Judengasse (Berlin)

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The Jewish quarter , even Judenstraße , 1826 Landwehr Road was a street in Berlin George suburb , later King City .

It was first mentioned in a document in 1720, but existed long before as a dirt road from the Oderberger or Georgentor to the Berlin Feldmark . The street was closed in 1972 after severe war damage and built over with the residential area Mollstraße / Berolinastraße.

The origin of the street name is not certain. The Jewish cemetery of the 16th century, which is often referred to as eponymous, is not documented by contemporary sources. Jewish residents have only been known since 1767. It is therefore obvious that the name was derived from traditions about the burning of Jews from 1510 on the neighboring Rabenstein.

Course of Landwehrstraße (formerly Judengasse) 1831

Course of the road

The street ran for about 300 meters from Kleine Kirchgasse, later Katharinenstrasse, which bounded the Georgenkirchhof and the surrounding hospitals, in an east-north-east direction almost parallel to Landsberger Strasse to Gollnowstrasse and crossed Lietzmannstrasse, later Gerlachstrasse. These squares and streets were also abolished in the 1960s / 1970s. According to today's development, the course of the street would go from Karl-Marx-Allee at the corner of Otto-Braun-Strasse to Mollstrasse at the height of Weinstrasse.

Residents

In contrast to Berlin's Jüdenstrasse and the Judengasse in other cities, there was no closed Jewish residential area on Berlin's Judengasse . In the 17th century, the predominantly agricultural land behind the Georgenspital was owned by David Lienemann, Lehnsschulze in Reinickendorf , who parceled it out and sold it from 1688. Friedrich Nicolai does not highlight any special buildings from the subsequent development . At the beginning of the 20th century, the densely populated workers' quarter, like the Scheunenviertel, was one of the social hot spots in the city.

Landwehrstraße 6 - view of the courtyard 1889

The earliest buildings in the area around the later Judengasse were the Georgenhospital, mentioned in 1228, with a chapel mentioned in 1331. In contrast to the very respected inner-city Heilig-Geist-Spital, the Georgenhospital primarily served to accommodate the poor and lepers of the city. The Georgenkapelle was also used as the parish church of the Georgenvorstadt from the end of the 17th century, but was replaced by larger church buildings in 1780 and again in 1898.

The associated Georgenkirchhof served as a plague and poor cemetery, and victims of the neighboring execution site and others who were “not allowed to have a Christian burial ” were buried on its “poor sinners ground”. During the multiple plague epidemics of the 16th and 17th centuries, burials also took place on the adjacent field marrow, as bone finds suggest. Other charitable institutions were later set up at the Georgenkirchhof, such as the Dorotheen Hospital in 1672 to accept “destitute strangers”, later like the Spletthaus also for poor widows, or in 1806 the Zeune asylum for the blind . The cemetery has not been used since the beginning of the 19th century, the old peripheral buildings of what is now Georgenkirchplatz and the old church had to give way to new buildings.

To the north-east of the Georgenkirchhof, between the later Judengasse and the road to Landsberg, there was one of the execution places of Berlin and Cölln , the Rabenstein, until the 17th century . There, in 1510, 38 Jews from the Margraviate of Brandenburg were burned on a three- story pyre for alleged desecration of the host . The medieval place of execution was later built on with a hospital and madhouse, in the place of which the Rücker Free School "Zum armen Lazarus" was built in 1733 . In 1913 a commercial building was built in the square between Landwehr-, Katherinen and Landsberger Straße, which had housed the city's first outpatient department since 1923 . This listed House of Health was the only evidence of pre-war buildings to be preserved.

At the corner of Landwehr and Lietzmannstrasse (from 1939 Gerlachstrasse) there was a Jewish retirement home since 1931. In 1935, Rabbi Martin Salomonski had a plaque placed there to commemorate the events of 1510. The plaque is now on a memorial stone on Mollstrasse.

For the first time in 1865 an article by Julius Beer referred to an early Jewish cemetery west of Judengasse / Landwehrstrasse between Gollnowstrasse and Lietzmannstrasse. Beer based his assumption with current bone finds and old building parts. For such a cemetery, the possible existence of which was later restricted to the 16th century, there are no clear archaeological finds - such as tombstones - nor early reports or other sources - such as old field names or information from the "camp book", a kind of cadastre, which has survived from this time . A " Jewish hospital " named by Beer is not documented there by other sources.

The George Church and the Jewish old people's home, like almost all of the surrounding buildings, were severely damaged by bombing and fighting in 1945; the ruins and damaged houses were later removed and replaced by new buildings.

In the center right: Houses on Landwehrstrasse before they were demolished in 1965

Place of deportations

The old people's home on Lietzmannstrasse was used by the National Socialists in 1941/1942 as a large assembly camp next to the assembly camp in Große Hamburger Strasse immediately before the deportations by trains to the concentration camp Ghetto Theresienstadt , Riga, Fort IX or the extermination camps .

Web links

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Siegfried Moses: On the history of the cemetery and funeral system of the Jewish community in Berlin . In: Gemeindeblatt der Jüdischen Gemeinde zu Berlin , 11/1913, pp. 131–133  - Internet Archive
  2. ^ Hans Jahn: Pictures from the Berlin Feldmark . In: Writings of the Association for the History of Berlin , Issue 58; Mittler, Berlin 1940, p. 66 f.
  3. ↑ Near the Brandenburg town of Beelitz, the place where a Jew is said to have been burned for alleged desecration of the host in the 13th century is still called "Judenberg".
  4. ^ Hans Jahn: Pictures from the Berlin Feldmark . In: Writings of the Association for the History of Berlin , Issue 58; Mittler, Berlin 1940, p. 65.
  5. ^ Friedrich Nicolai: Description of the royal residence cities ... , p. 28 ff.
  6. ↑ Hans Jahn: Berlin in the year of the death of the Great Elector - Explanations of the perspective plan by Johann Bernhard Schultz from 1688 . In: Writings of the Association for the History of Berlin , Issue 55; Mittler, Berlin 1935, p. 40
  7. ↑ Aron Ackermann: History of the Jews in Brandenburg… Lamm, Berlin 1906, p. 31 ff.  - Internet Archive
  8. ↑ Land Register of the City of Berlin, Department I, Berlin 1872, p. 139: "... the second Rücker'sche Free School, for which the property at Landsbergerstraße 45 was transferred in a will ..."
  9. ^ House of Health , Karl-Marx-Allee 3 -Entry in the state monument list
  10. ↑ Nicola Galliner and a .: Guide through Jewish Berlin . Nicolai, Berlin 1987, p. 267
  11. ↑ Julius Beer: Old Berlin in the royal city . In: Vossische Zeitung , No. 173, 1865
  12. ^ Hans Jahn: Pictures from the Berlin Feldmark . In: Writings of the Association for the History of Berlin , Issue 58. Mittler, Berlin 1940, p. 62 ff.
  13. ↑ In: "The Present" Berliner Wochenschrift für Jewish Affairs , No. 18/1867, p. 142.

Coordinates: 52 ° 31 '22.3 "  N , 13 ° 25' 19"  E