Juan Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandía
Juan Borgia (also Italian Giovanni Borgia or Spanish Juan de Borja ; * 1476 or 1478 ; † June 14, 1497 in Rome ) was a Spanish-Italian Renaissance prince and the favorite son of Pope Alexander VI. who had three other illegitimate children with Juan's mother Vanozza de 'Cattanei , Cesare , Lucrezia and Jofré .
The young man, described as arrogant and spoiled, was sent to Spain by his father in 1493 as part of a political alliance to marry Maria Enríquez i de Luna and to take possession of the Duchy of Gandia , which he inherited from his half-brother Pedro-Luiz Borgia in 1488 would have. Juan Borgia's indecent behavior aroused displeasure at the Spanish court, and in 1496 he was recalled to Rome.
In Italy, Alexander VI, the first Pope to openly confess to his children, showered him with a large number of offices and dignities with undisguised nepotism . Despite military failures, he appointed Juan, among other things, commander in chief of the papal army and created the Duchy of Benevento for him, which triggered hatred and hostility towards the Borgias on many sides, who were already hated as Spanish upstarts.
On the night of June 14th to 15th, 1497, Juan Borgia was finally murdered in Rome by unknown persons. It was not until days later that his body was found covered with stab wounds in the Tiber . Alexander VI was beside himself with pain. Investigate to find the killers; however, the crime could never be solved. Not only the Orsini family, who are enemies of the Borgia, and Juan's brother-in-law Giovanni Sforza , but also Juan's own brothers Cesare and Jofré were suspected of murder .
Early years
Little is known about Juan Borgia's childhood. He was probably born in Rome in 1476 or 1478 as the second son of the Spanish Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia and his long-time Italian mistress Vanozza de 'Cattanei. In the past, the year of birth was assumed to be 1474 and Juan was the first-born, but this is out of date. As the illegitimate child of a priest who was striving for the dignity of the Pope, he could not live publicly in his father's house, even if the latter is said to have adored his children and later gave them every conceivable preference. Some historians suspect that he grew up with his siblings in his mother's house on what was then Piazza Pizzo di Merlo (today: Piazza Sforza Cesarini), which was close to the Vatican and his father's palace. But it is also possible that sometime between 1483 and his mother's remarriage in 1486 he was housed in the household of Adriana da Milas, a noble cousin of his father, in whose care his sister Lucrezia also lived. The only thing that is certain is that he and Cesare shared a household and that his father looked after him and received extensive training from his tutor, Jaime Serra, for the time.
Rodrigo Borgia gave the official guardianship and asset management for Juan in 1483 to his eldest son, Juan's half-brother Pedro-Luis, Duke of Gandía, who was in Spain. When he died in August 1485, the ten-year-old Juan became the second Duke of Gandía, as Pedro-Luis had made him his sole heir in his will.
Character and appearance
According to the Spanish chronicler Jeronimo Zurita, Juan had been a “spoiled boy” and grew up to be a “mean young man, full of great impulses and bad thoughts, snooty, cruel and unreasonable”. He was considered extremely handsome, tall and athletic and attractive to women. According to the Roman rumor mill, he later had an affair with the wife of his brother Jofré, Sancha of Aragon . His mother's husband described him as the “apple of his holiness” because his father gave him every conceivable preference and, after his election as Pope, gave him the great honor of riding before the Pope at public appearances. Juan, who was known for his extravagant clothes, then strutted through Rome in sumptuous, expensive clothes on a horse hung with silver bells, extremely proud of his appearance. He often dressed in the Turkish style like Sultan Cem , who was a friend of his, who was a hostage in the Vatican .
Stay in Spain 1493–1496
After Juan's father became Alexander VI in 1492. Having achieved papal dignity, he soon confessed to his children openly and incorporated them into his political plans, as was only customary at that time for secular princes. After Cesare was made cardinal and Lucrezia married in a politically advantageous marriage, Juan finally traveled to Spain as part of a political alliance between the Spanish royal couple Isabella and Ferdinand and his father.
In August 1493, the Borgia, known for their pomp, sent the seventeen-year-old for his palace in Gandía, accompanied by four galleys, sumptuously furnished with an unbelievable amount of jewels, silver and luxurious furniture. "It is said that he will come back in a year but leave all his goods in Spain and return for another harvest," wrote the ambassador from Mantua.
