Upper Castle (Talheim)

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Upper Talheim Castle
Upper Talheim Castle seen from the southwest.

Upper Talheim Castle seen from the southwest.

Alternative name (s): Upper castle, Jewish castle, parts: Schmidbergsches Schlösschen, Hessensches Schloss
Creation time : 12./13. Century
Castle type : Höhenburg, hillside location
Conservation status: largely preserved
Place: Talheim
Geographical location 49 ° 5 '6 "  N , 9 ° 11' 45"  E Coordinates: 49 ° 5 '6 "  N , 9 ° 11' 45"  E
Upper Castle (Baden-Württemberg)
Upper lock

The Upper Castle , also called Upper Castle , is a hilltop castle in Talheim in the district of Heilbronn in northern Baden-Württemberg that characterizes the townscape .

history

The origins of the Hangburg , which was built on a northern slope of the Schozach Valley above Talheim, are obscure. The construction period is generally the 12th / 13th Assumed in the 19th century, which means that the complex is younger than the original mansion of the village near Kilian's Church . In the high Middle Ages, two more castle complexes were built on the northern bank of the Schozach in addition to the Upper Castle: the Lower Castle and Ehrenberg Castle .

The reason for the construction of several castles in the same place within a short period of time is most likely the fragmentation of the local ownership structure into several inheritance shares . Initially, the lords of Talheim , who are considered to be the builders of the Upper Castle and who had their headquarters there, had the largest share . The medieval complex differed significantly from today's complex and, with its shield wall, circular wall, kennel and keep, corresponded to the typical image of fortified hilltop castles. The castle attained its present form with the three residential buildings in a row through the further fragmentation of the property and through renovations by numerous different owners until the late 16th century.

In 1456 the eastern part of the complex came from Bernhard von Talheim to the Counts of Katzenelnbogen and after their extinction in 1479 to the House of Hesse . After a temporary loan from the Lords of Sickingen , Gerhard von Talheim occupied the castle and was awarded it in 1484 against payment of compensation. In 1471 he had given the stair tower , known as the Schneck , in the northwest, together with a guard house that no longer exists today, to Count Ulrich V of Württemberg as a fief. The stone house in the south-west of the complex came from Barbara von Bebenburg to Hans von Venningen in 1481 and from him in 1499 to Gerhard von Talheim, who again owned the entire castle, even if only partially as a fief. After disputes, his sons Gerhard and Joachim divided the castle courtyard into a western and an eastern half by a wall. Joachim von Talheim and his wife Katharina (née Laemmlin ) built the eastern of the three residential buildings around 1534.

The Upper Talheim Palace above the town hall square

The western half of the castle with the snail came to the Heilbronn patrician family Lyher through the marriage of Brigitta von Talheim and Rochus Lyher in 1550. The eastern half ( Hessian Castle ) remained with the Lords of Talheim. After there had been disputes with the drinking and addicted indebted Hans Ludwig Lyher repeatedly Württemberg seized in 1606 owned by the entire Western (Lyherschen) part that you as accessory to the fief of Württemberg awarded Schneck considered. In 1607 Lyher sold his shares in the village to the Teutonic Order , who thus came into possession of four sixths of the village. Lyher's son Philipp Burkhard Lyher received the western part of the castle back as a Württemberg fief in 1611, while the eastern part of the castle was acquired by the Teutonic Order in 1614 and was later owned by various noble families, most recently by the Barons of Gemmingen .

The Württemberg fiefdom (western part of the castle and snail ) came in 1640 to the South Bohemian nobleman Friedrich Kasimir Chanowsky (* 1584; † 1648 in Stuttgart) from Dlouhá Ves / Langendorf from the Pilsen district, who was the second son of Heinrich Chanowsky von Langendorf (* 1550 in South Bohemia; † 1611/12 in Brettach) and Johanna Raphi (* unknown; † 1627) was born and Württ. Zweirösser (1622), chamberlain (1625–1627), district director (1640) and councilor and was part of the committee of the knight's canton Kocher . In 1683 his heir daughter Eva Maria Chanofsky received the castle as a man's loan for 300 guilders. In 1694 she married August von Schmidberg , the youngest son of Ludwig von Schmidberg . Therefore the western part of the castle is also known as Schmidbergsches Schlösschen . At that time, Mr. von Kreislau leased the castle from those of Schmidberg. The castle included a barn, five acres of vineyards, two acres of tree gardens, and two acres of forest wood. In 1777, the last leg of the race died those of Schmidberg , and the castle located in a dilapidated condition came as lease of Pf. Vincenz in Talheim .

From 1778, Württemberg accepted protective Jews from Horkheim Castle in the Württemberg part of the castle. For this reason the complex was also called the Talheimer Judenschloss . The Jewish community of Talheim built a laundry and baking house (later synagogue ) in the courtyard in 1793 and acquired the Württemberg part of the castle in 1821 for the purchase price of 1910 guilders. The rest of the complex was also sold to private individuals between 1813 and 1833.

Building description

View from the southeast

The facility has an almost rectangular floor plan 35 meters wide and 25 meters deep. The three residential buildings are lined up in the south of the complex. The western residential building is the Schmidberg'sche Schlösschen . The almost square Alemannic half-timbered tower on the remains of the 14 meter high and approximately 1.70 meter thick shield wall is striking here . The roof, which describes the shape of a pyramid , rises from the basic shape of the square . The Hessen'sche Schloss encompasses the two eastern residential buildings, the eastern building being older and the central building being added later. In the north of the complex remains of the shield wall with a former battlement have been preserved. In the northeast are the foundations of the former keep . In the northwest is the stair tower called Schneck after the spiral staircase inside . In the north-west of the inner courtyard below the snail , the synagogue building was located until 1952 , and today several memorial plaques remind of it.

  • Snail from the courtyard

  • View from the west, Schneck and Schmidbergsches Schlösschen

  • Hessian Castle seen from the inner courtyard

  • Building view from the inner courtyard

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Popp / Riexinger (see literature), p. 89
  2. ↑ Oberamtsbeschreibung (see literature), p. 469

literature

  • History book of the municipality of Talheim in the district of Heilbronn , Talheim 1995
  • Theobald Nebel: The History of the Jewish Community in Talheim , Talheim 1963
  • Julius Fekete: Art and cultural monuments in the city and district of Heilbronn . Theiss, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8062-1662-2
  • Oberamtsbeschreibung Heilbronn. Published by the State Statistical Office. Stuttgart 1903
  • Karl Hugo Popp and Hans Riexinger : The Palatinate-Württemberg line of the Chanowsky von Langendorf . In: Yearbook for Swabian-Franconian History 32nd Heilbronn Historical Association, Heilbronn 1992
  • Helmut Schmolz , Hubert Weckbach: Ludwig von Schmidberg, Lieutenant Colonel in Swedish, Field Marshal in French. Services, 1643 and letter of gift from Gustav Adolf for Ludwig von Schmidberg, on May 25 / June 4, 1632 and tomb of Ludwig von Schmidberg . In: Heilbronn. History and life of a city . 2nd Edition. Konrad, Weißenhorn 1973, ISBN 3-87437-062-3

Web links

Commons : Oberes Schloss (Talheim)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files