Jazz research
Under Jazzforschung scientific analysis is jazz and its socio-cultural environment understood.
prehistory
For several decades, the systematic preoccupation with jazz was a matter of (music) scholarly laypeople. Charles Delaunay created the first discography useful for musicological purposes; Contributions to the history of jazz were initially also made by jazz lovers and jazz journalists. Jazz critics tried to identify jazz styles and assign musicians to them.
Only a few studies on jazz music have been written within musicology . The works of Jan Slawe, Alfons M. Dauer and Gerhard Kubik should be mentioned here. Only since the end of the 1960s, roughly at the same time as it moved into the (North American and later also European) university landscape, especially the music academies , can we speak of scientific jazz research. The establishment of larger archives and research institutes with their own series of publications contributed significantly to the regular scientific exchange on jazz music.
Current jazz research
Systematic, analytical, historical and comparative studies of jazz and jazz-related music help develop jazz research as a new branch of musicology. Traditional methods of musicology are combined with jazz-specific methods that have to be developed anew. It is also about the socio-economic conditions for the development of jazz, its reception conditions and its cultural functions. Jazz research is even more multidisciplinary than musicology. Her research can be assigned to the subjects of jazz history, jazz theory, music sociology , jazz pedagogy, dance research, media research , popular music research , music ethnology , and Afro-American studies.
Analyzes of jazz always have to deal with the peculiarity that it is largely improvised music . In the past, studies of music-making practice and the resulting improvisations were often based on music-ethnological approaches or on analysis methods of traditional historical musicology. In doing so, they tried to apply analytical systems to jazz improvisation, which had originally been created for the analysis of a long traditionally traditional ethnic music or a fully composed art music. The adaptation of these research methods by jazz research led to useful results.
In contrast, the formation of a generally accepted jazz aesthetic is still controversial. In particular, the conventional view of jazz historiography - despite its perspective that now also takes into account socio-economic influences, patterns of perception and reception - is opposed to an aesthetic that has been strongly propagated in recent years, which has developed from American literary studies and in particular from the branch of African-American studies . Conventional jazz history refers to historical facts, documents such as vinyl recordings and other recordings, the evaluation of interviews ( oral history ), as well as the analysis of the social situation, the process of jazz music creation. In contrast, the second direction interprets literary and musical phenomena as references to Afro-American levels of understanding and thus relates them directly to Afro-American culture. This aesthetic school is based on the approaches of Houston A. Baker and Henry Louis Gates . The basis is the assumption that Afro-American music, in addition to the clearly analyzable denotative and connotative levels, has another level of meaning that - largely unconsciously - refers to the political and mythological past of Afro-American culture (or African culture). Many - especially Afro-American - jazz researchers have recently joined this second direction, and it is now also anchored in university curricula in the USA. Some of the jazz researchers such as B. the German Wolfram Knauer skeptical about: "Such an aesthetic can hardly take into account the phenomenon of jazz music in its entirety and especially in its meanwhile worldwide development and distribution and is certainly to be regarded to a certain extent as an ideological construct." Martin Pfleiderer , on the other hand, thinks that it is of interest to "further develop these approaches and methods on specific issues and, with their help, to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted phenomenon of jazz."
The scientific exchange of views takes place internationally at conferences; The Darmstadt Jazz Forum , which is held every two years, deserves a special mention here .
Research institutions and archives
In addition to the Institute of Jazz Studies ( Newark , New Jersey , founded 1952), the William Ransom Hogan Archive ( New Orleans , founded 1957 and built up by Hogan with funds from the Ford Foundation) and the Institute for Jazz Research ( Graz , founded in 1965). Like the Darmstadt Jazz Institute (founded in 1990), these institutions regularly publish publications and magazines that serve the scientific exchange of jazz research. In the German-speaking area, there is also the Chair for Theory and History of Popular Music at the Humboldt University in Berlin , where, as before, at the Justus Liebig University in Giessen (by Ekkehard Jost ), at the Hanover University of Music (by Herbert Hellhund ) and at the Musikhochschule Mannheim (by Jürgen Arndt ) and, since 2009, by Martin Pfleiderer on the newly established professorship for the history of jazz and popular music at the Liszt University of Music Weimar, further research on the topic will be carried out.