At the Spanish court, Juan was officially enfeoffed with the Duchy of Gandía and on August 24th the solemn marriage between him and Maria Enríquez i de Luna, a cousin of King Ferdinand who had previously been engaged to his brother Pedro-Luis , took place in Barcelona . Even before he left, Alexander had given his son meticulous instructions on how to behave towards the Spanish royal couple, from whom he hoped to gain many fiefs and favors for Juan. However, they did not attend his wedding, and reports of Juan's bad behavior reached Rome in November. His brother Cesare wrote to him in a warning letter:
" His Holiness has received letters that you roam Barcelona at night killing dogs and cats, regularly visiting brothels, gambling for large sums of money, speaking disrespectfully and carelessly with important people, disobeying Don Enrich and Dona Maria [Juan's in-laws] and After all, behave entirely in a way that a nobleman of your class does not deserve. "
Juan at least rejected the charge that he was neglecting his wife and failed to consummate the marriage. On December 4th, 1493, he wrote to his father: "Your Holiness can be sure that I am satisfied and comforted with the Duchess ... I am in love with her ... I always sleep with her and we live very well together. " The birth of his son the following year finally invalidated this allegation, but the Pope now worried Juan's financial extravagances. Outraged by the expenses of his son, who kept a court of 130 noblemen and their entourage and was expanding his duchy with acquisitions, Alexander threatened not to send him any more money, because "a stubborn horse has to be kept under the reins for a moment!"
However, this did not stop him from amassing more titles and lands for Juan. The alliance with the Spanish royal house of Aragon soon bore further fruit when the Pope crowned Alfonso of Aragon as King of Naples on May 8, 1494 . In return, the king made rich gifts of land to the papal children, among other things he appointed "for special merits the illustrious Mr. Juan Borgia, Duke of Gandia, the son of the Pope, Prince of Tricarico, Count of Clermont, Lauria and Carinola."
However, shortly afterwards, the French King Charles VIII . Claim to the crown of Naples; he prepared an invasion of Italy and threatened Alexander with impeachment. Juan, who was in Spain as a sign of the alliance between the House of Aragon and the Pope, now became a pawn in the political game of chess. To guarantee that Alexander would continue to support Alfonso's claims to Naples despite the threat from France, the Spanish King Ferdinand withheld him in Spain as a pledge. Alexander, who tried to bring Juan back from Spain in May 1494, survived the French invasion in early 1496 unscathed, but Juan was waiting impatiently to be able to travel home. "I have written to His Holiness that he should order my departure and I am hoping for this order from day to day [...] Every day seems like a year because of the postponement of these ships," he wrote to Lucrezia and Cesare. Even after that, Ferdinand delayed leaving until Juan's wife Maria Enriquez could no longer take the trip due to her second pregnancy. He had no interest in letting his young relatives come under the Pope's power.
Juan was finally only able to return to Rome on August 10, 1496, after three years in Spain and without a wife and son. The young duke, whose only merit was to be the son of the Pope, was received with such pomp and honor as not even the French king before. All the cardinals under the leadership of his brother were waiting for him on the Field of Mars, as well as ambassadors, Roman nobles and officials.
Campaigns and other titles
A few months after his return to Italy, the militarily inexperienced Juan was entrusted by his father with the leadership of a papal contingent on a campaign against the Orsini family , which he was supposed to destroy. On October 26, 1496, he appointed Juan captain-general and standard-bearer of the church. "The Pope is so puffed up about his son's uprising that he hardly knows what to do with himself," it was reported. At first, Juan was able to record some military successes that made the Pope proud - within two months Juan and the experienced Condottiere Guidobaldo da Montefeltro conquered ten Orsini castles. However, when Guidobaldo was wounded during the siege of Bracciano , the advance came to a halt. Under Juan's sole command, not only did the fortress hold out, the Orsini also quickly made advances to the walls of Rome again and intercepted Juan's supply lines. Sure of victory, they mocked him by sending him a donkey into the camp with a shield around his neck. I am the ambassador of the Duke of Gandia and an insulting message that had been shoved into the anus of the animal.
On January 24th, the papal armed forces were “severely defeated in great dishonor” in front of Soriano because Juan had unwisely met the relief army of the Orsini in the open field. He managed to flee to Rome, only slightly injured in the face, but the Pope had no choice but to sign a peace treaty with the Orsini.
The Pope's trust in the abilities of his son seemed unbroken, however, and he gave Juan 40,000 ducats on the grounds that he had saved the papal court from having to demand a ransom by escaping, while he refused to buy the captured Guidobaldo free. And just two weeks later he sent Juan to besiege the fortress Ostia, where French troops were still staying. This time, however, he provided him with Gonsalvo de Cordoba , an experienced Spanish military leader, who forced Ostia to surrender on March 9, 1497.
