Canadian pikeperch

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Canadian pikeperch
Saugernctc.jpg

Canadian pikeperch ( Sander canadensis )

Systematics
Perch relatives (Percomorphaceae)
Order : Perch-like (Perciformes)
Subordination : Percoidei
Family : Real perch (Percidae)
Genre : Sander
Type : Canadian pikeperch
Scientific name
Sander canadensis
( Griffith & Smith , 1834)

The Canadian pikeperch ( Sander canadensis , Syn . : Stizostedion canadensis ), English sucker , is a freshwater species of the family of the real perch , which is similar to the closely related glass eye perch . The Canadian pikeperch is one of the most widespread fish in North America and one of the North American perch with the most pronounced migratory behavior.

features

The Canadian pikeperch is an elongated perch with a round body. He usually reaches a body length of 36 cm TL . It can reach a maximum length of 82 cm TL and a weight of 4 kg. In its large, terminal mouth that extends behind the eyes, there are powerful fangs, the front teeth of the upper jaw are visible even when the mouth is closed. Incisive bone (premaxilla), lower jaw and palate leg (Palatine) are dentate. The Canadian zander has two widely spaced dorsal fins (dorsals) and a deeply forked caudal fin (caudal). The front covers are sawn, the gill covers , cheeks, chest and abdomen are scaly . The sideline is complete and straight, the number of scales on the sideline is 87 to 95 (79 to 100). Canadian pikeperch have 7 to 11 gill spines and 43 to 45 vertebrae .

Its basic color is sand-colored, matt brown or gray, overlaid with dark spots. There are three to five dark bands on the back, some of which run to the sides. There are dark round spots on the sides and dark streaks on the head. The underside of the head and body is white as a white. The first dorsal fin has a dark edge, both dorsal fins have rows of black spots. The caudal fin is several times darkly banded, the flap on the belly side can have a white border. The pelvic fins (ventral) and anal fin (anal) are whitish with dark spots. The pectoral fins (pectorals) are transparent to slightly speckled, there is a dark spot on the base of the fin. The eyes appear silver-colored through the tapetum lucidum , a reflective layer behind the retina .

The first dorsal fin has 10 to 15 spiny rays , the second 1 to 2 spine rays and 17 to 19 (16 to 22) soft rays. The anal fin has 2 spine rays and 11 to 13 soft rays, the pectoral fins 14 to 16 soft rays.

The Canadian pikeperch differs from the glass eye perch in the lack of a black spot on the rear base of its first dorsal fin, in the less scaling of the cheeks and in 5 to 8 pyloric tubes (also pyloric caeca) compared to 3 in the glass eye perch.

distribution and habitat

Canadian pikeperch are among the most widespread fish in North America , their large original range overlaps widely with the center of the range of the glass eye perch. It includes the catchment area of the Mississippi River , the Hudson Bay area, the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River basin. It stretches from Quebec to Alberta in Canada and south to Louisiana and Alabama in the United States . Due to its migratory behavior, its distribution fluctuates over the year within its habitat.

Canadian zanders inhabit small to large rivers with sandy and gravelly bottoms, muddy pools, and backwater. They are less common in lakes and reservoirs. Large, cold or warm, often cloudy, slow-flowing rivers are typical of its habitat. In the south it often inhabits clear waters, and rarely swims down into the brackish waters of the St. Lawrence River.

Way of life

The sexual maturity is reached cm between the ages of two and five years respectively with a body length of 25 to 30 Canadian pikeperch can migrate hundreds of kilometers upstream to spawn . In lakes they spawn on sandy and rocky banks and over rocky subsoil at depths of 0.6 to 3.6 m, sometimes lakes are also abandoned to spawn upstream. In rivers they prefer deep, rocky rivers. During the spawning season from March to June they can be found in pairs or in small aggregations . Depending on the size of the parent animal, the 10,000 to 209,000 eggs have a diameter of 1 to 1.9 mm, the larvae are 4.5 to 6.2 mm long when they hatch. The yolk sac is used up after 7 to 9 days, the larvae then have a length of 9.4 to 9.4 mm TL. The larvae then feed on water fleas , copepods and mosquito larvae , juvenile and adult animals feed primarily on fish. In the stomach of adult Canadian pikeperch from the Gallipolis Pool of the Ohio River , decapods and various arthropods were occasionally found . In Montana , Canadian zanders can reach an age of around 8 years, otherwise increasing from south to north, 2 to 13 years.

