John S. Marmaduke

John Sappington Marmaduke (born March 14, 1833 at Arrow Rock , Missouri , † December 28, 1887 in Jefferson City , Missouri) was an officer in the US Army , General of the Confederate Army and an American politician ( Democratic Party ). From 1884 until his death in 1887 he was governor of the state of Missouri.

Early life and military career before the Civil War

Marmaduke was born the second of ten children on his father's plantation in Saline County . His father, Meredith Miles Marmaduke , was the eighth governor of Missouri in 1844. His great-grandfather, John Breathitt, was governor of Kentucky from 1832 to 1834 .

As a student, Marmaduke in Missouri first attended Chapel Hill Academy in Lafayette County and then the Masonic College in Lexington . This was followed by a two-year study at Yale University and a one-year study visit to Harvard University . On the recommendation of Congressman John S. Phelps , Marmaduke was trained as a cadet at the Military Academy at West Point , New York . He completed his training there in 1857 as the 30th of his 38-man year. After a brief service as a lieutenant in the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen , he was transferred to the 2nd US Cavalry Regiment, commanded by the later Confederate General Albert S. Johnston , in the western United States. Here he took part in the Utah War against the Mormons from 1858 to 1860 .

In the Civil War

In the spring of 1861, Marmaduke served in the New Mexico Territory . Upon hearing of false rumors that Missouri had withdrawn from the Union, he immediately returned to Missouri. Although his father was an ardent supporter of the Union, Marmaduke decided in April 1861 to bid farewell to the US Army. Shortly thereafter, he was named colonel of a regiment in the Missouri State Guard by his uncle, the state governor advocating Missouri secession, Claiborne Fox Jackson .

Jackson and State Guard Commander in Chief Sterling Price left Jefferson City in June 1861 to raise more troops for the State Guard. In Boonville they met the Marmadukes regiment. Soon after, Jackson and Price left Boonville, leaving Marmaduke with a small state Guard contingent. Although it quickly turned out that the Marmaduke now subordinate men were untrained and therefore unsuitable for combat use, Jackson ordered him to defend Boonville against the advancing Union troops under Nathaniel Lyon . Lyon's 1,700 well-trained and equipped soldiers were able to defeat Marmaduke's troops without difficulty in the battle near Boonville on June 17, 1861 . Marmaduke's recruits fled after just 20 minutes, so the Union soldiers later contemptuously referred to the battle as the Boonville Races .

Dissatisfied with his situation, Marmaduke then resigned his command in the State Guard, traveled to Richmond , Virginia, and joined the regular Confederate army as a lieutenant. He was ordered to serve in Arkansas , where he was soon elected to command a battalion. He then served on the staff of Lieutenant General William Joseph Hardee , a former instructor at the U.S. Military Academy. In the spring of 1862, Marmaduke was summoned to serve on his staff by his former Utah War-era commander, General Albert S. Johnston.

At the Battle of Shiloh , Marmaduke was wounded as the commander of a Confederate infantry regiment and was incapacitated for several months as a result of the injury suffered. In November 1862 he was promoted to brigadier general. His first combat mission after promotion was the Battle of Prairie Grove . In April 1863, Marmaduke penetrated with 5,000 men and 10 guns from Arkansas into Missouri, which was ruled by Union troops, but was defeated in the battle of Cape Girardeau and had to evade to Helena , Arkansas.

A little later, Marmaduke made a name for himself because of his behavior. In September 1863, he accused his superior, Major General Lucius M. Walker of cowardice, because he was not with his troops in the battle. The offended Walker then challenged Marmaduke to a duel, the consequences of which Walker succumbed on September 7, 1863.

Then Marmaduke commanded a cavalry division in the defense area Trans-Mississippi, with which he took part in the Red River campaign and in Price's expedition to Missouri . He was captured in the Battle of Mine Creek . He experienced the end of the war as a prisoner of war in Johnsons Island , Ohio . Shortly before, he was promoted to major general.

After the Civil War

Released from captivity, Marmaduke returned to Missouri and settled in St. Louis . He initially worked briefly in the insurance industry and then worked as the editor of an agricultural magazine. In his magazine, Marmaduke accused the railroad companies of illegal price fixing to the detriment of local farmers. He was then appointed by the governor to serve on the first Missouri State Railroad Inspectorate.

Marmaduke now went into politics. In 1880 he tried to run for governor of Missouri, but was defeated in the Democratic primary by Thomas Theodore Crittenden , who was financially supported by the railroad companies. Four years later, Marmaduke ran again, this time with his program, which provided for a stronger regulation of the railroad business, prevailed and was elected governor. Supported by an election platform that campaigned for a balance between former Confederates and Union supporters, Marmaduke fought for a new Missouri. In 1885 and 1886, he managed to settle railroad strikes that could have devastated Missouri's economy. In 1887 he was able to pass a law that subjected the state's railroad companies to supervision for the first time. He also increased the budget of the state schools drastically, so that ultimately nearly a third of Missouri's public budget went to education.

At the end of 1887, Marmaduke fell ill with pneumonia , from which he died on December 28, 1887.

family

Marmaduke was never married in his life. Marmaduke's younger brother, Henry Hungerford Marmaduke, served in the Confederate Navy . After his capture, he entered the service of the Union government and conducted negotiations with South American governments for these. Two other Marmaduke brothers died in the Civil War.

Others

The place Marmaduke in Greene County , Arkansas, is named after John S. Marmaduke.

swell

Hinze, David; Farnham, Karen, The Battle of Carthage, Border War in Southwest Missouri, July 5, 1861. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-58980-223-3 .
Ponder, Jerry, Major General John S. Marmaduke, CSA, Doniphan, Missouri: Ponder Books, 1999. ISBN 0-9623922-8-6 .
Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders , Louisiana State University Press, 1959, ISBN 0-8071-0823-5 .

Remarks

↑ The regiment consisted of mounted infantrymen who were equipped with long-range hunting weapons. In August 1861 it was renamed the 3rd U.S. Cavalry Regiment.

Web links

personal data
SURNAME	Marmaduke, John S.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Marmaduke, John Sappington (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION	American politician and Confederate general in the Civil War
DATE OF BIRTH	March 14, 1833
PLACE OF BIRTH	at Arrow Rock , Missouri
DATE OF DEATH	December 28, 1887
Place of death	Jefferson City , Missouri

[1] The regiment consisted of mounted infantrymen who were equipped with long-range hunting weapons. In August 1861 it was renamed the 3rd U.S. Cavalry Regiment.