Juno (space probe)

Juno
	; Artist's impression of the spacecraft at Jupiter
NSSDC ID	2011-040A
Mission goal	Jupiter
operator	NASA
manufacturer	Lockheed Martin
Launcher	Atlas V (551) AV-029
construction
Takeoff mass	3625 kg
Course of the mission
Start date	August 5, 2011, 16:25 UTC
launch pad	Cape Canaveral , LC-41
End date	September 2025 (planned)

Juno (also Jupiter Polar Orbiter ) is a NASA space probe that explores the gas planet Jupiter from a polar orbit .

It was launched on August 5, 2011 and entered orbit around Jupiter on July 5, 2016. Juno is the second space probe in NASA's New Frontiers program after New Horizons and can therefore cost a maximum of 700 million US dollars. In contrast to earlier space probes for the planet Jupiter, Juno does not have a nuclear energy supply , but generates the required electricity through efficient and radiation-resistant solar cells . It can be used because the probe always has a clear view of the sun on its polar orbit. In addition, the probe is mostly located outside of Jupiter's strong radiation belt on this orbit .

The name of the probe comes from Greco-Roman mythology . The god Jupiter covered himself with a veil of clouds to hide his evil deeds, but his wife, the goddess Juno , could see through the clouds and see Jupiter's true form. In an older list of NASA abbreviations there is also the backronym " JU piter N ear-polar O rbiter".

mission

Research goals

Juno should dedicate himself to the following tasks:

Find out if Jupiter has a solid core.
Determination of the proportions of water , ammonia and methane in the atmosphere .
Observation of convection and creation of wind profiles in the atmosphere.
Determination of the origin of the Jupiter magnetic field .
Investigation of the polar magnetosphere .

Mission planning and orbit requirements

Juno is the first probe at this great distance from the sun that draws its energy only from solar cells. Therefore, a very complex scenario was chosen for orbiting the gas giant. Among other things, the following conditions had to be met:

Bypassing the strongest radiation belt , as the radiation would damage the probe.
Avoiding entering the shadow of Jupiter so that the solar cells can continuously supply energy.
Small distance to Jupiter at the closest approach ( periapsis ).

These goals are to be achieved through a highly elliptical polar orbit. Jupiter's aggressive radiation belts are roughly torus-shaped and surround the planet equatorially like an invisible swimming ring at a certain distance. The probe will fly between the planet and the radiation belt every time it orbits the planet, once in a north-south direction, close to Jupiter, and then pass through the radiation belt on the outside in a large arc in a south-north direction. The probe will never be in Jupiter's shadow during these orbits, which is crucial for a permanent energy supply using solar cells. In addition, the maximum energy requirement does not exist continuously, but only in a few hours' time window per orbit near Jupiter, in which measurements are carried out.

The primary mission of the probe was initially planned for about one and a half years and should encompass 37 orbits of Jupiter; it was later extended until 2021. A trip to the Galilean moons was not planned, as these are located in the strong radiation belts of Jupiter. There, the radiation could destroy the solar cells and the on-board electronics. In early 2021, NASA decided to attempt flybys of Ganymede (mid-2021), Europe (late 2022) and Io (2024) after completing the primary mission .

begin

The Atlas V 551 takes off with Juno from launch pad 41.

The probe was launched on August 5, 2011 at 16:25 UTC on board an Atlas V (551) from Cape Canaveral . The start was originally planned for June 2010 and then on August 7, 2011.

Flight route

Trajectory of Juno

During the almost 5-year flight to Jupiter, the probe circled the sun one and a half times and performed a close flyby of the earth in October 2013. She used the force of gravity with a swing-by maneuver to accelerate to Jupiter.

After launch, the probe was first placed on an orbit around the sun outside of Earth orbit. About a year later, in August and September 2012, there were two orbit correction maneuvers. The first took place on August 30, 2012. The Leros-1b engine was ignited for 29 min 39 s, changing the speed by 344 m / s and consuming 376 kg of fuel. On September 14, 2012, the engine was ignited again for 30 minutes, which changed the speed by 388 m / s when a further 376 kg of fuel were consumed. As a result, on October 9, 2013, the probe approached Earth up to 560 km, accelerated it by 3.9 km / s during the swing-by maneuver and set it on its way to Jupiter.

On February 3, 2016, the first of two planned path corrections to fine-tune the flight path was made. The engines consumed 0.6 kg of fuel and changed the speed by about 0.3 m / s. At that time, Juno was approximately 82 million kilometers from Jupiter.

Swing into Jupiter's orbit

Juno came from above left, the braking maneuver put the probe into capture orbit. The Jupiter radiation belt is drawn in brightly , which Juno largely avoids on the drawn spiral paths. The tracks 3, 18 and 33 are unrealized short-period circuits.

