Heinrich von Pfalzpaint

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Heinrich von Pfalzpaint (* around 1400 in Pfalzpaint in Altmühltal , † around 1464) was an important German surgeon , Teutonic Knight and author of an innovative surgical manual at the time .

Life

Heinrich von Pfalzpaint came from a Bavarian ministerial family that had its seat in Pfalzpaint, today part of Walting in the Altmühltal, below Eichstätt. The father was probably Heinrich Pfalzpeunter.

His medical apprenticeship took him through the Bavarian ( Eichstätt , Weißenburg , Munich , Tegernsee ) and Franconian ( Bamberg , Bayreuth ) regions as well as to Basel and Metz . His teachers included Hans von Bayreuth (later, around 1474/1479 doctorate physician to the Dukes Ludwig and Georg von Bayern-Landshut and Ingolstadt professor), in Metz the Moselle-Franconian surgeon Johannes Beris (also Johann von Paris , Hans von Beris , Birer in Lorraine ), who taught him the correct handling of arrow shots, Conrad von Nürnberg, Linhardt von Basel, Hans von Halberstadt and Otto von Heideck zu Weissenburg ( Odon von Heydelbergk , surgeon in Wissembourg ). He learned the art of rhinoplasty with Italian surgeons.

His sister Margarethe married the Eichstätt patrician Michael Muggenthaler . In 1452 Heinrich sold her Pfalzpaint Castle to her .

Before 1450 he entered the Teutonic Order (probably in the near-home Kommende Ellingen ), was transferred to the Prussian branch of the order and belonged to the Marienburg convent . In 1453 he went on a visitation trip to Rehden Castle in the war- endangered Kulmerland , from where he sent Grand Master Ludwig von Erlichshausen a visitation report on August 11, 1453, in which he described the desolate condition of the crew and weapons and made suggestions for improvement, and on November 8th In 1453 he filed an application for the suppression of a lawsuit against the house commander who, due to armament-related austerity measures by the order, had the food rations restricted. During the siege of Marienburg from 1454 to 1457, he organized the military medical services with the Grand Master's personal physician, Jakob Schillingholz, and (according to his own statements) provided surgical care to over 4,000 knights and mercenaries.

He trained the later Grand Master Hans von Tiefen as well as the High Alemannic Teutonic Knight Heinrich von Baldenstetten to become surgeons. From February 1460 he wrote his textbook for surgeons. Apparently he died a little later, because in 1465 he is no longer mentioned in an inheritance document from his sister.

meaning

As a surgeon, Heinrich von Pfalzpaint was an experienced practitioner, had excellent technical skills at the level of the performance level of Upper German surgery in the late Middle Ages and was considered a leading surgeon , especially in the Teutonic Order . In his wound medicine , laid out as a secret book, the knowledge of the teacher and his own experience, but also older writings are processed, even if he need not have known them himself. The work is divided into a general and a special part, between which a register is placed. The internal breakdown was based on procedural and therapeutic principles, partly also according to origin. As is usually the case with the works of medieval surgery, the focus is on the materia medica ( pharmacognosy and pharmacology ), while on practical medical instructions his anesthetic technique (sleeping sponges), the intestinal suture over a silver pipe, the treatment of gunshot wounds with powder and lead and fractures as well as a plastic lip at harelip are remarkable; The first description of a special flap for nasal reconstruction , which comes from an Italian source, is also outstanding . Pfalzpaint mobilizes (in the text from 1460) a pedicled skin flap on the inside of the upper arm and proceeds - far more simply than Gaspare Tagliacozzi (1597) - in three surgical steps; the procedure of this pedicled remote transplantation (with flap plastic or "roll flap technique") was only recreated at the beginning of the 19th century by Carl Ferdinand von Graefe . However, wound medicine could not influence surgery in modern times , since its sphere of activity was restricted by the restriction to pupils (surgical pupils), although the knight Hans von Toggenburg, who was associated with him, had the highly innovative work copied and edited and it was 1519 was made as a copy by the clergyman Heinrich Hen (t) ze on behalf of a Wilhelm von Greussen († 1521) - therefore it was not printed and only rediscovered in 1858 (edited in 1868), when the operational knowledge had already been obtained.