Institute of Jazz Studies
The Institute of Jazz Studies at Rutgers University on the Newark campus is headed by Dan Morgenstern , with a library of over 6,000 volumes, an extensive collection of journals and over 100,000 records of all kinds. The collection was originally based on that of the jazz writer Marshall Stearns , but also includes z. B. Leonard Feather and Mary Lou Williams bequests . As before z. B. Feather for its encyclopedias, the institute systematically surveys jazz musicians with questionnaires (some of the results are available online). They also run the original at the Smithsonian Institute is moved Oral History Project continued. The Rutgers University has set up a special master's degree program in jazz history as the first university.
Institute for Jazz Research
This research institute was founded in 1964 at what was then the Graz Academy (today Graz University of Music and Performing Arts ) by the Graz jazz musicians and musicologists Friedrich Körner and Dieter Glawischnig . Analytical research, predominantly based on transcriptions, as well as historical research form a focus of the institute's work, the results of which are published in its own publications. The institute, which has been headed by Franz Kerschbaumer since 1992 and headed by André Doehring since 2016 , regularly organizes international congresses that are held together with the International Society for Jazz Research , founded in 1969 . The institute has as a foundation u. a. the collection of Dietrich Schulz-Köhn .
Other jazz institutes
- Los Angeles Jazz Institute, with the legacy of many West Coast musicians such as Art Pepper , Bud Shank , Gerry Mulligan , Shorty Rogers , Howard Rumsey , but also Woody Herman , June Christy . Over 100,000 records.
More archives
- Chicago Jazz Archive , Joseph Regenstein Library, University of Chicago .
- Fisk University, Nashville , u. a. Discount from toilet cell phone
- California Institute for the Preservation of Jazz
- University of California Los Angeles, Jazz Archive, estate of Ella Fitzgerald , Bill Green , A. and M. Records. There is also the " Don Ellis " archive and the Archive for Popular American Music. In California, Stanford University also has an archive on the Monterey Jazz Festival and the University of the Pacific has a " Dave Brubeck " institute.
- Queens College, New York, Louis Armstrong House and Archive.
- New York Public Library , et al. a. Rodgers and Hammerstein Archive and the Schomburg Center of Black Culture, Harlem , Malcolm X Boulevard.
- University of Austin, Texas, bequeathed by Ross Russell , the founder of Dial. As well as the Music Library of the University of North Texas, with the estate of the Voice of America jazz radio disc jockey Willis Conover , the Leon Breeden Jazz Archives, Duke Ellington and Stan Kenton manuscripts.
- Muger Memorial Library, Boston, estate of Artie Shaw (his written estate is in the University of Arizona), Cab Calloway
- Richard M. Wright Jazz Archive, University of Kansas, Kansas City , with over 21,000 records, some of which are very rare. An online directory is under construction.
- Marr Sound Archives, Miller Nichols Library, University of Missouri, Kansas City, with the Oral History Collection by Frank Driggs . They also maintain the Club Kaycee website for Kansas City Jazz .
- At Yale University the "are Benny Goodman " -Nachlass and in Harvard that of Eubie Blake .
- University of Pittsburgh Sonny Rollins International Jazz Archives. You publish the International Jazz Archives Journal.
- Indiana University, Bloomington, with the Hoagy Carmichael Collection, Archives of African American Music and Culture.
- Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville , National Ragtime and Jazz Archive (collection especially for the St. Louis area ).
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, with the Maxwell Reade Collection of Early Jazz and Blues Recordings, the Andy Kirk estate and Oral Histories program.
- Berklee College of Music , Boston
- Williams College, Williamstown, Paul Whiteman Collection
- Library of Congress, Washington DC, in addition to its own recording program (including Jelly Roll Morton by Alan Lomax) and Oral Histories special collections such as the Gerry Mulligan Collection, an online searchable database on jazz and blues in film.
- Hamilton College Jazz Archive, Clinton, New York
- Nederlands Jazz Archief, Amsterdam
- National Sound Archive , London (part of the British Library)
- National Jazz Archive, Loughton , England
- International Jazz Archive Eisenach in Eisenach , Kulturfabrik Alte Malzmühle. It opened in 1999 with the extensive collection of Günter Boas as its core. Since 2009 expanded as Lippmann + Rau music archive .
- Bavarian Jazz Institute in Regensburg .
- Klaus Kuhnke Archive for Popular Music , Bremen, University of the Arts, Dechanatstrasse. Founded in 1975 by Klaus Kuhnke, Manfred Miller and Peter Schulze and created as part of the work for the Radio Bremen series Roll over Beethoven , it is now part of the University of the Arts, with online research options. As of 2019, the collection comprises 100,000 recordings, 9,000 books and 150 periodicals.