When Juan was treated with the same honors as Gonsalvo at the subsequent reception in Rome, the latter was enormously angry and refused to receive the consecrated palm branch from the Pope because Juan had received it before him. Even with an ally and compatriot like Gonsalvo, the obvious preference for Juan and the appearance of the Borgia sparked indignation. As if that weren't enough, on June 7th the Pope also created the Duchy of Benevento to give it to Juan along with the cities of Terracina and Pontecorvo. Since these were actually owned by the Papal States, this triggered outrage and anger. The Spanish ambassador fell on his knees in front of the Pope to prevent him from doing this, but Alexander ignored the warning signs. The already heated mood in Rome against the Borgia now turned completely and Juan, who had already made powerful enemies through his arrogance, became the main target of the hostilities. A week after his appointment as Prince of Benevento, Terracina and Teano and Duke of Sessa, he was murdered. His body was first buried in the Church of Santa Maria del Popolo in Rome, where his older half-brother Pedro-Luis, the first Duke of Gandía, was buried. Her bones were later transferred to Gandía near Valencia. The Dukes of Osuna finally moved the tombs to Osuna near Granada when they inherited the Duchy of Gandía.
assassination
There are two slightly different contemporary accounts of the events of the night of the murder: one by the papal master of ceremonies Johannes Burckard and one by the Florentine ambassador Marino Sanudo .
Sequence of events
On Wednesday evening, June 14, 1497, Juan dined with his brother Cesare and his cousin, Cardinal Juan Borgia of Monreale , at his mother Vanozza's house. When night fell they rode back to the Vatican, but at the bridge to Castel Sant'Angelo Juan declared that he wanted to "find entertainment elsewhere". Despite the urgent requests of his relatives and servants not to ride through Rome alone at night, he dismissed all but one servant and said goodbye. As he rode in the direction of Judenplatz, they saw how he took a mysterious masked man behind him on the mule who had already appeared at his place at dinner and who had been visiting him almost every day in the Vatican for a month. Arriving at Judenplatz, Juan also dismissed his last servant and, in the words of Burckard, “rode who knows where, where he was murdered.” According to various reports, Juan's servant was either badly wounded or murdered.
Cesare and Cardinal Borgia of Monreale had waited at the bridge for some time with "considerable discomfort" for Juan's return, but had then ridden back to the Vatican. Johannes Burckard writes:
“When the Duke did not return to the palace the next morning, Thursday, June 15, his more familiar servants became troubled and one of them reported the late exit of the Duke and Cesares and the vainly expected return of the former early Pope. The Pope was dismayed by this, he told himself at first that the Duke was having fun with a girl somewhere and was therefore reluctant to leave her house in broad daylight, but hoped that he would come home that evening anyway. When this did not happen either, the Pope was seized with deadly terror ... "
Investigation and corpse discovery
Alexander ordered interviews and a search for his son, and soon Borgia followers were combed every corner of Rome. For fear of a campaign of revenge, many Romans barricaded themselves in their houses and the families Colonna , Savelli, Orsini and Caetani, who were at odds with the Borgia, reinforced their fortresses, while angry Spaniards roamed the city with swords drawn.
Eventually a timber merchant named Giorgio Schiavi made a testimony that led to the discovery of Juan's body. On the night of the murder, he had lain in his boat on the Tiber to guard his wood and observed how five men had thrown a corpse into the river next to the well at the Hospital of Jerome, where the garbage was normally disposed of.
