Ida Henrietta Hyde

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Ida Henriette Hyde

Ida Henrietta Hyde (born September 8, 1857 in Davenport , Iowa , † August 22, 1945 in Berkeley ) was an American physiologist of German-Jewish descent. She was the third woman to receive a doctorate from Heidelberg University and the first to do research at Harvard Medical School . In 1905 Ida Hyde became professor and head of the Physiology Department at the University of Kansas . Among other things, she researched the heart, blood circulation, respiratory and nervous systems. Her findings on the effects of alcohol, nicotine and caffeine were way ahead of their time. In 1921 she presented the microelectrode she had developed for stimulating individual cells, which was a novelty in the field of neurophysiology .

Life

Ida Hyde at the age of 14

Childhood and education in the United States

Ida Henrietta Hyde was born in Davenport in 1857 as one of four children of the dealer Meyer Heidenheimer and his wife Babette (Loewenthal) Heidenheimer. Her parents came from the German Württemberg and had shortened the family name to Hyde after immigration to the United States. Ida Hyde's father left the family early so that her mother had to provide for a living alone. Babette Heidenheimer moved with the children to Chicago , where she opened a small business and enabled them to attend public schools. However, her home and business were destroyed in the Great Fire of Chicago . At the age of 14, Ida Hyde was forced to look for a job and to help support the family. With her support, her brother Ben was able to graduate from school and study engineering at the University of Illinois . Ida Hyde began as a trainee milliner in a clothing factory, and later rose to become a seller and buyer.

An English edition of Alexander von Humboldt's Views of Nature sparked Ida Hyde's lifelong interest in biology. She decided to resume her schooling and attended night school at the Chicago Athenaeum from 1875 to 1876 . There she took courses in arithmetic, grammar, accounting, shorthand, German, American history and geography. During her brother's graduation ceremony at the University of Illinois at Champaign , she got to know several female students and academic life and made the decision to study as well, although she met with great opposition from her family. She passed the entrance exam for College Preparatory School and began studying at the University of Illinois in 1881. However, the following year she broke off her studies again because her brother became ill and she had to look after him. She spent the next six years teaching in Chicago public elementary schools. There she was committed to introducing natural history into the curriculum. During this time she saved money for her further academic education.

In 1888 she finally continued her studies at Cornell University , where she earned the AB in Zoology in three instead of the four planned years. She then received a scholarship to Bryn Mawr College , where she worked as a biological assistant to Thomas Hunt Morgan and Jacques Loeb . During the summer months she did research at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole , Massachusetts.

Study in Europe

Ida Hyde in the lecture hall of Heidelberg University (1896)

In 1893, the German zoologist Alexander Goette invited Hyde to his laboratory at the University of Strasbourg after her research on umbrella jellyfish had settled a long-running controversy between him and the Austrian zoologist Carl Claus in his favor. With the help of a scholarship from the Association of Collegiate Alumnae for 1893 to 1894, she was able to accept the invitation. Since her research in Strasbourg was successful, Goette wanted to recognize her results as a dissertation, but could not convince the rest of the faculty to allow a woman in Germany to do a scientific doctorate for the first time. So Ida Hyde moved to the more liberal University of Heidelberg, where women had been admitted as guest students since 1891. Against the resistance of the professor of physiology Wilhelm Kühne , she studied for two years in Heidelberg and was awarded a doctorate in physiology in 1896 with multa cum laude (an evaluation level that was specially introduced for her and that was just below summa cum laude ). This made her the third woman, after Katharina Windscheid and Marie Gernet , to achieve her doctorate at the University of Heidelberg.

After Ida Hyde's successful doctorate, Kühne changed his mind about her and supported her further development with recommendations. She was able to spend six weeks in the Naples Zoological Station and then go to the University of Bern , where she did research in the field of muscle physiology with Hugo Kronecker . In Bern she met Henry Pickering Bowditch , the former dean of Harvard Medical School . With his support, she received an Irwin Research Fellowship and a position at Harvard. She returned to the United States in the summer of 1897 and was the first woman to do research at Harvard Medical School. She also attended some courses there, e.g. B. in bacteriology , and worked as a part-time teacher of histology and anatomy in two Cambridge preparatory classes.

Professor at the University of Kansas

In 1898 Ida Hyde got a permanent position at the University of Kansas . Thanks to her excellent qualifications and references and the urgent need for physiologists at the university for the medical school that was being set up, she was immediately hired as an assistant professor of zoology. The following year she became an assistant professor of physiology and finally, in 1905, full professor and head of the physiological faculty. This position was also a novelty for a woman in the natural sciences and at a co-educational university. She led the further expansion of the medical school, advocated technical, structural and sanitary equipment that corresponded to the current status and continued to give lectures. She spent some of her vacation with further medical training. She attended the Rush Medical School in Chicago for three summers and attended lectures in surgery and clinical medicine. Her goal was an MD , but she ultimately failed to graduate due to formalities. In 1916 the Physiological Faculty was restructured, it was merged with another department and managed by a committee instead of an individual. At the same time, Ida Hyde was suggested to resign. Possible reasons for this were her lack of an MD, her membership in the Society for Ethical Culture , but also the wish of the college for a man in her position. In 1918 she finally took a break, which she justified with military obligations, and did not return to the university.

