Hedwig Jung-Danielewicz

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Hedwig Danielewicz (1900)

Hedwig Jung-Danielewicz (born December 5, 1880 in Berlin , † 1942 probably in Belarus ) was a German doctor . She was one of the first women in Germany to complete a medical degree. As the widow of the painter Carl Jung-Dörfler , she managed his estate. In the era of National Socialism was in the basis of their Jewish origins in 1941 Minsk ghetto deported and victims of the Holocaust .

biography

Youth and Studies

Hedwig Danielewicz was born as the second oldest child of the real estate agent Michaelis Danielewicz and his wife Henriette (née Nehab). She had four siblings: Richard (born 1879), Else (born 1882), Klara (born 1886) and Käte (born 1890). The father, who came from Poland, deliberately separated himself and his family from the Jewish tradition and endeavored to achieve “complete integration into German culture”. All religiosity was banned from the family, the father, a free thinker and atheist , believed in "progress" and "science". His business as a broker got worse and worse over the years, so that the family became impoverished and an oppressive and loveless atmosphere developed there, which would shape Hedwig Danielewicz her entire life. In addition, there were early experiences of anti-Semitic humiliation. The family's situation improved after their uncle Robert Danielewicz, who had married rich under pressure from the family and “against his own inclination”, made an apartment available for his brother's family and financed the education of Hedwig and Richard, who studied dentistry .

From 1889 Hedwig Danielewicz attended the Sophien-Lyzeum in Berlin and then the high school courses of Helene Lange . (When Lange died in May 1930, Danielewicz gave a commemorative speech in Düsseldorf in front of the local group of the Association of German Doctors , of which she was now a member.) In 1901 she graduated from high school and was one of the "earliest years of female high school students to acquire university entrance qualifications" . At the request of her family, she should become a doctor, a claim that the introverted and shy woman initially felt unable to meet. She saw herself as a future wife who lovingly looked after her husband and children.

In the winter semester 1901/02 Danielewicz took yet as non-matriculated guest student , the medical school in Berlin. However, the professor there, Wilhelm Waldeyer, refused to admit women to his lectures. After two semesters she therefore moved to Heidelberg in Baden , where she was matriculated as "studiosus medicinae" (the university did not yet have forms for women). In the summer semester of 1903, she temporarily returned to Berlin to study, but due to recent problems with a lecturer, she moved again to Freiburg . She was able to complete her five clinical semesters in Berlin, where she was one of the first women to take her medical examination on January 29, 1907. Her practical year she spent at the Friedrich-Wilhelm-pen in Bonn and was on 25 May 1908 a thesis on Clinical contributions to Pyocyanasebehandlung doctorate . Then she got her first paid job in the health center of the state insurance institute in Beelitz near Berlin. As a “volunteer assistant” at Ernst Bumm without pay , she acquired skills in obstetrics .

In order to be close to her then friend Hermann Loeschcke , a doctor working in Cologne , Hedwig Danielewicz took a job at the Elisabeth Hospital in Aachen , where she was harassed by her male colleagues, as was the case at the Municipal Hospital in Koblenz . Loeschcke left her after a three-year relationship to marry another woman - one of several experiences in which men entered into a love affair with her, but did not want to publicly acknowledge her as a Jew. She moved to Düsseldorf and in 1912 she was the first woman in the city to open her own practice as a "gynecologist and pediatrician" on Schadowstrasse . This business start-up was only possible because the Jewish doctor Martha Wygodzinski , who she had not known personally before, gave her an interest-free loan of 3,000 marks . “The choice of Düsseldorf as the location of my branch was made without much care after my resigned, hopeless mood at the time,” she later wrote.

Marriage to Carl Jung-Dörfler

In the summer of 1912, Hedwig Danielewicz, who was also artistically gifted and drew, met the painter Carl Jung-Dörfler. In 1916 Jung-Dörfler was drafted as a soldier, but suffered a nervous breakdown during his training . In December 1916, “the sensitive painter and the lonely doctor” married, and from then on she called herself Jung-Danielewicz . On the occasion of the marriage she converted to the Catholic faith and subsequently developed an intense religiosity . She cultivated close relationships with her husband's relatives and with his homeland. Regardless of an intimate connection between the couple who moved to Uhlandstr. 23 had moved, Jung-Dörfler became increasingly depressed . After a miscarriage, the couple remained childless.

