Copper rump amazily

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Copper rump amazily
Copper rump amazily

Copper rump amazily

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Genre : Amazilia hummingbirds ( Amazilia )
Type : Copper rump amazily
Scientific name
Amazilia tobaci
( Gmelin, JF , 1788)

The copper- rump amazilie ( Amazilia tobaci ) or Tobagoamazilie is a species of bird from the hummingbird family (Trochilidae). The distribution area of ​​this species includes the countries Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela .

The population of the copper-rump amazilia was classified in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2016 as “ Least Concern (LC) ” = “not endangered”.

features

The copper rump amazily reaches a body length of about 9 to 10 cm, with the males weighing about 4.6 g and the females 3.5 to 4.2 g. The male has a straight, medium-sized black beak that is pink at the base. The top is bronze-green, the underside glitters in dark gold-green. The upper tail coverts are purple-reddish, the lower tail coverts reddish brown. The control springs have a purple-blackish color. The appearance of the females is similar to that of the males, but the blackish tint is less intense. Their tint is whitish on the chin and upper throat area. In juvenile Kupferbürzelamazilien throat and belly are also brown grayish.

Behavior and nutrition

Their diet consists mainly of nectar from various plants. Forty tree species have been identified in Trinidad and Tobago that are used by them. In particular, are approached coral trees , Calliandra , Rötegewächsearten the genus Palicourea , Cucurbitaceae species of the genus Gurania that Akanthusgewächseart Pachystachys coccinea , and various plants such as introduced guttata Beloperone , hibiscus and Russelia . They also collect insects on plants and hunt small flies on windfalls. Occasionally they also catch insects in flight. They are extremely territorial and dominate other hummingbirds, even larger species. They attack the intruders relatively aggressively in their feeding territory. They either fly directly to them or circle the intruder if it is sitting on a branch or twig.

Vocalizations

The call consists of repeated phases of three lively or squeaky, generous Ti-di-dju or Ti-zitschitt sounds. The vocals contain dry chirping and creaking notes. In addition, the birds emit a lighter, diminishing rattle when they search for food.

Reproduction

Little is known about the breeding behavior of the mainland species. In Trinidad, breeding activities are known throughout the year except in the months of September and October. The main breeding season is from January to March. They build a saddle-like nest, which they fix in the forks of branches of small trees or bushes at heights between one and three meters above the ground. They are rarely found at heights of up to six meters. Occasionally they also rely on power lines. The calyx consists of silk plants; sometimes coconut fibers or scales from ferns are also used. They cover it up with lichen and cobwebs.

A brood consists of two eggs. The eggs are incubated by the female for 16 to 19 days. The nestlings fledge at around 19 to 23 days. There can be two to three broods per season.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area of ​​the copper rump amazily

The copper-rump amazily inhabits almost all forest types, including gallery forest , cloud forest and rain forest . They can also be found in secondary vegetation and in clearings. The island species A. t. erythronotos and A. t. tobaci often live in open areas with savanna- like vegetation, plantations or gardens. The copper-rump amazily moves at altitudes between sea level and 1000 meters, the subspecies A. t. monticola and A. t. feliciae even at altitudes of 1500 and 2000 meters. In contrast to the other island species, A. t. aliciae mountain areas.

migration

The subspecies on the islands are considered to be resident birds , but reports on Grenada may point to hikers or wanderers . As short-range migrants , some subspecies of the mainland seem to move on from their usual locations, similar to nomads , to the next location.

Subspecies

There are seven known subspecies:

  • Amazilia tobaci monticola ( Todd , 1913) occurs in northwest Venezuela. This subspecies generally looks a bit darker with less contrast; the control springs are steel blue to violet blue.
  • Amazilia tobaci feliciae ( Lesson, RP , 1840) is common in northern central Venezuela. This subspecies glitters golden to bronze green on top. The tail is bluish black, the under tail-coverts are reddish brown.
  • Amazilia tobaci caudata Zimmer, JT & Phelps , 1949 occurs in northeastern Venezuela. This subspecies has a dark blue tail.
  • Amazilia tobaci aliciae Richmond , 1895 occurs on Isla Margarita . This subspecies has a more distinct copper tint on the underside and a bluish black tail. The under tail covers are cinnamon to reddish brown.
  • Amazilia tobaci erythronotos ( Lesson, RP , 1829) is common in Trinidad . This subspecies is a little darker on the underside, while the central under tail-coverts are dark purple.
  • Amazilia tobaci tobaci ( Gmelin, JF , 1788) occurs on Tobago .
  • Amazilia tobaci caurensis ( from Berlepsch & Hartert , 1902) is widespread in the east and south-east of Venezuela. This subspecies is greyish on the rump and on the under tail-coverts. The tail is less forked. The under tail-coverts are bluish black.

Saucerottea Feliciae apurensis Simon , 1921 is now a synonym for A. t. feliciae considered.

