House Bürgel

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House Bürgel

Haus Bürgel is a medieval fiefdom located north of the Baumberg district of the city of Monheim am Rhein on the border with the Düsseldorf-Urdenbach district . The origin is a Roman fort .

history

Roman times

More detailed information on the Roman fort from which Haus Bürgel developed is not available from antiquity . Accordingly, there are various contradicting hypotheses regarding the time of foundation and the Roman name. Most historians are currently assuming the following:

  • Buruncum , or alsowritten Burungum , was a Roman fort, which was presumably in the village of Cologne-Worringen , and did not affect the location of Haus Bürgel. Its Roman name would thus be unknown. The fort, which was the forerunner of today's 'Haus Bürgel', was probably built during the reign of Emperor Constantine I (306–337 AD), but at the latest during the time of Emperor Valentinian (364–375 AD) .). The border fort was then on the left bank of the Rhine. The original building was surrounded by twelve towers, four corner towers and eight round towers . Its dimensions were 64 by 64 meters and the walls were up to 2.30 meters thick. A double moat was arranged in front of the walls. Today there are still a few remains of the walls of this late Roman complex.
  • A find of 139 bronze coins below the floor of a Roman bathing facility in the fort shows that construction work was carried out in the Bürgel House at the beginning of the 4th century . These coins all date from the time of Emperor Constantine .
  • The discovery of a gold coin from the time of Emperor Honorius (393-423) also proves that the fort was used for border security at least until the temporary collapse of Roman control on the Lower Rhine in 406.

However , there are some indications for the existence of an ancient facility at the Haus Bürgel site , which point to a much earlier time. That this was already around 10 BC. Occurred in the time of Nero Claudius Drusus , is however unlikely. Under this Roman general, many Roman forts and camps were built on the left bank of the Middle and Lower Rhine to secure the border. However, there is no evidence that Haus Bürgel dates from this period, although this was suspected by a local historian in the 19th century. A not so early date for the founding of a Roman complex is supported by several facts in the high imperial period , in particular:

  • During the renovation of some of the Bürgel buildings in 1729, some silver and copper coins were found. These coins came from the time of the emperors Vespasian (reign 69–79) and Trajan (reign 98–117), ie towards the end of the 1st century AD. After the rebellion of the Germanic tribe of the Batavians was put down in 69–70 AD. The Roman provinces north of the Alps were secured and rehabilitated by Vespasian and the subsequent emperors. It is entirely possible that a new small fort or camp or observation post was built for the road connection between the former forts in Cologne and Neuss.
  • In later excavations near the complex, a burial field with at least 70 graves was found, which were created between the 1st and 3rd centuries. Whether a smaller forerunner of the later fort already existed at this time has not yet been proven. A civil Roman settlement is also conceivable. There is historical evidence of Frankish raids in the later 3rd century with the destruction of Roman facilities on the left Lower Rhine.
  • Four matron stones were found in the walls of the later estate ( M. Aviaitinehae / Rumanehae , M. Alagabiae , M. Aufaniae ). The discovery of the stones indicates a much longer period of Roman settlement, as this cult reached its peak on the Lower Rhine in the first to third centuries AD and disappeared in late antiquity in the course of Christianization.

Middle Ages to modern times

Haus Bürgel, plan 1894 with the central Maternus chapel
The Maternus Chapel in 1892
The medieval baptismal font of the Maternus Chapel; today in St. Nikolai in Brandenburg an der Havel

From the time after the end of the Roman province Germania Inferior at the beginning of the 5th century and the beginning of the rule of the Ripuarian Franks on the Lower Rhine, no usable information about Haus Bürgel is available for several centuries . Only at the end of the first millennium did there be any concrete evidence of the former fort. Presumably it was a royal estate of the Ottonians at that time . From these it was transferred to the Archbishop of Cologne Heribert in 1002 . It is later mentioned as an archiepiscopal court that was near Zons .

On May 3, 1019 "Castrum de Burgula" was given by Archbishop Heribert of Cologne to Deutz Abbey at the inauguration of the abbey church with other property than benefice . The certificate stated: "Castrum ctiam in Burgula et ecclesiam in Zünce cum decima" . This donation was made in 1147 by Pope Eugene III. approved. In its certificate of July 17th, a "Castle Bürgel with the court and church" was mentioned. At that time a chapel in Zons belonged to the parish of the 'Bürgel Church'. However, there is also the assumption that the chapel that was within 'Haus Bürgel' was identical to the chapel of Zons. In a deed from 1161, Pope Viktor IV confirmed various possessions with the associated tithe of Deutz Abbey. In addition to other possessions, "de ecclesia Bürgele" was listed.