In 1926, Jung-Dörfler was diagnosed with bone sarcoma and his left lower leg was amputated. He died on December 1, 1927. From then on, his wife devoted herself mainly to his artistic legacy. At the beginning of 1934 Hedwig Jung-Danielewicz fell ill with breast cancer . To recover from a serious operation, she took a cure in Bad Mergentheim and then traveled to Palestine . When she wanted to give her husband's works to the Siegburger Heimatverein in the same year, the latter was delighted with the donation, but the widow, as a “non-Aryan”, wanted to refuse membership in the association. Thereupon she refrained from making this donation.

Nazi era and death

Stumbling block for Hedwig Jung-Danielewicz in Düsseldorf (former Uhlandstrasse 23, now Uhlandstrasse 21 / corner of Schumannstrasse 25)

After the " seizure of power " by the National Socialists in January 1933 and the subsequent disenfranchisement of Jewish people, Hedwig Jung-Danielewicz had her passport withdrawn in August 1937 and her doctoral license in July 1938 . After her mother died on June 11, 1940, she moved a few houses down to her sister Else's apartment at Uhlandstrasse 28. Since, despite intensive efforts, she could not find suitable accommodation for her husband's pictures, she invited the Siegerland relatives the painter to pick up pictures in Düsseldorf; previously she had to sell her husband's works for financial reasons. The approximately 200 paintings and drawings by Jung-Dörfler that his wife had held together until then had been scattered since then. At the end of October, the two sisters received notification that they would soon be deported, whereupon Hedwig Jung-Danielewicz sent her manuscript The Life of a Convert to the Catholic writer Gertrud von le Fort . A final attempt to emigrate with the help of her nephew Hans Dahn, who lives in Switzerland, came too late.

On November 9, 1941, Else and Hedwig Danielewicz had to go to the assembly point, the Düsseldorf slaughterhouse . They were accompanied by a niece of Carl Jung-Dörfler, who later reported on her aunt's last words: "Now I can show my humility." On the following day, a total of around 1,000 Jewish people were deported to Minsk.

Hedwig Jung-Danielewicz worked as a nurse in the Minsk ghetto. With the help of the German private Max Luchner (1904–1974), who smuggled letters and packages with food and medicines for her, she was able to keep in touch with her family. Her sister Else was killed in the ghetto as part of an "action". When and how Hedwig Jung-Danielewicz died is unknown. Her niece Anna Jung received one last sign of life from her in March 1942. There are suspicions that she was murdered in the Maly Trostinez extermination camp . She was officially declared dead on May 8, 1945.

Fate of the family

Pension Kaete Dan in Tel Aviv (June 1933)

The sister Clara "Clärchen" Danielewicz was married to the mechanical engineer Otto Wittkowsky, an "Aryan" who was dismissed by his employer because of his Jewish wife, but was not allowed to emigrate due to "war knowledge". His company kept the capable Wittkowsky - he owned a patent for the valves of presses , for example - as a "freelancer" and paid him 1,000 Reichsmarks a month. The couple later went into hiding; after September 1944, when they are said to have been in Alzey in Rhineland-Palatinate , there is no sign of their life. It is believed that they were killed in a bomb attack.

Hedwig's sister Kate , who was a teacher, was involved in the Zionist movement and was a member of the Jewish Women's Association for Gymnastics and Sport (Ifftus) in Berlin . In Switzerland she studied dance at Rudolf von Laban's school . In 1922 she emigrated to Palestine, where she first opened a hotel in Safed and then the Kaete Dan guesthouse on Tel Aviv beach . The house with 21 guest rooms was designed by the Berlin architect Lotte Cohn , who founded the Ifftus together with her two sisters in 1910 . After a later sale, the pension became the nucleus of the Israeli hotel chain Dan Hotels . When Kaete Dan , married Dan-Rosen , learned of the death of her sisters in 1943, she suffered a nervous breakdown. She died in Tel Aviv in 1978.

Her brother Richard , a dentist by profession, also managed to travel to Palestine with his family; he was now called Richard Dahn . He returned to Germany in the mid-1950s and died in Frankfurt am Main in 1964 . His children Lotte and Hans continued to live in Palestine.

Commemoration and honor

On October 9, 2007, in front of their temporary home, Uhlandstr. 23 (today Uhlandstrasse 21 / corner Schumannstrasse 25) in Düsseldorf a stumbling block was laid (see list of stumbling blocks in Düsseldorf ). This was donated by the employees of the Düsseldorf women's advice center.

