Jewish community of Heinsheim

A Jewish community in Heinsheim , a district of Bad Rappenau in the Heilbronn district in northern Baden-Württemberg , has existed back into the 16th century, especially from the 18th century, according to evidence of individual Jews. The community had its largest membership around 1839 and declined noticeably in the late 19th century due to emigration and emigration.

history

From the end of the 14th century, one third of Heinsheim was owned by the Teutonic Order ; the other part was owned by various noble families. The oldest evidence of individual Jews in the village comes from 1563. Jews were accepted by both the Teutonic Order and the respective noble families. Some Jews went to the Gundelsheim Jewish Community during the Thirty Years War , where they found better protection. There were also close relationships between the Heinsheim Jews and the Wimpfen Jewish Community , as can also be seen in the Wimpfen Jewish Code of 1630. A Jewish schoolmaster is documented for the first time in 1670. In a recess of 1681, the Teutonic Order and the Lords of Helmstatt stipulated that the Teutonic Order may accept three Jews and the other side six Jews as protection Jews . The Jews traded in cattle, horses and other goods. From 1727 the Barons von Racknitz had all rights to rule Heinsheim alongside the Teutonic Order. Contrary to the agreement of 1681, the Racknitz took in significantly more Jewish families, as they received protective tariffs from them and also the death benefit of all Jews buried in the Heinheim Jewish cemetery. In 1767 there were 17 Racknitz Jewish families, in 1797 there were 13.

In 1796 the new synagogue in Heinsheim was built, which was sold to a farmer in 1938 after the Jewish community was dissolved. A ritual bath was built next to the wine press behind the Catholic church in 1831/32 and sold to the Catholic parish in 1935. The Heinsheim Jewish Cemetery , which was laid out in the 16th century, became the property of the Heinsheim Jewish Burial Congregation in 1857 with a transfer fee of 200 guilders. In 1871 the Jews had Wolf Wiener, a member of the community and local school council. In the 20th century, the Heinsheim Jews lived from trading in cattle, horses and textiles.

National Socialist Persecution

Because of the discrimination during the time of National Socialism after 1933, most families sold their property and emigrated to Argentina , the USA or Palestine . Therefore, on November 8, 1937, the Jewish community was dissolved.

In 1940 Moses Ottenheimer was still living with his family in Heinsheim, who was deported to Gurs on October 22, 1940 with his daughter Hedwig Freudenthaler and grandchild Anna . Moses Ottenheimer died in southern France in 1942, his daughter in Auschwitz that same year , Anna was soon liberated from the camp. Her sister Hilde was deported from Heilbronn to Theresienstadt in 1942 and liberated in Bergen-Belsen in 1945. (Angerbauer / Frank, p. 109)

The memorial book of the Federal Archives lists 11 Jewish citizens born in Heinsheim who fell victim to the genocide of the National Socialist regime .

Personalities

The descendants of Heinsheim Jews are:

• Fritz Heinsheimer (1897–1958), German expressionist, later realistic painter
• Hans Heinsheimer (1900–1993), Austrian music publisher, author and journalist
• Karl Heinsheimer (1869–1929), German civil lawyer and professor at Heidelberg University
• Max Heinsheimer (1832-1892), legal scholar and higher regional judge from Baden

Community development

year	Parishioners
1744	4 families (German order) / 9 families (from Racknitz)
1767/68	17 families (from Racknitz)
1790	12 families (from Racknitz)
1825	100 people
1839	114 people
1864	110 people
1900	82 people
1933	24 people

Common names

When all Jews in Baden had to adopt hereditary family names in 1809, the 17 heads of the Heinsheim Jews took the following names: Odenheimer and Ottenheimer (3), Rindkopf (3), Maas (2), Uhlmann (2), Baer (1), Hochstetter (1), Kalb (1), Kaufmann (1), Majer (1), Oppenheimer (1) and Wiener (1).

literature

• Wolfram Angerbauer , Hans Georg Frank: Jewish communities in the district and city of Heilbronn. History, fates, documents . Heilbronn district, Heilbronn 1986 ( series of publications by the Heilbronn district . Volume 1), pp. 101-109.
• Joachim Hahn and Jürgen Krüger: Synagogues in Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Joachim Hahn: Places and Facilities . Theiss, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1843-5 ( Memorial book of the synagogues in Germany . Volume 4), pp. 33–35.

Individual evidence

1. ^ Commemorative Book - Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933 - 1945 . Retrieved October 29, 2009.