In further documents from 1166, 1183 and 1218 one of the witnesses was a Conradus de Burgela . This had received Bürgel as a fief from the Deutz Abbey. In 1222 Archbishop Engelbert I of Cologne handed over the “Hof Bürgel” to the Kaiserswerth monastery and at the same time released it from all duties and obligations. In 1326 a Winricus de Burghile, with the consent of his brother Andreas, sold the castle and half of the land, including the patronage rights for a church, to the Deutz Abbey for 1400 Cologne marks . Then he received the estate in long lease for 150 marks per year. In 1352 Reinardus Zobbe von Ingendorp was the tenant of the estate. In 1359 the estate was sold to Renardus Besendrisch with the approval of the Abbot of Deutz . This purchase was confirmed by Archbishop Wilhelm of Cologne . 'Besendrisch' for his part left the patronage for the 'Bürgel Church' and the Zons Chapel to the Brauweiler Abbey in 1361 on the instructions of the abbot . The Zons chapel belonged to the parish of Bürgel for centuries .

A small chapel dedicated to St. Maternus stood in the middle of the courtyard. The interior of the chapel was 35 feet long and 25 feet wide.

Whether the 'Bürgel Church' mentioned in the documents was identical to the chapel is, as already mentioned, controversial. Various historians suspect that a church belonged to a walled village next to the manor and was not within 'Haus Bürgel'. Corresponding references that seem to confirm this are also given in texts that are available in the archives of the Deutz and Brauweiler Abbey . However, other historians suggest that the chapel was a successor to a larger church in the courtyard. This larger church was demolished and replaced by the small chapel.

In 1376 the Brauweiler Abbey sold the estate to the knight 'Gerat van Kayproyde' . This in turn handed over the property to the Archbishop of Cologne, Friedrich III. The document stated: “As abbot ind dat goitshuys von Bruwylre dat has good salary” . Kayproyde received the estate from the archbishop as a fief .

After the devastating Rhine flood in January / February 1374, the estate was on the right instead of the left of the Rhine and was now separated from Zons by the Rhine. After the construction of a church in Zons, from 1405 onwards, on the instructions of the Archbishop of Cologne, Friedrich III. the chapel on Haus Bürgel of the parish of Zons. The presumed small village with a church next to the estate was completely destroyed by the Rhine flood and no longer exists. Only the buildings of the former fort, equipped with much stronger foundations and walls, had withstood the water pressure. Only an old field name between the Rhine and 'Gut Bürgel', which was called "Kirbergerloch" , would still be a reference to the disappeared place with church.

The affiliation of the 'Bürgel Chapel' to the parish of Zons only ended in 1803 with the French period in the Rhineland. From this time on, the chapel belonged to the Baumberg parish. In 1843 the 'Bürgel parish' was dissolved and the chapel was no longer used. It was already dilapidated by 1881. In a photo from 1910, the chapel was only shown as a ruin without a roof and was demolished in 1916. The baptismal font of the chapel is now in the church of St. Nikolai in Brandenburg an der Havel .

After the Rhine flood at the end of the 14th century, the ownership of "Haus Bürgel" changed several times. At the end of the 14th century, Count Johann von Limburg-Broich was the owner. He bequeathed 'Haus Bürgel' to his adopted daughter Irmgard von Sayn . According to the contract of May 8, 1546, his son Philip II inherited the farm through her husband Wirich V. von Daun-Falkenstein . The last heir from this noble family 'Daun-Falkenstein' was a daughter Christiane Luise . Her husband, Emich Christian von Leiningen-Dagsburg , sold Haus Bürgel to Franz Freiherr zu Nesselrode in 1698 . For the next almost three centuries, the Counts of Nesselrode were the last historical owners of the farm. In 1837/38 these owners built a new manor house. In 1989 they sold the property to the NRW Foundation .

In 1864, the Kaiser Wilhelm apple variety was discovered here as a chance seedling.

Currently serves as House Bürgel Farm, which a few years ago resettled was. Haus Bürgel is also the location of a historical museum with a small café and the biological station of the Mettmann district and the city of Düsseldorf.

museum

Archaeological Museum
Southern archaeological outer path of the former Roman fort Haus Bürgel in Monheim am Rhein.

After the NRW foundation had acquired Haus Bürgel, extensive renovation measures were carried out. In 2003 an archaeological museum opened in the manor house and in the corner tower of Haus Bürgel. In the following years, additional exhibition rooms were added in the southwest of the facility. The replica of an original Roman stone oven could be realized in the inner courtyard of the facility with the help of funds from the LVR. An archaeological outside path, which illustrates the mediation of the exterior of the fort by means of various stations, leads visitors along the former fort walls to the decentralized exhibition rooms. At the same time, it impressively traces the location of the east gate and some of the 12 round towers with the help of paving.