Etymology and history of research

Johann Friedrich Gmelin described the copper rump amazily under the name Trochilus Tobaci . The type specimen came from Tobago. In 1843 René Primevère Lesson introduced the new generic name Amazilia for the gold - masked hummingbird , the striped - tailed hummingbird , the cinnamon - bellied amazily (syn .: Ornysmia cinnamomea ), the blue-throated star hummingbird (syn .: Ornymia rufula ) and the longuemare sun nymph . He did not mention the rust-bellied amazilia ( Amazilia amazilia ). This name comes from a novel by Jean-François Marmontel , who reported in Les Incas, Ou La Destruction De L'empire Du Pérou, about an Inca heroine named Amazili. The species name was named after the country Tobago, in which the nominate form lives. "Aliciae" was named after Anita Alice Mathilde Robinson. Phinney (1860-1918) named. She was the wife of Lieutenant Wirt Robinson (1864-1929), who had collected the type specimen. Who 'Feliciae "is dedicated, is not clear from the original description, but the name could Félicie Abeille be dedicated to the Lesson in the name feliciae Chizaeris , a synonym for the horrors away bird , and Julia Hummingbird subspecies ( Juliamyia julie feliciana ) honored. "Monticola" is a Latin combination of "mons, montis" and "-cola, colere" for "mountain" and "residents, inhabit". "Caudata" is derived from the Latin "cauda" for "tail". “Erythronotos” is derived from the Greek word “erythros ερυθρος ” for “red” and “-nōtos, nōton -νωτος, νωτον ” for “-backy, back”. »Caurensis« refers to the Río Caura . "Apurensis" refers to the federal state of Apure , since the type specimen came from the area of San Fernando de Apure .

literature

  • André-Alexander Weller , Peter Boesman, Guy Maxwell Kirwan in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal, David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: Copper-rumped Hummingbird (Amazilia tobaci). In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Johann Friedrich Gmelin: Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis . tape 1 , no. 1 . Georg Emanuel Beer, Leipzig 1788 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Walter Edmond Clyde Todd: Preliminary diagnoses of apparently new birds from tropical America . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 26 , 1913, pp. 169-174 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Todd Zimmer , William Henry Phelps: Four new subspecies of birds from Venezuela . In: American Museum novitates . No. 1395 , 1949, pp. 1–9 ( digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 910 kB ]).
  • Charles Wallace Richmond: Descriptions of Three New Birds from the Island of Margarita, Venezuela . In: The Auk . tape 12 , no. 4 , 1895, p. 367–371 ( sora.unm.edu [PDF; 212 kB ]).
  • Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch, Ernst Hartert: On the Birds of the Orinoco region . In: Novitates Zoologicae . tape 9 , no. 1 , 1902, pp. 1-135 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • René Primevère Lesson, Prosper Garnot: Voyage autour du monde exécuté par Ordre du Roi, sur la Corvette de Sa Majesté, La Coquille pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825, sous le ministère et conformément aux instructions de SEM Marquis de Clermont- Tonnerre, ministre de la marine; et publié sou les auspices de son excellence Mgr le Cte ​​de Chabrol, ministre de la Marine et des colonies, par ML Dupppery, capitaine de frégate. chevalier de Saint-Louis et membre de la legion d'honaire, commandant de l'expédition . tape 1 : Zoology , No. 2 . Arthus-Bertrand, Paris 1828 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • René Primevère Lesson: Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches, ouvrage orné de planches desinées et gravée par les meilleurs artistes et dédié A SAR Mademoiselle 81 plates (Prêtre, Antoine Germaine Bévalet, Marie Clémence Lesson based on Louis Vieillot's Charles Vieillot, Antoine William Pierre William Vieillot , Pancrace Bessa , Elisa Zoé Dumont de Sainte Croix) . Arthus-Bertrand, Paris 1829 ( gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de ).
  • René Primevère Lesson: Oiseaux-Mouches rares ou nouveaux, communiqués par MM. Longuemare et Parzudaki, faisant partie du t. IV. Inédit de l'histoire naturelle des Oiseaux-mouches . In: Revue Zoologique par La Société Cuvierienne . tape 4 , 1840, p. 71-72 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • René Primevère Lesson : Complément à l'histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches . In: L'Echo du Monde Savant . Series 2, volume 10 , no. 32 , 1843, pp. 755-758 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Eugène Simon: Histoire naturelle des Trochilidae (synopsis et catalog) . L. Mulo, Paris 1921 ( gallica.bnf.fr ).

Web links

Commons : Amazilie ( Amazilia tobaci )  - Collection of images

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l André-Alexander Weller u. a.
  2. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  3. ↑ Walter Edmond Clyde Todd, p. 174.
  4. ↑ a b René Primevère Lesson (1840), p. 72.
  5. ↑ John Todd Zimmer et al. a., p. 5.
  6. ^ A b Charles Wallace Richmond, p. 368.
  7. ↑ René Primevère Lesson (1829), pp. XXXII, 181 & plate 61.
  8. ^ Johann Friedrich Gmelin, p. 498.
  9. ^ Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch a. a., p. 84.
  10. ^ A b Eugène Simon, pp. 122 & 338.
  11. ^ A b Johann Friedrich Gmelin, p. 499.
  12. ↑ René Primevère Lesson u. a. (1843), column 757.
  13. ↑ René Primevère Lesson u. a. (1827), p. 683 (plate 3).
  14. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 260.
  15. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 94.
  16. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 150.
  17. ^ Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch a. a., p. 85.