Little balsam

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Little balsam
Lesser balsam (Impatiens parviflora)

Lesser balsam ( Impatiens parviflora )

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Order : Heather-like (Ericales)
Family : Balsamin family (Balsaminaceae)
Genre : Spring herbs ( Impatiens )
Type : Little balsam
Scientific name
Impatiens parviflora
DC.

The small balsam ( Impatiens parviflora ), also small-flowered balsam or Siberian balsam , is a plant species in the balsamic family (Balsaminaceae).

description

The little balsam is an annual herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 20 to 60, rarely up to 90 cm. The upright, bare, branched stem is somewhat glassy and swollen at the nodes. The alternate leaves are broadly lanceolate and have a serrated edge.

The flowering period extends from June to September. In the axils of the upper leaves there are upright racemose inflorescences with four to twelve flowers each. The pale yellow zygomorphic flowers , only 8 to 18 mm in size, have a straight spur.

The 1.5 to 2 cm long capsule fruit ejects its seeds when touched, which is where the genus name comes from.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20, 24 or 26.

Pollination and Propagation Biology

At the pollination of flowers are especially hoverflies involved, there to pollen Search; but self-pollination is also successful, although no kleistogamous flowers are formed.

The seeds can be spread up to 3.4 m. Long-distance propagation can also occur through adhesive bonding and with transported earth.

Plant with flowers and immature capsules

Occurrence

The natural range of the lesser balsam includes the mountains of Central Asia from the Altai in the north to the Hindu Kush in the south. It is located in the following countries: Afghanistan , China ( Xinjiang ), Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Mongolia , Russia ( West Siberia ), Tajikistan , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan . Information from Pakistan is provided on Impatiens flemingii , those from Eastern Siberia are not supported by the standard flora ( Flora of China , Flora of the USSR ).

The balsam is a new citizen ( neophyte ) in Central Europe and other areas of Europe with a moderate climate as well as locally in Canada ( Prince Edward Island ) and in the eastern USA .

The species, which is scattered to widespread in Central Europe, occurs in deciduous and mixed forests , in bushes , gardens and rubble heaps in shady places. It prefers loose, lime-poor or lime-free, fresh to slightly moist soils. In Central Europe it is a character type of the Alliarion association, but also occurs in societies of the Fagetalia order. In the Allgäu Alps in Bavaria, it rises on the forest road between Rohrmoos and the Moosalpe up to an altitude of 1200 meters.

Because of their conspicuous, z. In the past, it was assumed that the dominant populations in some areas were large, Impatiens parviflora displaced other plants. In fact, extensive populations are found mainly in locations that do not offer good living conditions for other species, for example because they are too dark, have too much leaf litter, etc. In this respect, the species is an example of the use of otherwise unused resources at some of its locations .

Around 1835 the plant from botanical gardens (Dresden, Berlin, Geneva) went wild. It is one of the few neophytes in Central Europe that was able to spread widely even in near-natural forests. On the one hand, the spread of the seeds by a centrifugal mechanism contributed to this, but also the transport of the seeds in the tire profiles of forest vehicles.

ingredients

Parts of plants contain a bitter substance that has not yet been thoroughly researched chemically but is considered toxic, nausea with dizziness as well as vomiting and diarrhea, as well as various tannins .

  • Flowering from the front

  • Blossom from the side

  • In direct sunlight, the balsam leaves the leaves hanging

  • In the shade, the leaves immediately straighten up again (here together with the fruiting of the carnation root)

swell

literature

  • Ludwig Trepl: About Impatiens parviflora DC as an agriophyte in Central Europe (= Dissertationes Botanicae. Volume 73). Cramer, Vaduz 1984, ISBN 3-7682-1385-4 .
  • Margot Spohn, Marianne Golte-Bechtle: What is blooming there? The encyclopedia: over 1000 flowering plants from Central Europe. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-10326-9 .
  • Little balsam. In: FloraWeb.de.
  • Volkmar Weiss: The red plague from a green point of view: Spring herbs - valued by beekeepers, fought by nature conservationists. Graz: Leopold Stocker Verlag 2015, ISBN 978-3-7020-1506-0 ; therein pp. 13–18: Around 1940: Calls for the eradication of the little balsam; Pp. 18–27: Is the new species Impatiens parviflora supplanting the native species Impatiens noli-tangere ? P. 27–31: The experts' assessments today about the competition between Impatiens parviflora and Impatiens noli-tangere .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Yilin Chen, Shinobu Akiyama, Hideaki Ohba: Balsaminaceae. Impatiens parviflora. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 12: Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-64-1 , pp. 77 (English). , PDF file, online.
  2. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 649.
  3. ↑ a b c Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p. 414 .
  4. ↑ Distribution in the northern hemisphere from: Eric Hultén, Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants. 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0 at Den virtuella floran. (swedish).
  5. ↑ a b European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (Ed.): EPPO data sheet on Invasive Plants. Impatiens parviflora. Draft version , 2005, Word file ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.eppo.int
  6. ^ Yasin J. Nasir: Flora of Pakistan 133. Balsaminaceae. Stewart Collections, Islamabad, 1980, p. 10, online .
  7. ↑ EG Pobedimova: Impatiens . In: BK Schischkin, EG Bobrov (ed.), B. Lavoott (transl.): Flora of the USSR Volume XIV. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem 1974, pp. 483-484, ISBN 0-7065-1360-6 (English; Russian original: Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow-Leningrad 1949, pp. 631–632) Digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fbiodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F30403788~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~ PUR% 3D .
  8. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 209.
  9. ↑ Federal Agency for Nature Conservation: NeoFlora - Invasive Alien Plants in Germany

Web links

Commons : Little Balsam ( Impatiens parviflora )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files