Helmlings
Helmlings | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pink Radish Helmling ( Mycena rosea ) |
||||||||||||
Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Mycena | ||||||||||||
( Pers. ) Roussel |
The helmlings ( Mycena ) are a genus of fungi with small fruiting bodies from the helmling relatives family . The genus contains over 100 species in Europe alone. Usually they are small to tiny, tender-skinned mushrooms. They live saprotrophically on the ground or on dead wood. Some Mycena have beautifully colored hats, others stand out for their colored fins cutting, because the person sitting on them Zystiden pigments. There are also helmets which, when injured, secrete a white or colored milky sap and species show bioluminescence .
features
Macroscopic features
The appearance of the fruiting bodies is like a helmeting or nabling and in rare cases also like a carrot. Helmet-like means that the fruiting bodies are small and delicate and have a bell-shaped to conical hat and a long, slender stem. The hat is thin and grooved in most species. The surface of the hat is bare, flaky, fluffy, grainy or frosted. Sometimes the hat is covered with a gelatinous, peelable membrane. The lamellas are usually ascending, horizontal or arched and almost freely or narrowly attached to the stem or slightly sloping down. The spore powder is whitish. The stem can be fragile, cartilaginous or elastic-hard. The stem surface is partially or completely frosted, fluffy or bare. Sometimes the base of the stalk is enlarged to a disc or it is hairy and hairy. When injured, a milky juice emerges from the fruit bodies of some species, the presence and color of which are important determinants.
Microscopic features
The basidia have two or four pores. The spores are usually apple seed or teardrop-shaped, more rarely almost cylindrical or spherical and mostly amyloid . Few species of helmet ring have inamyloid spores. They are smooth and have no germ pore .
A microscopically important feature is the shape of the cheilocystid , which, in contrast to the pleurocystid, is almost always present. They can be club-shaped, upside-down pear-shaped, spindle-shaped or bottle-shaped or, less often, cylindrical. They are smooth, simply spindle-shaped or branched or they have differently shaped, simple or branched outgrowths, so that they can look "hedgehog-brushy" or "antler-like branched". The pleurocystids can be numerous, rare or absent.
The hyphae of the hat skin (Pileipellis) are mostly branched and rarely smooth. The hyphae of the pedunculate cortex are smooth or sagging and sometimes have specially shaped end cells or caulocystids . The Lamellen trama is colored purple-brown with Melzer reagent (iodine solution), only in a few cases it is not colored.
species
The genus is very species-rich, well over 300 species are known. About 100 species are common in Germany.
Helmlinge ( Mycena ) in Germany |
Leading helmling
Mycena abramsiiOrange-red helmling Mycena acicula
Pink-leaved helmling
Mycena galericulataWhite-milk helmling
Mycena galopusStretchable Mycena epipterygia helmet
Great Blood Helmling
Mycena haematopusMulti-colored helmling Mycena inclinata
Yellow-stemmed nitrate helmling
Mycena renati
Systematics
Some species with inamyloid spores and trama were separated due to phylogenetic studies and placed in the genus Atheniella , including the coral red ( A. adonis ) and the white-yellow helmling ( A. flavoalba ). The genus Atheniella is not in the family Mycenaceae but in the family Porotheleaceae .
literature
- Giovanni Robich: Mycena d'Europa. AMB Fondazione Centro Studi Micologici, 2003.
- RA Maas Geesteranus: Mycenas of the Northern Hemisphere. 2 volumes, Sciences, The Netherlands, 1992, ISBN 0-444-85757-5 .
- Alexander Hanchett Smith: North American species of mycena. University of Michigan Press, 1947 ( online version )
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ PB Matheny et al .: Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview . In: Mycological Society of America (Ed.): Mycologia . Vol. 98, No. 6 , 2006, ISSN 0027-5514 (English, online [PDF]).
- ↑ Ewald Gerhart (Hrsg.): Pilze Volume 1: Lamellar mushrooms, deafblings, milklings and other groups with lamellae (= Spectrum of Nature BLV Intersivführer . Volume 1 ). BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 125 .
- ↑ Arne Aronsen: What is a Mycena? A key to the Mycenas of Norway. (No longer available online.) In: Mycena Page / home.online.no. Archived from the original on January 31, 2012 ; accessed on December 7, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Jerry Cooper: NZ species in Mycenella, Hemimycena, Atheniella and Mycena pp. (suborder Marasmineae incertae sedis). In: Mycological Notes. December 3, 2016, accessed June 20, 2020 .