“It was around 2 o'clock in the morning when two men came out of the alley next to the hospital ... They carefully looked around to see if anyone was coming ... After a while, two others came out of the alley, also looked around and gave ... the comrades a sign. Now a rider appeared who had a corpse on the white horse behind him, the head and arms of which hung down on one side and the legs on the other, supported on the right and left by the two men mentioned ... Now one of them grabbed the corpse Hands and arms, the other's feet and thighs, pulled her off the horse and hurled her into the river with all his might ... When the rider asked whether he was in it, they replied: Yes, sir! Then the rider took another look into the river and asked ... what black people could see swimming there. They replied: the cloak, whereupon he threw stones at the garment so that it would perish in the depths. Then all five disappeared ... "
When the timber merchant was asked why he had not reported this to the governor of the city, he replied: “In my lifetime I have seen a hundred corpses being thrown into the river at that point on various nights without anyone bothering to do so. "
Now, with the prospect of a rich reward, all of Rome's fishermen and boatmen were commissioned to look for Juan's body. “Before the hour of the hour they found the Duke in full clothing, namely stockings, shoes, overskirt, doublet and coat; under his belt he still had the wallet with 30 ducats. He was injured by nine wounds, one in the throat, the other eight on the head, body and thighs. "
When it was reported to the Pope that his favorite son had been murdered and thrown into the river like rubbish, he shut himself up in his chambers weeping bitterly and could not be persuaded to come out for hours. According to Burckard, he did not eat, drink or sleep for days afterwards. It was not until Monday, June 19, that he was composed enough to hold a public consistory , an act unique in church history in which a Pope publicly mourned his son:
“The Duke of Gandia is dead. His death gave Us the greatest suffering and no greater pain than this We could suffer, for We loved him more than anything else, and even valued the pontificate more than anything else. If We had seven pontificates, We would give them all to have the Duke alive again. "
Murder suspects
The question of who was the ultimate killer sparked much speculation then as now and is still the subject of debate among historians. That it could have been a robbery is impossible, as Juan was still carrying 30 ducats when his dead body was found. The appearance of the unknown masked man also seemed to speak against a motive of greed for money. In addition, Juan and the Borgia had many enemies who could be murderers. Immediately after the murder, Giovanni Sforza and Guidobaldo da Montefeltro , Cardinal Ascanio Sforza , the Vice Chancellor, and Jofré Borgia were named in the Roman rumor mill.
Everyone had a motive for murder out of revenge. Giovanni Sforza had recently been divorced from the Pope against his will from Juan's sister Lucrezia, humiliatingly for alleged impotence, although the real reason was that the alliance with the Sforzas had become useless to the Borgias. Giovanni had verbally struck back, claiming that Lucrezia was inbreeding with her father and brothers. Guidobaldo da Montefeltro had been mistreated by the Borgia when he was captured after Juan's failed attempt to defeat the Orsini. Because Alexander refused to pay his ransom, he had to buy himself out. Juan had a violent argument with Ascanio Sforza only a short time before his murder, in the course of which some of Juan's Spaniards had been killed and, in revenge, he had arrested several of Ascanio's servants and hung them on the ramparts of the Torre di Nona. For Juan's youngest brother Jofré one saw a motive because Juan was said to have an affair with Jofré's wife Sancha of Aragon.
However, Alexander exonerated all of these suspects in the consistory on June 19 and stopped all investigations within a week. The Florentine ambassador believed on July 1st that the reason was "that his Holiness has undoubtedly found out the truth and is now thinking of nothing else than how to bring the guilty under his control."
The Orsini against whom Juan was sent into the field were also suspected. This noble family had long been enemies with the Borgia and had in the battle for Naples against Alexander VI. allied with the French. They controlled the lands of the Campagna Romana in the north and south of Rome, which actually belonged to the Papal States and the access roads into the Eternal City itself, which is why Alexander made the failed attempt to have them destroyed by Juan. The Orsini also blamed Alexander for the death of their leader Virginio, who was believed to have been poisoned. In August, it was reported in Florence that the Orsini, and especially the Venetian condottiere Bartolomeo d'Alviano (Virginio's brother-in-law), who is said to have murdered the Duke of Gandia, were nervous. In December, various ambassadors reported: "The Pope gives more than ever the appearance to blame the Orsinis for the murder of his son, which is why it is believed he wants revenge." And "This Pope planned to destroy the Orsini, because it was they undoubtedly that caused the death of his son ”.
The most common name, however, is Cesare Borgias, both during his lifetime and today. However, there is no evidence that he was the killer. As with the other suspects, the idea is based on speculation about possible motives. Immediately after Juan's death no one suspected him at first, although shortly after Juan's return from Spain an ambassador reported that “these sons of the Pope were full of envy”. It was not until a year later, in February 1498, that rumors surfaced in Venice that he was the murderer. At this point, Cesare gave up the church career his father had planned for him in favor of the military career that would have been Juan's path. In the eyes of the population, he had clearly benefited from his brother's death. The allegation was taken up again in an official Venetian report in September 1500, at a time when Cesare was openly found guilty of another murder. The idea that Cesare was the culprit spread to Spain and at least Juan's widow Maria Enriquez remained convinced that he was her husband's murderer. A few years later, when Cesare was in Spanish captivity, she even initiated a murder trial against him.