On May 9th, 2015 in Obersdorf , the hometown of Carl Jung-Dörfler, a place at the address Unterer Johannes was named after Hedwig Jung-Danielewicz and a memorial stone with a picture and writing panel for her was unveiled.

literature

Web links

Commons : Hedwig Jung-Danielewicz  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Irene Dänzer-Vanotti: Deported to Minsk. The life of the Jewish doctor Hedwig Jung-Danielewicz (January 19, 2017). In: erinnerorte-duesseldorf.de. January 8, 2017, accessed April 19, 2019 .
  2. ↑ Innocence, The Doctor and the Painter , p. 14.
  3. ↑ Innocence, Die Ärztin und der Maler , p. 14 f.
  4. ↑ Hedwig Jung-Danielewicz, b. Danielewicz. In: Doctors in the Empire. Retrieved April 19, 2019 .
  5. ↑ Innocence, The Doctor and the Painter , p. 24.
  6. ↑ Luise Hirsch: From the Shtetl to the Lecture Hall: Jewish Women and Cultural Exchange . University Press of America, ISBN 978-0-7618-5992-5 , pp. 102 .
  7. ↑ Innocence, The Doctor and the Painter , p. 26.
  8. ↑ Innocence, The Doctor and the Painter , p. 32.
  9. ↑ Innocence, The Doctor and the Painter , p. 77.
  10. ↑ Innocence, The Doctor and the Painter , p. 82.
  11. ↑ Innocence, Die Ärztin und der Maler , pp. 77, 219.
  12. ↑ Innocence, The Doctor and the Painter , p. 82.
  13. ^ Innocence, Die Ärztin und der Maler , pp. 88, 105.
  14. ↑ Innocence, Die Ärztin und der Maler , p. 122 f.
  15. ↑ Innocence, The Doctor and the Painter , p. 133.
  16. ↑ Innocence, The Doctor and the Painter , p. 135.
  17. ↑ Innocence, The Doctor and the Painter , p. 173.
  18. ↑ Innocence, The Doctor and the Painter , p. 173.
  19. ↑ Innocence, The Doctor and the Painter , p. 182.
  20. ↑ Innocence, Die Ärztin und der Maler , p. 186.
  21. ^ Innocence, Die Ärztin und der Maler , pp. 187 f.
  22. ↑ Innocence, The Doctor and the Painter , p. 188.
  23. ↑ Innocence, Die Ärztin und der Maler , p. 189 f.
  24. ↑ Stolpersteine , p. 118.
  25. ↑ Hedwig Jung-Danielewicz, b. Danielewicz. In: Doctors in the Empire. Retrieved April 18, 2019 .
  26. ↑ Stolpersteine , p. 209.
  27. ↑ "The life of the doctor Hedwig Jung-Danielewicz": Lecture by Irene Dänzer-Vanotti in the Alumni Club North Rhine-Westphalia - Förderverein. In: alumni-foerdern.uni-freiburg.de. July 2, 2018, accessed April 19, 2019 .
  28. ↑ Innocence, Die Ärztin und der Maler , p. 194.
  29. ↑ US2766586A - Control valves for hydraulic presses. In: Google Patents. Retrieved April 20, 2019 .
  30. ↑ Innocence, The Doctor and the Painter , p. 198.
  31. ↑ a b Innocence, The Doctor and the Painter , p. 205.
  32. ^ Gertrud Pfister / Toni Niewerth: Jewish Women in Gymnastics and Sport in Germany 1898-1938 . In: Journal of Sport History . tape 26 , no. 2 , 1999, p. 297 (English).
  33. ↑ Innocence, The Doctor and the Painter , p. 225.
  34. ^ Andrea von Treuenfeld: Israel. Gütersloher Verlagshaus, 2018, ISBN 978-3-641-22591-9 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  35. ↑ Women do gymnastics for Zion. In: davidkultur.at. 2010, accessed April 22, 2019 .
  36. ^ Innocence, Die Ärztin und der Maler , p. 203.
  37. ↑ Highlights of 2007 - 25 years of women's advice center düsseldorf eV (pdf) June 2008, accessed on April 20, 2019.
  38. ↑ Max Amos: Memorial stone for Hedwig Jung-Danielewicz in Obersdorf. In: derwesten.de. May 10, 2015, accessed April 19, 2019 .
personal data
SURNAME Jung-Danielewicz, Hedwig
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Danielewicz, Hedwig (maiden name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German doctor
DATE OF BIRTH December 5, 1880
PLACE OF BIRTH Berlin
DATE OF DEATH 1942