Kingdom of Hawaii

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Kingdom of Hawaiʻi
Aupuni Mōʻī o Hawaiʻi
Kingdom of Hawaiʻi
Flag of Hawaii.svg
Royal Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Hawaii, svg
( Details ) ( Details )

Motto : Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono
(Hawaiian for The life of the land is preserved by righteousness )

Official language Hawaiian and English
Capital Kailua-Kona , Hawaii
from 1810 to 1820

Lāhainā , Maui
from 1820 to 1845
Honolulu , Oʻahu
from 1845

Form of government Constitutional monarchy
Head of state King of Hawaii
surface 29,311 km²
founding 1795
Union 1810
Proclamation of the Republic 4th July 1894
currency Hawaiian dollars
US dollars
National anthem Hawaiʻi ponoʻī
Expansion of the Kingdom of Hawaii
The 'Iolani Palace , the former residence of the Hawaiian kings
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hawaii at the ʻIolani Palace

The Kingdom of Hawaii was a kingdom on the Hawaiian archipelago . It was founded between 1795 and 1810 with the incorporation of smaller empires on the islands of Oʻahu , Maui , Molokaʻi , Lānaʻi , Kauaʻi and Niʻihau into the kingdom of the largest island of Hawaii (the so-called "Big Island"). After the overthrow of the last queen in 1893, the Republic of Hawaii was formed the following year , which lasted until the annexation by the United States in 1898.

development

After the death of Kalaniʻopuʻu , Kamehameha I. united the islands of Hawaii in bloody wars. From 1810 he was the sole ruler of all eight islands and thus the first king of Hawai'i. Kamehameha founded a dynasty named after him that ruled until 1872. After his death, his widow Kuhina-Nui Kaʻahumanu and their young son Liholiho (later Kamehameha II) took control of the islands.

From 1810 Kamehameha I resided mostly in Kailua before the court moved to Lāhainā in 1820 . Not until 1845 was Honolulu established a permanent capital.

The independence of Hawaii was threatened again and again. As early as 1815 to 1817, the attempt by the German Georg Anton Schäffer , who was in Russian service , who tried to gain control of the northern islands of Kaua'i and Ni'ihau on his own without the support of the Tsarist government, failed . The brief annexation of Hawaii from February 10, 1843 to July 31, 1843 by the British Lord George Paulet , Belgian plans to take over all of Hawaii with the help of the Ladd Company (1843-1845) and the occupation of Honolulu remained unsuccessful the French Legoarant de Tromelin in 1849.

Relations between Hawaii and the United States were initially very good. From 1820 onwards, American missionaries ( congregationalists ) settled in Honolulu and Queen Ka'ahumanu professed Protestantism in 1824 . On December 19, 1842, the independence of Hawaii was recognized by the United States. The US-American influence grew bigger and bigger from about 1850. To meet him, the kings of Hawaii strengthened ties with Great Britain, whose monarchy they greatly admired. The kingdom also established diplomatic relations with other states, such as Prussia , the smaller German states and Belgium. For this purpose, consulates were set up in various cities, although the consuls had to cover a large geographical area.

In 1875 a contract was signed that allowed sugar from Hawaii to be exported duty-free to the USA. In 1887 the United States was able to take over the Pearl Harbor naval base following an amendment to the treaty .

Due to external pressure and also to secure the rule, there were a number of important reforms. This included the constitutions of 1840, 1852, 1864 and 1887 as well as the planned constitution of 1893. Serious consequences were the symbolic break of the Kapu system (see also Tapu ) by Kamehameha II. , His mother and Ka'ahumanu by eating food together which were forbidden for women up to that point. The land distribution of Kamehamehas III was also important. from 1848, the "Great Mahele" , which enabled private property on land. This meant that foreigners could quickly acquire large land holdings.

Hawaii's economic relations with the outside world were initially limited to providing the crew of merchant ships with provisions and spare parts that sold goods in Guangzhou (Canton), the only legal trading post in China for non-Chinese between 1757 and 1842. The ships often came from New England and sailed via Cape Horn to the Pacific Northwest and Russian America . There the traders bought sea ​​otter furs and brought them to China. A system of exchange arose which was organized by declaring things as a Kapu. Soon the export of sandalwood from Hawaii to China also proved economical. Since 1810 Kamehameha I tried to monopolize the trade in this raw material, which he finally succeeded in 1812. In the 1820s to 1860s, Lāhainā and Honolulu were important ports for whalers in the North Pacific, where they traded and sometimes wintered. After commercial oil production began in 1858, however , the demand for whale oil declined and sugar became the most important export good. For sugar cane cultivation , the immigration of contract workers from, among others, China (from 1852), the South Sea Islands (from 1859), Japan (from 1868) and Portugal (from 1878) was promoted. In the 20th century, pineapple-growing workers came from Korea (from 1903), the Philippines (from 1906) and Spain (from 1907). It was not until 1946 that labor recruitment officially ended.

