Korkud

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Korkud (قورقود / İA Ḳorḳud ; * 1467 or 1469 in Amasya ; † March 13, 1513 ) was an Ottoman prince and governor as well as a short-term administrator of the Ottoman Empire . In his work Ḥall iškāl al-afkār fi ḥill amwāl al-kuffār , written in Arabic , he calls himselfابو الخير محمد قورقود العثمانی بن ابو يزيد / Ebū ʾl-Ḫayr Meḥemmed Ḳorḳud el-ʿOs̲mānī b. Ebū Yezīd . During the succession struggle for the throne, he was strangled on the orders of his brother Sultan Selim I.

Life

Childhood and youth

Korkud, the son of Nigâr Hatun and later Sultan Bayezid II , was born in Amasya in 1467 or 1469, during his father's governorship there . There the calligrapher Sheikh Hamdullah taught him to read and write. 1479/1480 Korkud was at the request of his grandfather . Mehmed II to Istanbul sent where he like, his uncle's son along with his brothers Şehinşah, Alemşah, Ahmed and Selim as well as cousins Oğuzhan Cem Çelebi , circumcised was. After his circumcision, he remained hostage in Istanbul.

When Mehmed II died. May 3, 1481 the Grand Vizier was Karamani Mehmed Pasha , an advocate Cem Çelebi, from the part İshak Pasha been incited janissaries killed. On May 4, 1481, Korkud was the eldest son of Bayezid who was present in Istanbul until his father's arrival on May 21, 1481, and was brought to the throne as imperial administrator. His uncle Cem moved to Bursa , where he declared himself ruler of Anatolia and had coins minted as a sultan. While Bayezid went against Cem, Korkud stayed in Istanbul.

Governorship

Pages from a Koran manuscript by Korkud.

After the death of Prince Abdullah, the governor of Karaman , Prince Şehinşah, the governor of the "Prince Sanjak " Saruhan ( Manisa ), took his place. Korkud was appointed Prince-Governor in 1483 (چلبی سلطان / Çelebi Sulṭān ) sent to Manisa with his mother . He left the affairs of state largely to his Dīwān and devoted himself to science ( fiqh ), music and calligraphy .

The Grand Vizier Atik Ali Pasha , who had a feudal dispute with Korkud, was a strong supporter of Prince Ahmed and wanted to keep Korkud away from Istanbul. Accordingly, at the urging of Ahmed, he was transferred at the beginning of 1502 from the city of Manisa, which is closer to the capital, to the more distant Sanjak Teke ( Antalya ). In March 1503 his mother, who had accompanied him again, died and was buried in Antalya ( Turkish Nigâr Hatun Türbesi ; " Türbe der Nigâr Hatun").

When the governor of Saruhan, Prince Mahmud, died in 1507, Korkud wanted to take over his office, but was prevented from doing so by Atik Ali Pasha. Korkud then declared that he did not want rule over the empire. After the palace complied with his demand for regular income, he resigned his office and retired to Antalya Castle in November 1508.

Egypt

Korkud, to whom the prophet Mohammed appeared in a dream and is said to have ordered the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca , requested his father's consent. At the Sultan's court, people were reminded of Cem, who had fled to Egypt, and feared a renewed flare-up of hostilities with the Egyptians. In fact, Korkud wanted to secure the support of the Mamluks . Without consent, Korkud set out for Egypt in May 1509 with 87 slaves , 49 men and five ships, where he arrived in Damiette on May 25, 1509 and was solemnly received in Cairo on June 7, 1509 . Sultan al-Ghuri was in lively correspondence with Bayezid II. A pilgrimage on Korkud was not permitted. He stayed in Egypt for about 14 months and returned to Antalya after hearing that he was forgiven.

Power struggle

Shah Kulu Baba Revolt

Kizilbash soldier of the Safavids .

At the beginning of 1510 Bayezid II suffered a serious illness. According to his wishes, Ahmed should take over the rule. In March 1511, Korkud unexpectedly traveled from Antalya to Manisa, which led to the Sultan being believed dead.

The Kizilbasch , followers of Shah Ismail I , took this as an opportunity to begin their long-planned revolt; the so-called " Shah Kulu Baba Revolt " under the leadership of Shah Kulu ("Shah's slave") broke out in Antalya. Shah Kulu moved from Antalya to Kütahya, where he defeated Grand Governor Karagöz Ahmed Pascha . The Grand Governor is said to have been impaled and "roasted". Exhilarated by this triumph, the Kizilbasch marched towards Bursa via Manisa, where they defeated Subaşı Hasan Aghas at Alaşehir 's army under the leadership of Subaşı . Korkud himself retired to Manisa Castle. When Shah Kulu learned that the Grand Vizier Atik Ali Pasha was advancing with Kapıkulu troops, he withdrew to the Konya area. The armies of Atik Ali Pasha and Prince Ahmed united on June 10, 1511 at İnönü, Eskişehir . After the suppression of the uprising, Ahmed was to be proclaimed sultan. Selim, who found out about this, occupied Edirne . Shah Kulu withdrew via Karaman to Sivas , where he was followed by Atik Ali Pasha with about 170 janissaries. At the battle of July 2, 1511, both Atik Ali Pasha and Shah Kulu (unsafe) were killed. After losing their leader, the Kizilbash fled to Persia .