Canadian pikeperch and glass eye perch live in sympathy in many areas of its distribution area . Hybrids and backcrosses between the two closely related fish species can occur. The offspring are called "Saugeyes" in English, are fertile and morphologically difficult to distinguish from the parent species.

Danger

Fishing, river canalization, fluctuations in the amount of water, migration barriers, loss of spawning grounds and growth habitats as well as environmental degradation have led to a decline in the habitat and stocks in the entire distribution area. Due to the pronounced migratory behavior and the need for diverse habitats during their life cycle, Canadian zander are one of the most sensitive perch species with regard to changes in their habitat. The IUCN , however, sees the stocks as stable or only slowly decreasing. In addition, the species has a large range and a large number of subpopulations . The population of adult animals is relatively large, but exact numbers are not known. Local threats may exist, but overall no major threats are known, maintenance or protection measures and further monitoring or research measures are currently not necessary. The IUCN therefore classifies the Canadian pikeperch as not endangered (Least Concern, LC).

Taxonomy and research history

The first formal documentation of the "Sucker" was created during the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804 to 1806) and described specimens from the Missouri River in what is now Montana . When describing the genus Stizostedion and the Ohio River "salmon perch" Stizostedion salmoneum , Rafinesque (1820) apparently did not differentiate between "suckers" and "walleye", his Ichthyologia ohiensis; or, Natural history of the fishes inhabiting the river Ohio and its tributary streams. contains characteristics of both types. First described the Canadian Zander was founded in 1834 by Griffith and Smith Lucioperca canadense . In 1880 the Canadian pikeperch was assigned to the genus Stizostedion as Stizostedion canadense . In 1997, Stizostedion was renamed Sander by Maurice Kottelat , supported by the Committee on Names of Fishes (a joint committee of the American Fisheries Society and the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists ) . The change is controversial and is still being discussed. In order to match the male sex of Sander , the species addition was changed from canadense to canadensis .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Carol A. Stepien, Amanda E. Haponski: Taxonomy, distribution, and evolution of the Percidae. In: P. Kestemont et al. (editors): Biology and Culture of Percid Fishes- Springer, 2015, pp. 3–60. ( Online )
  2. ↑ a b c Jaeger et al. : Seasonal Movements, Habitat Use, Aggregation, Exploitation, and Entrainment of Saugers in the Lower Yellowstone River: An Empirical Assessment of Factors Affecting Population Recovery. 2005 in: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 25, pp. 1550-1568. ( Online )
  3. ↑ Kuhn et al. 2008: Habitat Use and Movement Patterns by Adult Saugers from fall to Summer in an Unimpounded Small-River System. In: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 28, pp. 360-367. American Fisheries Society. 2008.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Stephen T. Ross: The Inland Fishes of Mississippi. University Press of Mississippi, 2002, ISBN 978-1578062461 , p. 518.
  5. ↑ a b c d Canadian pikeperch on Fishbase.org (English)
  6. ↑ a b c C.S. Mammoliti: Mississippi Interstate Cooperative Resource Association: Sucker Management Investigation. In: Report to the MICRA Gamefish Committee. , 2007, Watershed Institute Inc., Topeka, Kansas. ( Online ( Memento of the original from October 27, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. ) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.micrarivers.org
  7. ↑ a b Jay Stauffer: Fishes of West Virginia. 1995, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, pp. 339-340.
  8. ↑ a b c Sander canadensis in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013.2. Listed by: NatureServe, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
  9. ^ A b c Matthew Jaeger, 2004: Montana's Fish Species of Special Concern: Sauger. Montana Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit. ( Online , accessed August 8, 2017).
  10. ↑ Amadio et al .: Abundance of Adult Saugers across the Wind River Watershed, Wyoming. 2006 in: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 26, pp. 156-162. ( Online )
  11. ↑ a b c d Michael Bozek, Dominic Baccante, Nigel Lester: Walleye and Sauger Life History. 2011 in Biology, Management, and Culture of Walleye and Sauger , Publisher: American Fisheries Society, Editors: Bruce Barton, pp. 233-301. ( Online )
  12. ↑ Amanda E. Haponski, Carol A. Stepien: Phylogenetic and biogeographical relationships of the Sander pikeperches (Percidae: Perciformes): patterns across North America and Eurasia. 2013, in: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 110, Issue 1, pp. 156-179. ( doi : 10.1111 / bij.12114 )

Web links

Commons : Canadian pikeperch ( Sander canadensis )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files