- Jazz Institute Schleswig-Holstein , Kurt Edelhagen Archive, Kiel, private archive, allegedly also publishes an online jazz magazine
Numerous jazz museums are also linked to an archive. Such is the written estate of Duke Ellington at the Smithsonian in Washington DC (National Museum of American History). See also music library .
Series of publications by the German-speaking research institutes
- Jazz research has been published as a yearbook since 1969 by the International Society for Jazz Research (IGJ) and the Institute for Jazz Research at the University of Music and Performing Arts in Graz.
- Jazz Research News includes: a. Transcriptions of relevant improvisations and appears in loose succession.
- Contributions to jazz research / Studies in Jazz Research . Graz
- Darmstadt contributions to jazz research . Hofheim am Taunus (appears every two years, so far 15 volumes)
literature
- Wolfram Knauer: The Jazz Analysis , Chapter 8 in Wolfgang Sandner, Jazz , Handbook of Music in the 20th Century, Laaber 2005
- Martin Pfleiderer, Wolf-Georg Zaddach (Hrsg.): Jazz research today. Topics, methods, perspectives. Berlin: Edition Emvas 2019
Web links
- Darmstadt links to jazz research
- Radio Jazz Research eV
- Publication series of the International Society for Jazz Research
- Links to jazz archives and jazz museums from the University of Chicago Library
Individual evidence
- ↑ See e.g. Jan Slawe: Introduction to Jazz Music, Basel 1948; Alfons M. Duration: Jazz. Its origins and its development, Kassel 1958
- ↑ See for example Paul F. Berliner: Thinking in Jazz. The Infinite Art of Improvisation, Chicago 1994
- ↑ W. Knauer, Jazz Research
- ^ Martin Pfleiderer: New Jazz Studies and Jazz Research Today. In: Martin Pfleiderer, Wolf-Georg Zaddach (ed.): Jazz research today. Topics, methods, perspectives Berlin: Edition Emvas 2019, pp. 283–310, here p. 304
- ↑ William Ransom Hogan Archive of New Orleans Jazz , part of Tulane University, contains i.a. a. the Nick LaRocca estate and the Al Rose Collection
- ↑ The professor, the archive, the music: Martin Pfleiderer teaches the history of jazz and popular music in Weimar . Jazz newspaper 5/2009
- ^ Institute of Jazz Studies at Rutgers University in Newark and library
- ^ Rutgers University Questionnaire
- ^ Michael Kahr : The Institute for Jazz Research in Graz. Framework conditions, history, program. In: Martin Pfleiderer, Wolf-Georg Zaddach (ed.): Jazz research today. Topics, methods, perspectives Berlin: Edition Emvas 2019, pp. 261–282
- ^ Institute for Jazz Research Graz. Retrieved July 9, 2019 .
- ^ Los Angeles Jazz Institute
- ↑ Chicago Jazz Archive
- ↑ Fisk University Library WCHandy Collection. Retrieved July 9, 2019 .
- ↑ California Institute for the Preservation of Jazz ( Memento August 13, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ UCLA Jazz Archive ( Memento of August 7, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Ethnomusicology Archive, Los Angeles. Retrieved July 9, 2019 .
- ^ Louis Armstrong House and Archive, Queens College, New York
- ^ Rodgers and Hammerstein Archives
- ^ Schomberg Center for Black Culture
- ^ University of North Texas Music Library
- ^ Richard M. Wright Jazz Archive, Kansas ( Memento of May 12, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Marr Sounds Archive ( Memento from April 23, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ University of Pittsburgh, Sonny Rollins Jazz Archive
- ^ National Ragtime and Jazz Archive, Edwardsville ( August 25, 2007 memento in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Maxwell Reade Collection, University of Michigan
- ^ Paul Whiteman Collection
- ^ Library of Congress, Performing Arts Reading Room
- ↑ Hamilton College Jazz Archive
- ^ Nederlands Jazz Archief
- ↑ National Sound Archive, Jazz Department ( Memento from July 14, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ National Jazz Archive, Loughton
- ↑ International Jazz Archive in Eisenach
- ^ Bavarian Jazz Institute
- ↑ Klaus Kuhnke Archive for Popular Music. Retrieved July 9, 2019 . , Homepage of the Klaus Kuhnke Archive
- ↑ Edelhagen Archive, Jazzzeitung