In vitro meat

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In-vitro meat (from Latin in vitro 'in the glass'), also cultured meat , colloquially laboratory meat , is the result of tissue engineering with the aim of synthetically producing meat for human consumption on an industrial scale.

history

The production of in-vitro meat is based on the methods of cell culture , in particular on the methods of tissue engineering such as 3D cell culture and tissue engineering . From 1994 in-vitro models were used as part of a hygiene study to determine the number of bacteria in meat samples. These cells were kept in suspension culture. From 1997, common cultures of muscle and fat cells were used to study fat metabolism . As a result, the cell density was increased through growth on the surface of collagen or microcarrier beads (in German ' microcarrier beads '), which offer a significantly increased growth area compared to cell culture bottles. In addition, the circulation of the culture medium in rotating cell culture bottles ( English roller bottles ) increases the supply of the cells with nutrients and oxygen. Due to the increased surface of the carrier material, confluence of the cells and the resulting inhibition of cell contact can be delayed, which results in faster growth and higher yields. To avoid frequent biopsies , pluripotent stem cells are usually used as starting material, from which primary cells of myocytes grow. Since the original methods for producing in vitro meat were based on monolayer cell cultures, the products did not yet have a three-dimensional meat-like structure. Therefore, parallel to tissue engineering, methods were developed in order to get closer to the growth of organs in cell culture.

In October 2019, the Israeli start-up Aleph Farms announced that it had succeeded for the first time in breeding meat in a laboratory under space conditions. It wants to prove that "artificial meat can be produced anytime, anywhere and under all conceivable conditions," said managing director Didier Toubia. The company grows bovine cells in muscle tissue and uses them to produce steaks using a 3D printer .

Manufacturing

Be used myoblasts , a cell type that represents a compromise between Ausdifferenziertheit and reproduction rate. The starting cells can be removed painlessly from the respective animal via biopsy and without killing.

The underlying biotechnology has long been used in medicine with human skin cells to grow transplants for severely burned people. So far this has been limited to thin layers of skin. The membranes can be laid on top of one another and replace less structured minced meat , as is used in hamburgers . Difficulties are caused by complex structures such as steak , as they have to grow on a three-dimensional framework and the muscle cells should be exposed to mechanical movement for a comparable meat consistency.

motivation

Between 1961 and 2011, meat consumption almost quadrupled worldwide. The lobby organization of the Invitro meat The In Vitro Meat Consortium argues ecologically. According to this, meat production will more than double between the year 2000 and 2050 . 34 million km² of land (26% of the earth's land area) is already used for livestock and fodder cultivation. The remaining arable land area of ​​28 million km² consists of 45% forest area. 68% of ammonia emissions are a waste product from livestock farming. Factory farming and global livestock transport and the transport of animal products have led to the spread of epidemics that can also be dangerous for humans. There are also concerns about whether animal welfare and industrialized production are compatible. Replacing a large part of industrial animal production with biotechnology could again allow extensive livestock farming on a small ecological scale, which serves the high-price segment.

Cultures in sterile cell cultures or bioreactors are better suited for industrial production, since it is easier to monitor and keep away pathogens and toxins . In addition, the laborious removal of innards , hair and bones is no longer necessary .

Furthermore, it would be possible, similar to traditionally produced meat, to increase the nutritional value of the product through genetic modifications. Further goals are a reduction in exhaust gas pollution, since no methane relevant for the greenhouse effect is produced and no excretions, such as those produced in large quantities in factory farming.

The energy balance of in vitro meat is more favorable compared to animal husbandry, but at a disadvantage compared to plant-based nutrition. Furthermore, the use of high technology in the food sector is very expensive. In the medium term, the aim is to become price competitive with animal products that are heavily subsidized in Europe and the USA by investing in research.

Market readiness

Hanni Rützler checks the world's first cultivated hamburger, August 5, 2013.

The first in-vitro burger was made available by a Dutch research team led by Mark Post and prepared and tested on August 5, 2013 at a press demonstration in London. It was the result of years of research at Maastricht University and represented the equivalent of 250,000 euros. The project was funded by Sergey Brin , the co-founder of Google. In 2015, researchers expected to be able to offer a marketable product at a price of $ 90 per kilogram over a period of five years. In January 2016, the US startup Memphis Meats presented a meatball made from beef stem cells to the media. In a report by Deutschlandfunk, the Dutch researchers - who have now also traded as a company - speak of around 3 years on schedule in January 2017, quoted a price of around 10 to 11 dollars per burger and point to the emergence of competing startups in Israel and the USA, which could potentially reduce this period. By adding fatty tissue from stem cells from cattle, the taste of the meat has also been significantly improved.

market

In 2018 Merck KGaA invested 5.5 million euros and Bell Food Group invested 2 million euros in the Dutch company Mosa Meat. The M-Industry has 2,019 on Israeli involved start-up Aleph Farms. After Cargill invested in Memphis Meats in 2017, it was announced in 2019 that Cargill will also invest in Aleph Farms.