Guiccardini decorated the story later and saw Cesare's motive in the fact that he was not only jealous of Juan's secular career. He would also be jealous that his beloved sister Lucrezia, with whom he allegedly had an incestuous relationship, loved Juan more than him. In modern times, the German historian Ferdinand Gregorovius took the view that Cesare's "satanic influence" over his father came from the fact that the Pope had long known that he had murdered Juan.
Most modern historians point out, however, that the sources, today as then, do not allow any conclusions to be drawn about the murderer.
progeny
- Juan de Borja y Enríquez , 3rd Duke of Gandía (January 1494 - January 9, 1543). He was married in his first marriage since January 31, 1509 with Juana de Aragón y Gurrea (1492-1520) and in the second marriage since March 13, 1523 with Francisca de Castro y Pinós . He was the father of twenty children, seven children from his first marriage, one illegitimate child from a relationship with Catalina Díaz y de Castellvi and twelve children from his second marriage. His successor as Duke of Gandía was his eldest son, Saint Francisco de Borja .
- Isabella de Borja y Enríquez . She was born posthumously on January 15, 1498 and had been a nun since 1516. She died on October 28, 1557 in Valladolid under the name Francisca de Jesus as abbess of the Clarissin monastery in Gandía .
See also
literature
- Joachim Brambach: The Borgia: the fascination of a power-obsessed Renaissance family . Callwey, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-7667-0906-2 .
- Susanne Schüller-Piroli: The Borgia Dynasty. Legend and history. Oldenbourg, Munich 1982, ISBN 3-486-49941-6 .
- Martin Müller (ed.): Church princes and intriguers. Unusual court news from the diary of Johannes Burcardus, papal master of ceremonies to Alexander VI. Borgia. Artemis, Munich / Zurich 1985, ISBN 3-7608-0654-6 .
- Johann Burchard: Alexander VI. and his court. According to the diary of his master of ceremonies Burcardus (= memoir library. 4, series, vol. 3, ZDB -ID 989027-0 ). Published by Ludwig Geiger. 15th edition. Lutz, Stuttgart 1922.
Remarks
- ↑ See Brambach p. 92, Schüller-Piroli p. 40, Hibbert p. 30; Juan has long been mistaken for the couple's eldest son, as exact dates of birth are not known for him and Cesare. However, researchers today agree that he must have been younger than Cesare. Evidence for this is provided by the grave slab Vanozza de 'Cattaneis, rediscovered in 1947, in which Juan is mentioned as the second-born, and a papal bull from 1493 in which Cesare is described as the elder.
Individual evidence
- ^ Sarah Bradford: Lucrezia Borgia. Penguin Group, 2005, family tree The descendants of Alexander VI.
- ^ Sarah Bradford: Cesare Borgia. His Life and Times. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1976, p. 17
- ↑ Joachim Brambach: The Borgia: Fascination of a power-obsessed Renaissance family . Callwey, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-7667-0906-2 , p. 94 .
- ↑ Christopher Hibbert: The Borgias and their enemies. 1431-1519. Harcourt Inc., Orlando 2008, p. 31
- ^ Sarah Bradford: Cesare Borgia. His Life and Times. P. 18
- ↑ Joachim Brambach: The Borgia: Fascination of a power-obsessed Renaissance family . Callwey, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-7667-0906-2 , p. 94 .
- ↑ Christopher Hibbert: The Borgias and their enemies. 1431-1519 . p. 167
- ↑ Susanne Schuller-Piroli: The Borgia Dynasty. P. 100
- ↑ Joachim Brambach: The Borgia: Fascination of a power-obsessed Renaissance family . Callwey, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-7667-0906-2 , p. 92 . The fact that Juan's older brother Cesare was not taken into account is probably due to the fact that he was already earmarked for a spiritual career.
- ↑ Joachim Brambach: The Borgia: Fascination of a power-obsessed Renaissance family . Callwey, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-7667-0906-2 , p. 132 .
- ^ Sarah Bradford: Cesare Borgia. His Life and Times. P. 56 f.
- ↑ Joachim Brambach: The Borgia: Fascination of a power-obsessed Renaissance family . Callwey, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-7667-0906-2 , p. 136 .
- ↑ Christopher Hibbert: The Borgias and their enemies. 1431-1519 . p. 96.