The Bavarian-East Central German dialect and the obviously difficult orthography of Heinrich von Pfalzpaint was often confusing for the specialist history, which misinterpreted the work title 'Wundarznei' in the spelling Bündth-Ertznei as 'Binde-Arznei' (association theory). However, this cannot hide the fact that the experienced surgeon has a masterly command of military and surgical terminology , is clear and unambiguous everywhere, and can also reliably describe a difficult plastic-reconstructive procedure. That is why Heinrich von Pfalzpaint is considered the most important German-speaking surgeon of the late Middle Ages.

plant

  • Heinrich Haeser , Albrecht Theodor Middeldorpf (ed.): Book of Bündth-Ertznei by Heinrich von Pfolsprundt, brother of the German order, 1460 , Berlin 1868 ( online )
  • Karl Sudhoff : Contributions to the history of surgery in the Middle Ages. 2 volumes, Leipzig 1914–1918 (= studies on the history of medicine. Volume 10–11 / 12), Volume 2, pp. 531–560.

literature

  • Bernhard Dietrich Haage: Medical literature of the Teutonic Order in the Middle Ages. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 9, 1991, pp. 217-231, here: pp. 221-228.
  • Bernhard Dietrich Haage, Wolfgang Wegner, Gundolf Keil, Helga Haage-Naber: German specialist literature of the Artes in the Middle Ages and early modern times. Berlin 2007 (= Fundamentals of German Studies. Volume 43), pp. 43, 241 f. and 244.
  • Gundolf Keil : Heinrich von Pfalzpaint. In: The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author Lexicon . , 2nd Edition. Volume 3, De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1981, Sp. 856-862.
  • Gundolf Keil: Heinrich von Pfalzpaint and the plastic surgery of the skin. In: Günter Burg, Albert A. Hartmann, Birgit Konz (Eds.): Oncological Dermatology. New aspects, age-related features. (14th annual meeting of the Association for Surgical and Oncological Dermatology from May 10th to 12th, 1991 in Würzburg). Springer, Berlin a. a. 1992, pp. 3-11.
  • Gundolf Keil: Heinrich von Pfalzpaint and the plastic surgery of the skin. In: Bulletin of the Association of German Plastic Surgery. No. 11, (September) 1992, pp. 11-13.
  • August Lange: The rhinoplasty in the 'Göttingen pocket calendar for the year 1805'. A note on the history of nasal reconstruction. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 9, 1991, pp. 345-350, here: pp. 345 f.
  • Muffat : Heinrich von Pfolspeunt (not Pfolsprunt), brother of the German order. A fifteenth century medical writer, born in Bavaria. In: Meeting reports of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences: phil.-historical class (1869) I, pp. 564-570.
  • Christian Probst : Two unknown letters from the surgeon Heinrich von Pfalzpaint from 1453. In: Sudhoff's archive. Volume 50, 1966, pp. 69-78.
  • Christian Probst: Heinrich von Pfalzpaint. In: Klemens Wieser (Ed.): Eight Centuries of German Orders. Godesberg 1967, pp. 229-238.
  • Claudia Richter: Phytopharmaka and pharmaceuticals in Heinrichs von Pfalzpaint 'Wündärznei' (1460). Studies on traumatological pharmacobotany in the Middle Ages. Würzburg 2004 (= Würzburg medical historical research. Volume 84); Online version .
  • Gustav Roethe, Hermann Frölich:  Pholspeunt, Heinrich von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 26, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1888, p. 91 f.