The probe approached Jupiter from the north, passed the pole, and entered its first orbit. Jupiter accelerated the probe to approx. 266,000 km / h (74 km / s) relative to Earth. This makes Juno the record for the fastest man-made object in history.

The Jupiter Orbit Insertion (JOI phase) took place from July 1st, 2016 to July 5th, 2016 and ended with the JOI Burn . This slowed the probe down by 542 m / s and changed its trajectory from a hyperbolic flyby to an elliptical orbit with an orbit duration of around 53.5 days.

On July 4, 2016, the probe reached its first perijovum (the closest to Jupiter in its orbit), Perijovum 0. This started orbit 0. On July 27, 2016, it reached its first apojovum (the greatest distance to Jupiter on its Orbit), the Apojovum 0. From this point orbit 1 began, which included the flight to Apojovum 1. The counting of perijovi, apojovi and orbits continues accordingly.

On July 5, 2016, the end of the JOI phase, the one-way communication time between the probe and Earth was 48.3 minutes.

In Jupiter orbit

Since the JOI phase, the probe has been in a larger elliptical orbit with a duration of 53.4 days. According to the original plan, the probe should fly two revolutions in this orbit. During the intervening perijovum (PJ1) on August 27, 2016, the instruments near Jupiter were activated for the first time. On October 19, 2016, an engine ignition should take place near Jupiter in order to bring the probe from the long-period capture orbits to short-period (bi-weekly) science orbits . With the more frequent fly-bys of Jupiter, more data could be obtained during the limited mission time.

Due to problems at two helium - check valves in connection with the main engine of the probe, which occurred a few days before the ignition, the ignition was initially postponed for further investigation. In February 2017, NASA announced that Juno would remain in its current orbit for the remainder of the mission's time, as firing the thrusters could result in an undesirably low orbit. Even with the current orbits with an orbital duration of 53.4 days, the closest approach to the cloud cover of Jupiter, as with the originally planned Science Orbits, is around 4100 km, and a large part of the original mission goal can be achieved. In addition, the outer area of the Jupiter magnetosphere and its outer boundary, the magnetopause, as well as its interaction with the solar wind can now be examined - a task that was not part of the original program of the Junomission. By June 2018, 12 Jupiter orbits had been completed, when NASA decided to extend the mission by three years to allow 32 low-altitude flybits as planned.

According to the original plan, the mission should end in July 2021 and the probe should then burn up in a controlled manner in Jupiter's atmosphere. In this way it should be prevented ( Planetary Protection ) that the non-sterile probe falls one day on one of Jupiter's large moons and contaminates it with terrestrial microorganisms . In early 2021, the mission was extended to September 2025, with the proviso that Juno remains operational for that time.

First measurements

In February 2017, the first results from Junos measuring instruments became known. They did not match what had previously been expected. Scientists, for example, used models to predict a rock core about the size of the earth, but the first measurement results could not confirm this.

“We don't see anything that looks like a core. There may be a core of heavy elements in there, but it might not be all concentrated in the middle. […] Maybe it's much larger? Maybe it's half the size of Jupiter? How could that be? "

“We don't see anything that looks like a core. It may be that there is a core of heavy elements, but it may not all be concentrated in the middle. […] Maybe it is much bigger? Maybe half the size of Jupiter? How can that be?"

- Scott Bolton, Chief Scientist, Juno Mission : Texas Public Radio

Other instruments deal with the magnetosphere, which, among other things, generates Jupiter's great polar lights . This layer turns out to be stronger than previously thought. Jupiter's atmosphere is observed with a specially developed microwave spectrometer, and its results also provide surprises. Movements within the atmosphere run differently, deeper than expected, and certain substances are not distributed as one had previously thought. Scientists are now beginning to see Jupiter with different eyes.

“The whole thing looks different than what anyone thought. I mean every way we have looked, we have been shocked by what what we've seen. "

“The whole thing looks different than anyone would have thought before. I mean, no matter how we looked at it, we were shocked by what we saw. "

- Scott Bolton, Chief Scientist, Juno Mission : Texas Public Radio

The forced extension of the mission by remaining in an extended orbit turns out to be quite positive for the surprising scientific situation. If the data does not meet expectations, the additional time until the next measurement campaign can be used to adapt the models and to consider alternative measurements.

Construction of the space probe Juno (as of 2009)

In June 2018, NASA announced that Juno had also gained new insights into how lightning strikes Jupiter. The existence of such mega-lightning bolts on Jupiter had been known since Voyager (1979). It was puzzling why no radio waves in the megahertz range as with lightning strikes on earth had been measured (only in the kilohertz range) and why the lightning strikes mainly occurred at the poles, also in contrast to earth. Juno now also demonstrated radio emissions from lightning strikes on Jupiter in the megahertz and gigahertz range. The reason for the different distribution of the lightning is assumed that the main driving forces for the weather on Jupiter, in contrast to Earth, are not the energy of the solar radiation, but the energy generated inside Jupiter itself. At the equator, however, there is also the influence of solar radiation, which helps stabilize the atmosphere, which is not the case at the poles. It is unclear, however, why most of the lightning bolts were observed at the North Pole and not at the South Pole.

technical description

The mission's logo shows the three-winged shape of the probe with its solar modules.