Selim took power

Sultan Selim "the rigors" on an Ottoman miniature.

In August 1511 the Sultan marched with 40,000 soldiers against his rebellious son Selim, whose army was 30,000 strong, and defeated him at Çorlu . Selim fled to Kefe , where his son Suleyman was governor. Bayezid invited Prince Ahmed to Istanbul in September 1511, ostensibly so that he should lead the army against Selim. When Ahmed had reached Maltepe , the Janissaries rebelled and forced him to return. Ahmed Karaman angrily occupied and secured the support of the Safavid Turkmens. When the Safavid revolt broke out near Tokat , Selim was invited to Istanbul in March 1512.

Meanwhile, Korkud was encouraged by some state officials to go secretly to Istanbul. Since Ahmed had previously threatened him with an invasion of Manisa, he fled to Istanbul at the end of March 1512. There he tried to get the Janissaries on his side before Selim's arrival. In his opinion he was the rightful owner of the throne, since he had been imperial administrator and had given up the rule only out of "respect" for his father. The Janissaries, however, continued to oppose Korkud. On April 19, 1512, Selim finally arrived in the city and on April 24, 1512 he marched to the Topkapı Palace, where he forced Bayezid to abdicate in his favor. A few days later, Bayezid died, possibly from poison, under ultimately unexplained circumstances. Selim had promised his father that he would spare his brothers as long as they accepted his rule. Korkud swore allegiance to him and returned to Manisa. In contrast, Ahmed demanded rule over Anatolia.

Escape and death

Sanduka Korkuds (in the foreground) in the Türbe Orhans I, Bursa.

At the end of 1512 / beginning of 1513 Sultan Selim I let all his nephews in Bursa, namely Mehmed b. Şehinşah, Osman b. Alemşah, Osman b. Ahmed and Mahmud's sons Musa, Orhan and Emirhan strangle. Selim informed his brother Korkud, who was worried about his own life and again loyalty to him, that his concern was unfounded. In fact, however, Selim Korkud saw his existence as a threat to his throne. According to Ottoman chronicles , Selim's men corresponded with Korkud, offered him the throne and received positive answers. The Sultan set out, ostensibly to hunt, with 10,000 men towards Manisa to kill Korkud. Korkud, who had learned of Selim's true intentions through an informer, fled at night with his Musâhib  /مصاحب / muṣāḥib  / 'companion' of Piyâle Bey, his two nephews and a slave. Selim sent his scouts, confiscated Korkud's property and returned to Bursa with Korkud's family.

In order to remain largely unseen and unknown, Korkud traveled at night, avoided cities, wore older clothes and dyed his beard white. He wanted to flee to Egypt via Antalya and sought refuge in a cave near İstanos (today Korkuteli ). Korkud and his companions received food from a villager. He got a horse from Piyâle Bey and was commissioned to rent a ship at the port of Antalya for his escape. Selim's scouts, suspicious of the horse, picked up the villager and successfully tortured him . As a result, Korkud was captured and brought before the Governor of Antalya, Kasım Bey. With the order to strangle Korkud on the way to Istanbul, the Sultan sent Sinan Agha, to whom Korkud was handed over in Eğrigöz ( Kütahya province ). According to Ottoman chronicles, Korkud was strangled while he was sleeping, according to European sources, after a hangover period during which he could write a reproachful letter to his brother. Selim is said to have been shocked by this letter and ordered three days of mourning.

Korkud was buried in the Türbe of Orhans I in Bursa.