Retirement

Ida Hyde officially retired in 1920. Two years later, starting from Heidelberg, she traveled through Germany, Switzerland and Austria. She later settled in California , first in San Diego , then in Berkeley . There she died in 1945 of an intracerebral haemorrhage . She was buried in Woods Hole Cemetery. Her estate is in the archives of the American Association of University Women and the University of Kansas.

Act

Ida Hyde in her laboratory at Heidelberg University (1896)

Ida Hyde dealt with very different topics, which she examined in an innovative way and thus came to new insights. This included the structure of the mammalian heart and the functioning of the bloodstream. She also dealt with the influences of the environment and nutrition on the nervous system. For example, she described the effect of music on the cardiovascular system of different groups of people and examined the effects of caffeine, alcohol, drugs and stress.

For her research at cell level, Ida Hyde developed one of the first microelectrodes. This is a very small electrode in the form of a micropipette , the tip of which can be inserted into the wall of an individual cell without destroying it (for the manufacture of such pipettes, see here ). In 1921 she published the article A micro-electrode and unicellular stimulation in the journal Biological Bulletin , in which she explained the functionality and use of the device. The biophysicist Kenneth Stewart Cole described this invention in discussions in the MBL in 1971 as a breakthrough in the history of neurophysiology . However, this pioneering work by Hyde and a few other scientists of the time was largely forgotten again and microelectrodes were not "rediscovered" until the 1940s.

In 1902 Ida Hyde became the first female member of the American Physiological Society and remained the only one until 1913. She was also a member of the Sigma Xi scientific associations , the American Biological Society , the American Geographical Society, and the American Medical Association .

Ida Hyde was also involved in public health . She started a program to screen school children for tuberculosis and meningitis and gave lectures on hygiene and sexual education.

After her own difficult path into the academic world of work, Ida Hyde was particularly interested in supporting other women. She initiated the Sarah Robinson Research Table in Woods Hole and the ACA Research Table in Naples, as well as women's fellowships at the University of Kansas, the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, Bryn Mawr, and Cornell University. She campaigned for the salaries of female academics to be equal to those of their male colleagues. Shortly before her death, she donated $ 25,000 to the American Association of University Women to establish the Ida H. Hyde Woman's International Fellowship.

Publications

  • Notes on the Hearts of Certain Mammals. In: The American Naturalist. Vol. 25, No. 298, 1891, ISSN  0003-0147 , pp. 861-863, JSTOR 2451734 .
  • Development history of some scyphomeduses. In: Journal of Scientific Zoology. Vol. 58, 1894, ZDB -ID 200735-6 , pp. 531-564.
  • The nervous mechanism of the respiratory movements in Limulus polyphemus. In: Journal of Morphology . Vol. 9, 1894, ISSN  0362-2525 , pp. 431-448, doi: 10.1002 / jmor.1050090305 .
  • J. Richard Ewald: To the physiology of the labyrinth. IV. Communication: The relationship of the cerebrum to the tonus labyrinth. In part after experiments by Ida H. Hyde. In: Archives for the entire physiology of humans and animals . Vol. 60, ZDB -ID 505391-2 , 1895, pp. 492-508, doi: 10.1007 / BF01677548 .
  • Development history of some scyphomeduses. In: Journal of Scientific Zoology. Vol. 18, pp. 531-565 (also special reprint: W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 1896), (at the same time: Heidelberg, University, dissertation, 1896).
  • Observations on the secretion of the so-called salivary glands of Octopus macropus. In: Journal of Biology. Vol. 35 = NF Vol. 17, 1897, ISSN  0372-8366 , pp. 459-477, online .
  • The effect of distention of the ventricle on the flow of blood through the walls of the heart. In: American Journal of Physiology . Vol. 1, 1898, ISSN  0002-9513 , pp. 215-224.
  • Collateral circulation in the cat after ligation of the post cava. In: The Kansas University Quarterly. Series A, Vol. 9, 1900, ISSN  0885-4068 , pp. 167-171.
  • The nervous system of Gonionema murbachii. In: The Biological Bulletin. Vol. 4, 1902, ISSN  0148-9488 , pp. 40-45, online (PDF; 443 kB) .
  • The nerve distribution in the eye of Pecten irradians. In: George Howard Parker et al. (Eds.): Mark Anniversary Volume. To Edward Laurens Mark, Hersey Professor of Anatomy and Director of the Zoological Laboratory at Harvard University, in Celebration of twenty-five Years of successful Work for the Advancement of Zoology, from his former students, 1877-1902. Henry Holt and Company, New York NY 1903, pp. 471-482, online .
  • Localization of the respiratory center in the skate. In: American Journal of Physiology. Vol. 10, 1904, pp. 236-258.
  • Differences in electrical potential in developing eggs. In: American Journal of Physiology. Vol. 12, 1904, pp. 241-275.
  • Outlines of experimental physiology. Self-published, Lawrence KS 1905, online .
  • Recent scientific contributions to social welfare. Modern Aspects of Physiology. In: The Chautauquan. Vol. 41, 1905, ZDB -ID 87293-3 , pp. 453-459.
  • A reflex respiratory center. In: American Journal of Physiology. Vol. 16, 1906, pp. 368-377.
  • The educational importance of physiology. In: The Interstate Schoolman. 1907, pp. 18-20.
  • The effect of salt solutions on the respiration, heart beat and blood pressure in the skate. In: American Journal of Physiology. Vol. 23, 1908, pp. 201-213.
  • A study of the respiratory and cardiac activities and blood pressure in the skate following intravenous injections of salt solutions. In: The University of Kansas Science Bulletin. Vol. 15, No. 4 = Vol. 5, No. 4, 1909/1911, ISSN  0891-1967 , pp. 29-63, online .
  • with Ruth Spray, Irene Howat: The influence of alcohol, upon the reflex action of some cutaneous sense organs in the frog. In: The University of Kansas Science Bulletin. Vol. 17, No. 13 = Vol. 7, No. 13, 1913, pp. 229-238, online .
  • Laboratory outlines of physiology. University of Kansas, Lawrence KS 1914.
  • The Development of a Tunicate Without Nerves. In: The University of Kansas Science Bulletin. Vol. 19, No. 14 = Vol. 9, No. 15, 1914, pp. 177-179, online .
  • with Christine Spreier:: The Influence of Light upon Reproduction in Vorticella. In: The University of Kansas Science Bulletin. Vol. 19, No. 15 = Vol. 9, No. 15, 1915, pp. 183-184, online .
  • with CB Root, Howard Curl: A comparison of the effects of breakfast, of no breakfast and of caffeine on work in an athlete and a non-athlete. In: American Journal of Physiology. Vol. 43, 1917, pp. 371-394.
  • with W. Scalopino: The influence of music upon electrocardiograms and blood pressure. In: American Journal of Physiology. Vol. 46, 1918, pp. 35-38.
  • A micro-electrode and unicellular stimulation. In: Biological Bulletin. Vol. 40, 1921, pp. 130-133, JSTOR 1536534 .
  • Effects of music upon electrocardiograms and blood pressure. In: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Vol. 7, 1927, ISSN  0022-1015 , pp. 213-224, doi: 10.1037 / h0073580 .
  • Before women were human beings. In: Journal of American Association of University Women. Vol. 31, 1938, ZDB -ID 410379-8 , pp. 226-236.

