List of space probes

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Under spacecraft is meant space missions , which, unlike Earth satellite , the gravitational field of the earth have left.

The decisive difference is the speed of 11.2 km / s , which a space probe must exceed in order to leave the earth's gravitational field . If this escape speed is not reached, the spacecraft remains in the earth's gravitational field and thus either becomes an earth satellite like the moon or falls back to earth on a ballistic curve . In addition, spacecraft that change from the earth's gravitational field to that of the moon are also known as space probes. To leave the solar system (e.g. Voyager 1 ) an escape speed of about 42 km / s is necessary.

Spacecraft, regardless of the mission specifications, in a halo orbit at one of the Lagrangian points L 1 and L 2 are also counted as space probes, since they are no longer in orbit around the earth.

Space probes

Editorial ranking: 1. By country (including successor country Russia to the Soviet Union (USSR)) 2. Chronologically according to start date 3. Sometimes only one entry for a series of probes (e.g. Lunik)

Nation /
organization 		Surname Duration Target object (s)
from to
USSR Lunik mission 1958 1960 Earth moon
USSR Mars missions of the Soviet Union 1960 1974 Mars
USSR Venera mission 1961 1984 Venus
USSR Luna program 1963 1976 Earth moon
USSR Zond 1963 1970 Moon, Venus, Mars
USSR Vega 1 + Vega 2 1984 1986 Venus and Halley
USSR Fobos 1 and 2 1988 1989 Martian moon Phobos
Russia Mars 96 1996 1996 Mars
Russia Fobos-Grunt 2011 2012 Martian moon Phobos
Russia Luna 25 2021 - Earth moon
Russia Venera D 2025 - Venus
United States Pioneer 0-9 1958 1996 Earth moon, inner solar system
United States Pioneer 10 1972 2003 Jupiter
United States Pioneer 11 1973 1995 Jupiter and Saturn
United States Pioneer Venus 1978 1992 Venus
United States Ranger 3 - 9 from 1961 1965 Earth moon
United States Mariner 1962 1975 Mercury , Venus and Mars
United States Surveyor 1966 1968 Earth moon
United States Lunar Orbiter 1966 1968 Earth moon
United States Explorer 33 1966 1966 Earth moon
United States Explorer 49 1973 1973 Earth moon
United States Viking 1 and 2 1975 1982 Mars
United States Voyager 1 1977 - Jupiter, Saturn, heliosphere , interstellar space
United States Voyager 2 1977 - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, heliosphere, interstellar space
United States ISEE-3 / ICE 1978 1997 Comets
United States Magellan 1989 1994 Venus
USA / FRG Galileo 1989 2003 Asteroids Gaspra and Ida , Jupiter and its moons
United States Mars Observer 1992 1993 Mars
United States Clementine 1994 1994 Earth moon
United States wind 1994 1998 Sun / earth interaction
United States NEAR 1996 2001 Asteroid Eros
United States Mars Global Surveyor 1996 2006 Mars
United States Mars Pathfinder 1996 1997 Mars
United States ACE 1997 - Particles
United States Lunar Prospector 1998 1999 Earth moon
United States Deep Space 1 1998 2001 Asteroid (9969) Braille , Comet 19P / Borrelly
United States Mars Climate Orbiter 1998 1999 Mars
United States Mars Polar Lander 1999 1999 Mars
United States Deep Space 2 1999 1999 Mars
United States Stardust 1999 2006 interstellar dust, asteroid Annefrank and comet Wild 2
United States 2001 Mars Odyssey 2001 - Mars
United States WMAP 2001 2010 Cosmic background radiation
United States genesis 2001 2004 Solar wind
United States CONTOUR 2002 2002 Comets Encke , Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 and 6P / d'Arrest