When Queen Liliʻuokalani († 1917) wanted to push back American influence, she was overthrown in a coup in 1893, supported by plantation owners and the USA . After being forced to sign a declaration of abdication, power was taken over by a provisional government that represented the interests of American residents of Hawaii. Hawai'i became a republic in 1894, while the United States established a naval base. The ultimate goal of the United States under President Sanford Dole was to annex the islands in order to expand their supremacy in the North Pacific. Since this intention affected the interests of Japan, the Japanese Empire protested against it and sent a warship to Hawaii. President Dole used the conflict with the American people to justify the annexation of Hawaii in 1898. Sanford Dole was again the first governor of what was now the Hawaii Territory .

Since then there has been an independence movement fighting for the restoration of the monarchy. Since 2008 it has been making more talk of itself and has had its first successes under international law.

Kings of hawaii

Between 1795 and 1893, seven kings and one queen ruled the Hawai'i archipelago .

Literary reflection

Mark Twain visited the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1866 and reported in 25 letters of his observations and experiences. Traces of his stays on the islands can also be found in Robert Louis Stevenson's work , for example in the novel The Bottle Goblin .

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Donald Rowland: The Establishment of the Republic of Hawaii, 1893-1894 . In: The Pacific Historical Review , Vol. 4, No. 3. (Sept. 1935), pp. 201-220. ( PDF )
  2. ↑ Linda Wedel Greene: A Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites on the West Coast of Hawai'i Island (Chapter 4)
  3. ↑ cf. Lāhainā in Hawaiian Dictionaries
  4. ↑ Richard A. Pierce (Ed.), Russia's Hawaiian Adventure, 1815-1817 , Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1965.
  5. ↑ http://www.hawaii.edu/ : Le Journal du Picpucien Louis Maigret ( Memento of April 21, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  6. ^ Eberhard Fritz: The countries in the German southwest and the kingdom in the South Seas. Baden, Bavaria, Württemberg, Hesse and Hawaii in the state building process of the 19th century. In: Journal for Württemberg State History 70 (2011).
  7. ↑ www.hawaii-nation.org: Legal Foundation for Hawaiian Independence
  8. ↑ Linda Wedel Greene: A Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites on the West Coast of Hawai'i Island (Chapter 5b) ( Memento of November 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  9. ^ Rita Ariyoshi: Hawaii - The National Geographic Traveler , 2002. p. 31
  10. ↑ Mark Merlin, Dan Van Ravenswaay: The History of Human Impact on the Genus Santalum in Hawaiʻi . In: USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-122. 1990 , pp. 46-84 ( PDF ); Diane Lee Rhodes: Overview of Hawaiian History ( Sandalwood Trade , Changes after the death of Kamehameha )
  11. ^ Niklaus R. Schweizer: Hawaiʻi and the German-speaking peoples . Bern, Frankfurt am Main, Las Vegas, 1982.
  12. ↑ Manfred B. Emmes, The foreign policies of the USA, Japans a. Germany in mutual influence from the middle of the 19th to the end of the 20th century. Lit, Münster 2000, ISBN 978-3-8258-4595-7 , p. 13.
  13. ↑ Thomas Bargatzky: Nönö K. Silva. Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism. Review of the book of the same name in Yearbook for European Overseas History 9 Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-447-06164-3 . Pp. 387-389.
  14. ↑ Hannah Pilarczyk: Hawaii: Obama's homeland on the wrong track . , on stern.de on January 20, 2009, accessed on October 3, 2015.
  15. ↑ Helena Nyberg ( Incomindios ): The spark of a chance for self-determination . In: Coyote, Indianische Gegenwart , No. 27th year - 106, Aktiongruppe Indianer & Menschenrechte eV, Munich, summer 2015, ISSN  0939-4362 , p. 249.
  16. ^ A. Grove Day (Ed.): Mark Twain's letters from Hawaii . Honolulu: Univ. Pr. Of Hawaii, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8248-0288-2

literature

  • Gavan Daws: Shoal of time: a history of the Hawaiian Islands . Hawaii University Press 1968, ISBN 9780824803247 ( limited preview in Google Book Search - USA )
  • Michael Dougherty: To steal a kingdom. Probing Hawaiian history. Island Press, Waimanalo, Hawaii 1992, ISBN 0-9633484-0-X .
  • William Adam Russ: The Hawaiian Revolution (1893-94) . Ed .: Susquehanna University Press. 1992, ISBN 978-0-945636-43-4 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  • Richard A. Wisniewski: The rise and fall of the Hawaiian kingdom. A pictorial history. Pacific Basin Enterprises, Honolulu 1979.
  • Phil Barnes: A Concise History of the Hawaiian Islands . Petroglyph Press, 3rd edition 2001, ISBN 0-912180-56-0
  • Stephan Bierling: History of American Foreign Policy . CH Beck, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-406-49428-5 .
  • Eberhard Fritz: The countries in the German southwest and the kingdom in the South Seas. Baden, Bavaria, Württemberg, Hesse and Hawaii in the state building process of the 19th century . In: Journal for Württemberg State History 70/2011. Pp. 371-389.
  • David Kalakaua, King of Hawaii: Legends and myths of Hawaii . Ed. and with an introduction by Hon. RM Daggett. Publisher: CL Webster & Company New York, 1888 - on the Internet Archive - online

Web links

Commons : Kingdom of Hawaii  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Friendship, Trade, Shipping and Consular Treaty between the German Empire and the Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands (1880)  - Sources and full texts