Jewish community of Horkheim

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A Jewish community in Horkheim , a district of Heilbronn in northern Baden-Wuerttemberg , has passed into the 17th century in particular, from the 18th century after the detection of individual Jews to return. The community had its largest membership around 1771 and then declined noticeably in the second half of the 19th century due to emigration.

history

The rulership relationships in Horkheim are decisive for the emergence and development of the Jewish community. Since the village belonged to Württemberg from 1504 , subordinated to the Weinsberg office, and Jews were not admitted until 1811, there were only Jews in the village at that time at Horkheim Castle .

The following owners took turns in the castle area, who held the Palatinate fief until 1806 : Lemlin , von Seibold , von Engelbronn, von Schütz and Buhl.

The oldest evidence of individual Jews in the village comes from 1692, when Jews were recorded under the Seibold family in Horkheim Castle. The Württemberg Vogt zu Weinsberg pursued the assumptions of protective Jews in the castle with displeasure and harassment, for example when granting free passage through Württemberg, which had to be paid with annual taxes. Most Jews lived free of protection payments because they or their ancestors had renovated apartments or collapsed buildings on the castle grounds or built new houses at their own expense.

Construction plan of the Horkheim synagogue

When the new owner of the castle from 1748, Johann Heinrich Buhl , tried against old agreements to get more taxes from the Jews, the interest of the Jews in staying at the place waned. That is why their number steadily decreased in the second half of the 18th century. The Jews immigrated to the Schmidbergsche Schlösschen to the Jewish community Talheim and the Jewish community Sontheim .

After Horkheim Castle had become a Württemberg fiefdom at the beginning of the 19th century and Jews were allowed to settle in the village, the Jewish community reached its maximum number of 72 in 1858, but then fell to four people by 1933 - mainly due to emigration to Heilbronn.

The Horkheim Jews became a subsidiary of Sontheim in 1832 and had their burial there in the Jewish cemetery in Sontheim , which they had previously in the Jewish cemetery in Affaltrach .

National Socialist Persecution

In 1941/42 the cattle dealer Max Meier, his wife, daughter and sister were deported to Riga and Theresienstadt and murdered.

The memorial book of the Federal Archives lists eleven Jewish citizens born in Horkheim who fell victim to the genocide of the National Socialist regime .

Personalities

The Victor family came from Horkheim, where they traded in furs and hides. Julius Victor (born June 15, 1838 - † August 30, 1887) acquired the citizenship of Heilbronn on July 3, 1862 and was able to prove a fortune of 3000 guilders at that time. As early as 1868, the Victor brothers (Julius, Joseph and Victor) started their own business in Heilbronn. The Gebr. Victor leather factory in Heilbronn developed from this company .

Max Horkheimer (1895–1973), son of a Jewish factory owner family in Zuffenhausen , possibly descended from Jews from Horkheim.

Community development

year Parishioners
1744 12 people
1749 17 people
1771 89 people
1789 8 families
1828 54 people
1841 64 people
1858 72 people
1867 32 people
1895 25 people
1933 4 people

literature

  • Wolfram Angerbauer , Hans Georg Frank: Jewish communities in the district and city of Heilbronn. History, fates, documents . Heilbronn district, Heilbronn 1986 ( series of publications by the Heilbronn district . Volume 1), pp. 110–115.
  • Hans Franke : History and Fate of the Jews in Heilbronn. From the Middle Ages to the time of the National Socialist persecution (1050–1945). Heilbronn City Archives, Heilbronn 1963, ISBN 3-928990-04-7 ( Publications of the Heilbronn City Archives . Volume 11), pp. 204–206 ( PDF, 1.2 MB ).
  • Joachim Hahn and Jürgen Krüger: Synagogues in Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Joachim Hahn: Places and Facilities . Theiss, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1843-5 ( Memorial Book of the Synagogues in Germany . Volume 4), pp. 195–196.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ cf. Angerbauer / Frank, p. 115.
  2. ↑ Commemorative Book - Victims of Persecution of the Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933–1945 . Retrieved October 29, 2009.