  • Christoph Weißer: The nasal replacement plastic after Heinrich von Pfalzpaint. A contribution to the history of plastic surgery in the late Middle Ages with an edition of the text. In: Josef Domes, Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Ch. Weißer, Volker Zimmermann (eds.): Light of nature. Medicine in specialist literature and poetry. Festschrift for Gundolf Keil on his 60th birthday. Göppingen 1994 (= Göppinger works on German studies. Volume 585), pp. 485–506.
  • Christoph Weißer: Heinrich von Pfalzpaint. In: Werner E. Gerabek , BD Haage, G. Keil and W. Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. , Berlin / New York 2005, p. 563 f. (quoted)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Wolfgang Wegner: Hans von Bayreuth (Bereuth). In: Werner E. Gerabek et al. (Ed.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. Walter de Gruyter, 2005, ISBN 9783110157147 , p. 532. limited preview in Google book search
  2. ↑ A New Wundartzney M. Johanns von Parisijs, How to heal all wounds, whether they have been stabbed, hewn, shot, with an arrow or plumb bob [...]. Frankfurt am Main (Hermann Guelfferich) 1552.
  3. ↑ Gundolf Keil: Beris, Johannes (Bires, Baris, Paris). In: Burghart Wachinger et al. (Hrsg.): The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author Lexicon . 2nd, completely revised edition, volume 1: 'A solis ortus cardine' - Colmar Dominican chronicler. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1978, ISBN 3-11-007264-5 , Sp. 724 f.
  4. ^ Ernest Wickersheimer : Dictionnaire biographique des médecins en France au Moyen âge. Librairie Droz, 1979, ISBN 9782600033831 , p. 584. Restricted preview in Google Book Search
  5. ^ Felix Mader: The art monuments of Middle Franconia. Oldenbourg, 1982, ISBN 9783486505054 , p. 260. Restricted preview in Google Book Search
  6. ↑ See also Gundolf Keil: Aphorisms on the history of the hospital. In: Arnulf Thiede , Heinz-Jochen Gassel (ed.): Hospital of the future. Heidelberg 2006, pp. 735–742, here: p. 740 ( “Hospital of the Future” 1454–1457 on the Marienburg ).
  7. ↑ Christoph Weißer: Heinrich von Baldenstetten. In: Encyclopedia of Medical History. 2005, p. 562 f.
  8. ^ Claudia Richter (2004); see. also Claudia Richter: Plants in the wound surgery of the Teutonic Knight Heinrich von Pfalzpaint. In: Sacra bella septentrionalia, I: Medieval culture and literature in the German order state in Prussia: life and afterlife. Marburg 2009, pp. 245-255.
  9. ↑ Gundolf Keil: "blutken - bloedekijn". Notes on the etiology of the hyposphagma genesis in the 'Pommersfeld Silesian Eye Booklet' (1st third of the 15th century). With an overview of the ophthalmological texts of the German Middle Ages. In: Specialized prose research - Crossing borders. Volume 8/9, 2012/2013, pp. 7–175, here: pp. 10–12, 32 and 135 f.
  10. ↑ Christoph Weißer: Henze (Hentze), Heinrich. In: Encyclopedia of Medical History. 2005, p. 570.
  11. ↑ Jakob Grimm : German Mythology. I-III, Berlin 1835; 4th edition, obtained from Elard H. Meyer, Berlin 1875–1878; Reprint, with an introduction by Leopold Kretzenbacher, Graz 1968; Reprint Wiesbaden 1992; Volume I (1875), p. 187 (on the name "Pholespiunt"), and Volume III, p. 79 f. (to "Heinrich von Pfolsprundt").
  12. ↑ Hans Kritzler: The historical development of gunshot wound treatment from Pfolspeundt [!] To Fabricius von Hilden. Medical dissertation Berlin 1912.
personal data
SURNAME Pfalzpaint, Heinrich von
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German surgeon (surgeon)
DATE OF BIRTH around 1400
PLACE OF BIRTH Pfalzpaint , Hochstift Eichstätt , Holy Roman Empire
DATE OF DEATH around 1464