Works

  • Wasīlat al-aḥbāb  /وسيلة الأحباب
  • Daʿwat al-nafs al-ṭaliḥa ila ʾl-aʿmāl al-ṣāliḥa  /دعوة النفس الطالحة إلى الاعمال الصالحة
  • Fatāwā Ḳorḳud ḫāniyya  /فتاوى قورقود خانية
  • Dīwān  /ديوان
  • Kürdi Peşrev - musical composition

literature

  • Feridun Emecen: Korkut, Şehzade. In: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Volume 26: Kili - Kütahya. TDV Yayını, Ankara 2002, ISBN 975-389406-6 , pp. 205–207 (Turkish).
  • M. Tayyib Gökbilgin: Ḳorḳud b. Bāyazīd. In: CE Bosworth (ed.): The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition . Volume 5: Khe - Mahi. Brill et al., Leiden et al. 1986, ISBN 90-04-07819-3 , p. 269 (English).
  • İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: II. Bayezid'in Oğullarından Sultan Korkut. In: Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. Volume 30, No. 120, October 1966, ISSN  0041-4255 , pp. 539-601 (Turkish).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: II. Bayezid'in Oğullarından Sultan Korkut. In: Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Volume 30, No. 120, October 1966, p. 541, fn. 4, completely:ابو الخير محمد قورقود العثمانی بن ابو يزيد بن محمد بن مراد بن محمد بن ابو يزيد بن مراد عن اون / Ebū ʾl-Ḫayr Meḥemmed Ḳorḳud el-ʿOs̲mānī b. Ebū Yezīd b. Meḥemmed b. Murād b. Meḥemmed b. Ebū Yezīd b. Murād b. Orḫān b. ʿOs̲mān .
  2. ↑ Halil İnalcık: Devlet-i ʻAliyye. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Üzerine Araştırmalar. 7th edition. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, Istanbul June 2009, ISBN 978-994-488645-1 , p. 129 f.
  3. ^ İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: II. Bayezid'in Oğullarından Sultan Korkut. In: Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Volume 30, No. 120, October 1966, p. 542.
  4. ^ İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: II. Bayezid'in Oğullarından Sultan Korkut. In: Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Volume 30, No. 120, October 1966, pp. 545 f.
  5. ↑ Cf. R. Mantran: ʿAlī Pa sh a Kh ādim. In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition . Volume 1, Brill, Leiden, p. 396.
  6. ^ A b Feridun Emecen: Korkut, Şehzade. In: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Volume 26, TDV Yayını, Ankara 2002, pp. 205-207.
  7. ^ İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: II. Bayezid'in Oğullarından Sultan Korkut. In: Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Volume 30, No. 120, October 1966, pp. 546 ff.
  8. ^ İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: II. Bayezid'in Oğullarından Sultan Korkut. In: Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Volume 30, No. 120, October 1966, p. 550.
  9. ^ Stanford Jay Shaw: History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York 1976, ISBN 9780521291637 , p. 79.
  10. ^ İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: II. Bayezid'in Oğullarından Sultan Korkut. In: Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Volume 30, No. 120, October 1966, p. 556.
  11. ^ Colin Imber: The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650. The Structure of Power. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, et al. a. 2002, ISBN 0-333-61386-4 , p. 43.
  12. ^ İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: II. Bayezid'in Oğullarından Sultan Korkut. In: Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Volume 30, No. 120, October 1966, p. 567.
  13. ^ İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: II. Bayezid'in Oğullarından Sultan Korkut. In: Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Volume 30, No. 120, October 1966, p. 569.
  14. ^ Colin Imber: The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650. The Structure of Power. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, et al. a. 2002, ISBN 0-333-61386-4 , p. 43 f.
  15. ^ İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: II. Bayezid'in Oğullarından Sultan Korkut. In: Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Volume 30, No. 120, October 1966, pp. 565 ff.
  16. ↑ Halil İnalcık: Selim I. In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition . Volume 9, Brill, Leiden, p. 128.
  17. ^ İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: II. Bayezid'in Oğullarından Sultan Korkut. In: Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Volume 30, No. 120, October 1966, p. 575.
  18. ^ Colin Imber: The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650. The Structure of Power. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, et al. a. 2002, ISBN 0-333-61386-4 , p. 102.
  19. ^ İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: II. Bayezid'in Oğullarından Sultan Korkut. In: Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Volume 30, No. 120, October 1966, p. 579.
  20. ^ İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: II. Bayezid'in Oğullarından Sultan Korkut. In: Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Volume 30, No. 120, October 1966, p. 580.
  21. ^ Colin Imber: The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650. The Structure of Power. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, et al. a. 2002, ISBN 0-333-61386-4 , p. 103.
  22. ^ İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: II. Bayezid'in Oğullarından Sultan Korkut. In: Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Volume 30, No. 120, October 1966, p. 584.
  23. ^ İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: II. Bayezid'in Oğullarından Sultan Korkut. In: Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Volume 30, No. 120, October 1966, pp. 587 ff.
personal data
SURNAME Korkud
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Corkut; Korkud Çelebi; Şehzade Korkud; Abū ʾl-Ḫayr Muḥammad Ḳorḳud al-ʿUṯmānī b. Abū Yazīd
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Ottoman prince, imperial administrator, governor
DATE OF BIRTH 1467 or 1469
PLACE OF BIRTH Amasya , Amasya, Turkey
DATE OF DEATH March 13, 1513