literature

Web links

Wiktionary: in vitro meat  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Patent WO9931222 : Industrial Scale Production of meat from in vitro cell cultures. ‌
  2. ↑ P. van Netten, J. Huis in 't Veld, DA Mossel: An in-vitro meat model for the immediate bactericidal effect of lactic acid decontamination on meat surfaces. In: The Journal of applied bacteriology. Volume 76, Number 1, January 1994, pp. 49-54, ISSN  0021-8847 . PMID 8144404 .
  3. ^ MV Dodson, JL Vierck, KL Hossner, K. Byrne, JP McNamara: The development and utility of a defined muscle and fat co-culture system. In: Tissue & cell. Volume 29, Number 5, October 1997, pp. 517-524, ISSN  0040-8166 . PMID 9364801 .
  4. ^ PD Edelman, DC McFarland, VA Mironov, JG Matheny: Commentary: In vitro-cultured meat production. In: Tissue engineering. Volume 11, Numbers 5-6, May / June 2005, pp. 659-662, ISSN  1076-3279 . doi : 10.1089 / th.2005.11.659 . PMID 15998207 . PDF .
  5. ↑ Henk P. Haagesman, Klaas J. Hellingwerf, Bernard Roelen AJ: Production of animal protein by cell systems - Desk study on cultured meat ( "kweekvlees") . Utrecht University, Department of Veterinary Medicine, October 2009 (English, citeseerx.ist.psu.edu [PDF; 3.8 MB ; accessed on July 19, 2018]).
  6. ↑ a b M. J. Post: Cultured meat from stem cells: challenges and prospects. In: Meat science. Volume 92, Number 3, November 2012, pp. 297-301, ISSN  1873-4138 . doi : 10.1016 / j.meatsci.2012.04.008 . PMID 22543115 .
  7. ↑ MA Benjaminson, YES Gilchriest, M. Lorenz: In vitro edible muscle protein production system (MPPS): stage 1, fish. In: Acta astronautica. Volume 51, Number 12, December 2002, pp. 879-889, ISSN  0094-5765 . PMID 12416526 .
  8. ^ RG Dennis, PE Kosnik: Excitability and isometric contractile properties of mammalian skeletal muscle constructs engineered in vitro. In: In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal. Volume 36, Number 5, May 2000, pp. 327-335, ISSN  1071-2690 . doi : 10.1290 / 1071-2690 (2000) 036 <0327: EAICPO> 2.0.CO; 2 . PMID 10937836 .
  9. ↑ Israelis breed artificial meat in space for the first time. In: israelnetz.de . October 9, 2019, accessed October 19, 2019 .
  10. ↑ in vitro meat; Production of meat products using "tissue engineering" technologies. In: futurefood.org. Retrieved April 17, 2018 .
  11. ↑ a b tissue engineering: meat produced in a laboratory. In: orf.at. July 12, 2005, accessed April 6, 2019 .
  12. ↑ Ludwig Jovanovic: Meat of the future from the laboratory. In: rp-online.de . September 13, 2011, accessed May 20, 2020.
  13. ↑ Why In Vitro Meat? In: invitromeat.org. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009 ; accessed on May 22, 2019 .
  14. ↑ Telepolis Is laboratory meat the new vegetable for the unteachable?
  15. ^ Franziska Badenschier, Julian Windisch: Artificial Burgers. In: arte.tv. October 25, 2013, accessed June 5, 2019 .
  16. ↑ Mosa Meat: OUR STORY In: mosameat.com, accessed July 19, 2018.
  17. ↑ BBC: What does a lab-grown burger taste like? , accessed October 19, 2015.
  18. ↑ Ariel Schwartz: This startup is making real meatballs in a lab without killing a single animal. In: businessinsider.com . July 7, 2016, accessed May 23, 2020.
  19. ↑ Volker Mrasek : Artificial meat - stem cell burgers instead of factory farming. In: deutschlandfunk.de. January 31, 2017, accessed April 12, 2018 .
  20. ↑ Merck KGaA: Merck Ventures BV | Amsterdam, The Netherlands, a subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany | MOSA MEAT RAISES € 7.5M TO COMMERCIALIZE CULTURED MEAT In: m-ventures.com, July 17, 2018, accessed on July 18, 2018.
  21. ↑ Bell Food Group: Bell Food Group invests in cultured meat. Bell Food Group's operating result in the first six months below previous year. In: bellfoodgroup.com, July 17, 2018, accessed on July 18, 2018.
  22. ↑ Migros invests in laboratory meat. In: schweizerbauer.ch . May 15, 2019, accessed May 15, 2019 .
  23. ↑ Laboratory meat: Agricultural giant is also investing. In: schweizerbauer.ch . May 20, 2019, accessed May 20, 2019 .