literature

  • Louise S. Grinstein, Carol A. Biermann, Rose K. Rose (Eds.): Women in the Biological Sciences. A Biobibliographic Sourcebook. Greenwood Press, Westport CT et al. 1997, ISBN 0-313-29180-2 , pp. 246-251, online .
  • Gail S. Tucker: Ida Henrietta Hyde: The first woman member of the society. In: The Physiologist. Volume 24, Number 6, December 1981, ISSN  0031-9376 , pp. 1-9, PMID 7043502 , online (PDF; 3.59 MB) .
  • Elsie Ernest Johnson: Ida Henrietta Hyde: Early Experiments. In: The Physiologist. Volume 24, number 6, December 1981, ISSN  0031-9376 , pp. 10-11, PMID 7043503 , online (PDF; 932 kB) .
  • Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie : Women in science: antiquity through the nineteenth century: a biographical dictionary with annotated bibliography. 3. Edition. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1991, ISBN 0-262-65038-X , pp. 103 f.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Louise S. Grinstein, Carol A. Biermann, Rose K. Rose (Eds.): Women in the Biological Sciences. A Biobibliographic Sourcebook. 1997, p. 246.
  2. ↑ a b c Louise S. Grinstein, Carol A. Biermann, Rose K. Rose (eds.): Women in the Biological Sciences. A Biobibliographic Sourcebook. 1997, p. 247.
  3. ^ A b Louise S. Grinstein, Carol A. Biermann, Rose K. Rose (eds.): Women in the Biological Sciences. A Biobibliographic Sourcebook. 1997, p. 248.
  4. ^ Paula E. Hyman, Deborah Dash Moore (Eds.): Jewish Women in America. Volume 1: A-L. Routledge, New York NY et al. 1998, ISBN 0-415-91934-7 , p. 665.
  5. ^ Gail S. Tucker: Ida Henrietta Hyde. In: The Physiologist. Volume 24, 1981.
  6. ↑ Louise S. Grinstein, Carol A. Biermann, Rose K. Rose (Eds.): Women in the Biological Sciences. A Biobibliographic Sourcebook. 1997, p. 249.
  7. ↑ Louise S. Grinstein, Carol A. Biermann, Rose K. Rose (Eds.): Women in the Biological Sciences. A Biobibliographic Sourcebook. 1997, p. 251.
  8. ↑ Louise S. Grinstein, Carol A. Biermann, Rose K. Rose (Eds.): Women in the Biological Sciences. A Biobibliographic Sourcebook. 1997, p. 250.
personal data
SURNAME Hyde, Ida Henrietta
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American physiologist
DATE OF BIRTH September 8, 1857
PLACE OF BIRTH Davenport , Iowa
DATE OF DEATH August 22, 1945
Place of death Berkeley