- ^ Sarah Bradford: Lucrezia Borgia. Penguin Group, 2005, p. 31
- ^ Sarah Bradford: Cesare Borgia. His Life and Times. P. 35; Joachim Brambach: The Borgia: the fascination of a power-obsessed Renaissance family . Callwey, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-7667-0906-2 , p. 103 .
- ^ Sarah Bradford: Lucrezia Borgia. Penguin Group, 2005, p. 32f
- ↑ Susanne Schuller-Piroli: The Borgia Dynasty. P. 188
- ↑ Susanne Schuller-Piroli: The Borgia Dynasty. P. 187
- ↑ Joachim Brambach: The Borgia: Fascination of a power-obsessed Renaissance family . Callwey, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-7667-0906-2 , p. 107 .
- ↑ Joachim Brambach: The Borgia: Fascination of a power-obsessed Renaissance family . Callwey, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-7667-0906-2 , p. 129 f .
- ^ Sarah Bradford: Lucrezia Borgia. Penguin Group, 2005, p. 38
- ↑ Joachim Brambach: The Borgia: Fascination of a power-obsessed Renaissance family . Callwey, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-7667-0906-2 , p. 130 .
- ^ Sarah Bradford: Cesare Borgia. His Life and Times. P.56
- ↑ Joachim Brambach: The Borgia: Fascination of a power-obsessed Renaissance family . Callwey, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-7667-0906-2 , p. 131 .
- ^ Sarah Bradford: Cesare Borgia. His Life and Times. P. 60
- ↑ Joachim Brambach: The Borgia: Fascination of a power-obsessed Renaissance family . Callwey, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-7667-0906-2 , p. 134 .
- ↑ Susanne Schuller-Piroli: The Borgia Dynasty. P. 189
- ^ Sarah Bradford: Cesare Borgia. His Life and Times. P. 61
- ^ Alois Uhl: Pope children. Life pictures from the time of the Renaissance. Piper, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-492-24891-4 , p. 188
- ^ Sarah Bradford: Lucrezia Borgia. Penguin Group, 2005, pp. 60f; Martin Müller (ed.): Church princes and intriguers: unusual court news from the diary of Johannes Burcardus, papal master of ceremonies to Alexander VI. Borgia. P. 76f.
- ↑ Johann Burchard, Ludwig Geiger (ed.): Alexander VI. and his court, according to the diary of his master of ceremonies Burcardus. P. 179
- ↑ Martin Müller (ed.): Church princes and intriguers: unusual court news from the diary of Johannes Burcardus, papal master of ceremonies with Alexander VI. Borgia. P. 78
- ↑ Martin Müller (ed.): Church princes and intriguers: unusual court news from the diary of Johannes Burcardus, papal master of ceremonies with Alexander VI. Borgia. P. 79
- ^ Sarah Bradford: Lucrezia Borgia. Penguin Group, 2005, pp. 63f
- ^ Sarah Bradford: Cesare Borgia. His Life and Times. P. 64
- ^ Sarah Bradford: Cesare Borgia. His Life and Times. P. 57
- ^ Sarah Bradford: Cesare Borgia. His Life and Times. P. 66
- ↑ Miguel Batllori: La familia de los Borjas. Volume 18, by Jerónimo Miguel (Ed.): Clave historial. Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid 2011, ISBN 978-84-89512-34-4 , pp. 54-75, limited preview in Google Book Search
- ^ Antonio Castejón: Borja o Borgia. Ascendientes y descendientes de un Papa, de un Santo, de un Valido (el de Lerma), etc .; Genealogy at euskalnet.net
- ↑ Genealogy of the Borgia / Borja at genealogy.euweb.cz
- ↑ Ferdinand Gregorovius: Lucrezia Borgia p. 306 ( read complete version online )
- ↑ Joachim Brambach: The Borgia: Fascination of a power-obsessed Renaissance family . Callwey, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-7667-0906-2 , p. 346 . family tree
- ↑ Grandes de España-Gandía (Spanish) at grandesp.org.uk/historia/gzas/gandia.htmz
| predecessor | Office | successor |
|---|---|---|
| Pedro-Luis de Borja, 1st Duke of Gandía |
Duke of Gandía 1488–1497 |
Juan Borgia, 3rd Duke of Gandía |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Borgia, Juan, 2nd Duke of Gandía |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Borgia, Juan; Borgia, Giovanni; Borja, Juan de |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Spanish-Italian Renaissance prince and the favorite son of Pope Alexander VI. |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 1476 or 1478 |
| DATE OF DEATH | June 14, 1497 |
| Place of death | Rome |