Biological station

The Biological Station is a registered association and has been based at Haus Bürgel since 1996. She looks after nature reserves in Düsseldorf and in the Mettmann district, where she is responsible for implementing a large number of nature conservation measures. These include, for example, the care and planting of fruit trees in the Urdenbacher Kämpe . The Biological Station also looks after the historical kitchen garden at Haus Bürgel, in which, among other things, herbs and vegetables from Roman times and later eras are shown, and it offers various excursions all year round.

traffic

Haus Bürgel is connected to Benrath and Monheim by the Rheinbahn bus line 788 or the city of Monheim's railways , except during floods.

literature

  • Peter Bürschel, Michael Gechter: Excavations in Haus Bürgel. In: Archeology in the Rhineland 1993 . Rheinland Verlag, Bonn 1994, ISBN 3-7927-1434-5 , pp. 94-96.
  • Thomas Fischer : New research in the late Roman fort "Haus Bürgel", city of Monheim, Mettmann district. In: Archeology in Germany . 1998, issue 2, p. 6 ff.
  • Thomas Fischer: New research in the late Roman fort "Haus Bürgel", city of Monheim, Mettmann district. In: Late Roman fortifications in the Rhine and Danube provinces. Archaeopress, Oxford 1998, ISBN 0-86054-887-2 , p. 41 ff. (BAR Int. Ser. 704)
  • Thomas Fischer: For the production of military bronzes in the late Roman fort Haus Bürgel. In: H. Friesinger, K. Pieta, Ján Rajtár (eds.): Metal extraction and processing in antiquity (focus on iron). Archaeological Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Neutra, 2000, p. 113 ff. (Materials from the 8th Internat. Symposium “Basic Problems of Early Historical Development in the Northern Central Danube Region”, Zwettl 1995, Spisy archeologického ústavu AV ČR Brno 9, Brno - Nitra 2000 .)
  • Michael Gechter: New finds from the Bürgel house. In: Archeology in the Rhineland 2003 . Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1911-7 , pp. 81-83.

Web links

Commons : Haus Bürgel  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b web link; Haus Bürgel ; Chapter history.
  2. ↑ Rheinische Kunststätten. Issue 517, 2010, ISBN 978-3-86526-047-5 , p. 21.
  3. ^ Rheinische Post. July 23, 2005.
  4. ↑ a b Wilhelm Herchenbach: About House Bürgel. Monthly magazine of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein, 1881, No. 4, p. [36] 31.
  5. ↑ Mering: In: History of the castles. Volume III, p. 100.
  6. ↑ a b Wilhelm Herchenbach: About House Bürgel. Monthly magazine of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein, 1881, No. 4, p. [37] 33.
  7. ↑ a b c d Wilhelm Herchenbach: About House Bürgel. Monthly magazine of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein, 1881, No. 4, p. [38] 34.
  8. ↑ a b Rheinische Kunststätten. Issue 517, 2010, ISBN 978-3-86526-047-5 , p. 7.
  9. ↑ Lacomblet, Theodor Joseph: Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine and the Archbishopric of Cöln, document 628. Part 4, 1858, p. [804] 778. Online edition 2009 [1]
  10. ↑ a b c Rheinische Post. March 29, 2011.
  11. ↑ Aloys Herrmanns: Geschichte von Benrath und Umgebung , 1889, S. [15] 7.
  12. ↑ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet, in: Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine or the Archbishopric of Cöln, document 212 , 1853, part 3, 1301–1400, p. [200] 180. Online version
  13. ↑ a b Wilhelm Herchenbach: About House Bürgel. Monthly magazine of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein, 1881, No. 5. S. [40]
  14. ↑ a b c d e f Wilhelm Herchenbach: About House Bürgel. Monthly magazine of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein, 1881, No. 5. P. [41] 36
  15. ^ Wilhelm Herchenbach: About House Bürgel. Monthly magazine of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein, 1881, No. 5. P. [42] 37.
  16. ↑ R. Strasser. In: The changes in the Rhine current. Uni Bonn., Quarterly pages . 1995, ed. 59, p. [445] 429.
  17. ^ Wilhelm Herchenbach: About House Bürgel. Monthly magazine of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein, 1881, No. 5. P. [42] 37
  18. ^ Wilhelm Herchenbach: About House Bürgel ; Monthly magazine of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein, 1881, No. 5. P. [43] 38.
  19. ^ Rheinische Post. July 7, 2009.
  20. ↑ Monheim Weekly Gazette. August 10, 1996.
  21. ^ Wilhelm Herchenbach In: About Haus Bürgel. Monthly magazine of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein, 1881, No. 4. P. [36] 31
  22. ↑ Haus Bürgel on the website of the NRW Foundation website Haus Bürgel
  23. ↑ Bahnen Monheim: flood diversion of line 788. Accessed on February 6, 2020 .

Remarks

  1. ↑ In the RP of July 7th, the son Johann was wrongly listed as the heir

Coordinates: 51 ° 7 '47 "  N , 6 ° 52' 24"  E