United States Mars Exploration Rover A (Spirit) 2003 2011 Mars
United States Mars Exploration Rover B (Opportunity) 2003 2019 Mars
United States Spitzer space telescope 2003 2020 Infrared telescope
United States MESSENGER 2004 2015 Mercury
United States Deep impact 2005 2005 Comet Temple 1
United States Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 2005 - Mars
United States New Horizons 2006 - Pluto , (486958) Arrokoth , Kuiper Belt, Heliosphere
United States STEREO 2006 - Sun / earth and sun interaction
United States EPOXI 2007 2011 Comet 103P / Hartley 2
United States Phoenix 2007 2008 Mars
United States Dawn 2007 2018 Vesta and Ceres
United States Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter with LCROSS 2009 - Earth moon
United States Kepler 2009 2018 Astronomy ( exoplanets )
United States GRAIL 2011 2012 Earth moon
United States Mars Science Laboratory 2011 - Mars
United States Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer 2013 - Earth moon
United States Juno 2011 - Jupiter
United States MAVEN 2013 - Mars
United States OSIRIS-REx 2016 - Asteroid (101955) Bennu
United States InSight 2018 - Mars
United States Parker Solar Probe 2018 2025 Sun
United States DART 2021 - Double asteroid (65803) Didymos
United States Lucy (space probe) 2021 2027 Jupiter Trojan
United States Psyche (space probe) 2022 2026 Asteroid (16) psyche
United States Europe clipper 2025 Jupiter, especially Europe
United States Dragonfly 2026 Saturn moon Titan
ESA Giotto 1985 1992 Comets Halley and Grigg-Skjellerup
ESA Mars Express and Beagle 2 2003 - Mars
ESA SMART-1 2003 2006 Earth moon
ESA Rosetta 2004 2016 Comet 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko
ESA Venus Express 2005 2014 Venus
ESA Herschel space telescope 2009 2013 Infrared and sub-millimeter space telescope
ESA Planck space telescope 2009 2013 Microwave space telescope
ESA Gaia 2013 - astronomy
ESA BepiColombo 2018 - Mercury
ESA Hera 2023 - Double asteroid (65803) Didymos
ESA PLATO 2026 - Astronomy ( exoplanets )
ESA Solar orbiter 2020 - Sun
ESA / RU ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter and Schiaparelli 2016 - Mars
ESA / RU ExoMars Rover 2022 - Mars
ESA JUICE 2022 2033 Jupiter, specifically Ganymede
ESA Comet Interceptor 2028 - new comet or interstellar in the solar system
Japan Sakigake 1985 1995 Comet Halley
Japan Suisei 1985 1991 Comet Halley
Japan Hit 1990 1993 Earth moon
Japan Nozomi 1998 2003 Mars
Japan Hayabusa 2003 2010 Asteroid Itokawa
Japan Kaguya 2007 2009 Earth moon
Japan Akatsuki 2010 - Venus
Japan Hayabusa 2 2014 2020 Asteroid (162173) Ryugu
Japan DESTINY + 2022 - Asteroid (3200) Phaethon
Japan Martian Moons Exploration 2024 - Martian moons Phobos + Deimos
China Chang'e-1 2007 2009 Earth moon
China Chang'e-2 2010 - Earth Moon / Asteroid (4179) Toutatis
China Yinghuo-1 2011 2011 Mars
China Chang'e-3 2013 2016 Earth moon
China Chang'e 5-T1 2014 2014 Earth moon
China Chang'e-4 2018 - Back of the earth moon
China Tianwen-1 2020 - Mars
China KuaFu un-
true		 - Sun
India Chandrayaan-1 2008 2009 Earth moon
India Mars Orbiter Mission 2013 - Mars
India Chandrayaan-2 2019 - Earth moon
DFVLR + NASA Helios 1 1974 1986 Sun
DFVLR + NASA Helios 2 1976 1981 Sun
ESA + NASA Ulysses 1990 2008 Sun
ESA + NASA SOHO 1995 - Sun
ESA + NASA Cassini-Huygens 1997 2017 Saturn and Saturn's moon Titan
ESA + NASA James Webb Space Telescope 2021 - Infrared telescope

(*) End of the primary mission

See also

Web links