Ichan Qalʼа

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Ichan Qalʼа
UNESCO world heritage UNESCO World Heritage Emblem
Ичан-Кала. Схема.JPG
Schematic representation of the floor plan by Ichan Qalʼа on ​​tiles. (North is on the left)
National territory: UzbekistanUzbekistan Uzbekistan
Type: Culture
Criteria : (iii) (iv) (v)
Reference No .: 543
UNESCO region : Asia and Pacific
History of enrollment
Enrollment: 1990  (session 14)

Ichan Qalʼа (Int. Also Itchan-Kala ; Uzbek also Ichon Qalʼа ; in German Inner Fortress) is the historic city center ( Schahrestan ) of the Uzbek oasis city of Xiva, surrounded by a city wall . In 1990 Ichan Qalʼа was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List as a World Heritage Site .

background

Xiva is said to have served the caravans as a rest stop in ancient times and was already surrounded by a wall in the 6th century. Khiva is mentioned as a city in the 10th century. Due to its location in the oasis landscape of Khorezmia south of the Amu Darya on the edge of the Karakum desert , the city profited from trade and was a transshipment point for the caravans that moved through the desert to Persia or came from it. During the Mongol storm, the city was conquered by Genghis Khan's troops in 1220 and largely destroyed. Another Mongolian conquest of the rebuilt city came in 1388 by Timur .

At the beginning of the 17th century, instead of Gurganj , Khiva became the capital of a khanate founded in 1511 by a sideline of the Uzbek Scheibanids , which has since been referred to as Khanate Khiva . In 1740 the Khiva was conquered and destroyed by the Persian Shah Nadir and the Khanate Khiva became part of the Persian Empire for a short time. In 1785 the reconstruction of the city wall began. In 1873 the khanate became a Russian protectorate, but formally continued to exist until 1920, when it was occupied by the Red Army during the Russian civil war .

The cityscape of Ichan Qalʼа, the historic old town of Xiwa, is predominantly characterized by buildings that were built in the 18th and 19th centuries after the city was destroyed by the Persians, even if some older buildings still exist. The roughly rectangular old town extends over an area of ​​about 400 × 720 meters and is surrounded by a wall about 2.2 kilometers long and about 7 to 8 meters high. A gate leads into the old town on each side of the rectangle.

registration

Ichan Qalʼа was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1990 based on a resolution of the 14th session of the World Heritage Committee . It was the first world heritage site in Uzbekistan, which at that time was still a union republic of the Soviet Union .

The world heritage site covers an area of ​​37.5 hectares. Its border essentially follows the city wall, but also includes a small area outside the city wall southeast of the Alla Kuli Khan madrasah with the Said Scheliker Bei complex .

The reason for the entry states, among other things:

“Ichan Qalʼа is the location of 51 large historical buildings and 250 residential houses and displays remarkable types of architectural ensembles. ... The outstanding characteristics of Itchan Kala are not so much derived from the individual monuments, but also from the incomparable urban structure of the city and the harmony with which the great buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries are integrated into a traditional structure were. "

The entry was made on the basis of criteria (iii), (iv) and (v).

“(Iii): With the coherent and well-preserved urban ensemble of downtown Khiva, Ichan Qalʼа gives an extraordinary testimony to the lost civilizations of Khorezmia.
(iv): Some of Ichan Qalʼа's monuments form notable and unique types of architectural ensembles, built according to the ancient traditions of Central Asia, illustrating the development of Islamic architecture between the 14th and 19th centuries.
(v): The native architecture of Khiva with its traditional architectural style is an important example of human settlements in Central Asia due to its design and construction. "

Even if the registration as a World Heritage Site was not based on individual buildings, but on the overall appearance of the city, some individual buildings and building ensembles are particularly emphasized in the summary of the registration decision.

Among them are at mosques , the Juma Mosque , which was built in the 10th century and was built from 1788 to 1789, and the Ak-mosque (1675), at madrasas the Madrasa Muhammad Rahim Khan , the madrasa Alla Kuli Khan and the Madrasah Muhammad Amin Khan , the Pahlawan Mahmud memorial at mausoleums , the Said Ala ad-Din mausoleum and the Shergʻozixon mausoleum , caravanserais and markets as well as two palaces that were built by Khan Alla Kuli at the beginning of the 19th century .

List of buildings of world trade Ichan Qalʼа

An incomplete list of outstanding structures:

  • Wall of the Konya Ark fortress with gate

  • Juma Mosque

  • Kalta Minor

  • Ak mosque

  • Madrasah Alla Kuli Khan

  • Madrasah Muhammad Amin Khan

Web links

Commons : Ichan Qalʼа  - collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Ichan Qalʼа on the UNESCO World Heritage Center website ( English and French ).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Center: Decision - 14 COM VII.A. In: whc.unesco.org. Retrieved November 28, 2016 .
  2. ↑ a b c d UNESCO World Heritage Center: Itchan Kala. In: whc.unesco.org. Retrieved November 30, 2016 .
  3. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Center: Itchan Kala. Maps. In: whc.unesco.org. Retrieved November 30, 2016 .

Coordinates: 41 ° 22 ′ 40 ″  N , 60 ° 21 ′ 30 ″  E