training and handling, as well as species-appropriate keeping, as the Haflinger otherwise loses its will to perform.
Extraction of food
Since it is very easy to feed, the Haflinger is also used to produce food. Most of the mare's milk intended for human consumption in Germany is obtained from cold-blooded and Haflinger mares. Haflingers produce enough milk if they are fed enough that half of it can be milked without affecting the foal's development.
In Italy and France, some companies keep Haflinger horses exclusively for horse meat production. The Tyrolean Breeding Association also supplies colts that are not suitable as prospective stallions after they have been slaughtered.
show
Since Haflingers often show themselves to be very eager to learn and curious, some also have a clear talent for circus and professional shows.
See also
literature
- Hans Joachim Schwark and Petra Petzold: The Haflinger horse: with 52 tables. Magdeburg: Westarp-Wiss. [u. a.], 1996 ISBN 3-89432-172-5
Web links
- Literature by and about Haflingers in the catalog of the German National Library
- South Tyrolean Haflinger Horse Breeding Association
- Haflinger Horse Breeding Association Tyrol
- Haflinger Horse Breeding Association Switzerland, Ha-psss
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Haflinger Horse Breeding Association Tyrol: The Haflinger is a living Tyrolean cultural asset ( Memento of the original from January 30, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. As of autumn / winter 2010
- ↑ Haflinger Team C. Luber: Our stallions, as of autumn / winter 2010 to be found on the website http://www.kohlfuchshaflinger-luber.de
- ↑ a b c Zuchtziel Welt Haflinger Vereinigung ( Memento of the original from January 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Breeding goal Haflinger Horse Breeding Association Tyrol ( Memento of the original from June 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. As of autumn / winter 2010
- ↑ a b c German Equestrian Association: Horse Breeds: Haflinger and Edelblut Haflinger ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. As of autumn / winter 2010
- ^ Bonnie L. Hendricks and Anthony A. Dent: International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. Univ. of Oklahoma Pr. (2007) ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8 pp. 55f
- ↑ a b World Haflinger Association on the website of the Tyrolean Breeding Association ( Memento of the original from January 30, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. As of autumn / winter 2010
- ↑ Andrea Nardoni: Il cavallo Haflinger nel paese d'origine ( Memento of the original from June 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. On the website of the "Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Cavalli di Razza Haflinger Italia" as of autumn / winter 2010
- ↑ Haflinger and noble Haflinger modern, sporty and willing to perform ( Memento of the original from June 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on Haflinger online, the internet portal for friends of the Haflinger horse and the noble blood Haflinger. As of November 22, 2010
- ↑ Experience Tyrol: Ebbs - Fohlenhof Ebbs, World Haflinger Center as of autumn / winter 2010
- ↑ Central Working Group of Austrian Horse Breeders (ZAP): The Arab Haflinger as of autumn / winter 2010
- ↑ Barbara Fisch: Haflinger blood lines. S. August 2, 2012 , accessed April 17, 2014 .
- ↑ Haflingers in the Austrian Armed Forces as of autumn / winter 2010
- ^ Bundesverband Deutscher Stutenmilcherzeuger eV Information and introduction , as of April 26, 2010
- ↑ F. Martuzzi, AL Catalano, C. Sussi: Characteristics of horse meat consumption and production in Italy. Annali della Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria - Universita di Parma 2001 v. 21 p. 213-223 (PDF; 161 kB)