Juno's main body is a six-sided prism . Each side is about 2 m long. Four-fold collapsible solar modules with a length of 8.9 m are attached to three of the six sides. Two of these modules are completely covered with solar cells, the third only on three fields, the fourth field is a carrier for magnetometers . In all three solar modules, the innermost field covered with solar cells is approx. 2 m wide. The outer fields, which are covered with solar cells, are, at 2.65 m, wider than the innermost one and thus have a larger light-collecting surface, a total of over 60 m². This is necessary because the solar radiation at Jupiter is less than 4 percent of that of the earth. At the end of the mission, the solar modules still generate 435 watts of electrical power.

On the center of the main body of Juno is a parabolic antenna for X-band communication with the earth. This is covered with a sun protection film that is permeable to radio waves. The axis of rotation of Juno runs through the parabolic antenna, the space probe rotates 2 to 5 times per minute for spin stabilization . Juno's rotation circle has a diameter of more than 20 m with unfolded solar modules and the take-off weight is 3625 kg. A box made of titanium plates with a thickness of 10 millimeters and a total weight of around 200 kg serves as radiation protection for the on-board electronics .

Instruments

Juno was equipped with the following instruments:

Name of the instrument	Abbr.	description
Microwave radiometer	MWR	A microwave spectrometer for measuring the ammonia and water content in Jupiter's atmosphere. The instrument was built by JPL.
Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper	JIRAM	An instrument for the spectrometric investigation of the upper atmospheric layers in the range of 5 to 7 bar pressure (50 to 70 km depth) in the infrared range at wavelengths in the range of 2 to 5 μm.
Magnetometer	LIKE	A magnetometer for studying the magnetic field. The instrument was built by the Goddard Space Flight Center and JPL .
Gravity Science	GS	Irregularities in the mass distribution cause small variations in gravity during the flyby of the probe near the surface. By measuring the force of gravity through radio waves, the distribution of the mass inside Jupiter is to be explored.
Jovian Auroral Distribution Experiment	JADE	JADE studies Jupiter's polar lights by measuring low-energy charged particles such as electrons and ions along the planet's magnetic field lines. The instrument was built by the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI).
Jovian Energetic Particle Detector Instrument	JEDI	Like JADE, but for electrons and ions of high energy, with three identical sensors especially for the analysis of hydrogen, helium, oxygen and sulfur ions. The instrument was built by the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University .
Radio and Plasma Wave Sensor	Waves	An instrument used to measure plasma and radio waves in Jupiter's magnetosphere. It was built by the University of Iowa . It receives in the frequency range between 50 Hz and 41 MHz.
Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph	UVS	UVS takes pictures of the aurora in ultraviolet light and works together with JADE. The instrument was built by the Southwest Research Institute.
JunoCam	JCM	A particularly radiation-protected camera that is supposed to take pictures of Jupiter's cloud cover in visible light.

drive

Juno's primary drive for the deep-space maneuver and for turning into Jupiter orbit is a Leros-1b engine with a thrust of 645 N. The fuels are hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide . The attitude control system is monergol and uses hydrazine. It has 12 nozzles placed in four locations on the main body.

JunoCam

JunoCam photo of Jupiter with the Great Red Spot

JunoCam photo of the south pole region of Jupiter

JunoCam photo of Jupiter's moon Ganymede on June 7, 2021.

The JunoCam camera is said to provide a better image resolution of Jupiter's cloud cover than any previous image. It was built by Malin Space Science Systems and is based on the MARDI camera , which documented Curiosity's descent to the surface of Mars. The optical system was manufactured by Rockwell-Collins Optronics. The CCD sensor is the KAI-2020 type from Kodak .

The camera is firmly connected to the probe and rotates around the axis about every 30 seconds so that JunoCam can take a full 360 ° panorama image within these 30 seconds. The type of camera is called a pushframe camera; it is to be classified between an area scan camera and a line scan camera . This design was chosen to enable the camera electronics to compensate for the shaking caused by the rotation of the probe during long exposure times; however, it requires post-processing of the images. The camera has a horizontal opening angle of 58 ° at 1600 pixels, a focal length of approx. 11 mm and a f-number of approx. 3.2. The CCD has an active image height of 1200 pixels in total. A maximum of four fixed horizontal stripes (framelets), each 128 pixels high, are read out (readout regions). The readout regions are covered by permanently attached color filters . Depending on which of the four readout regions are read out, one-color, three-color (red, green, blue) or infrared images (“methane”, 889 nm) can be put together from up to around 82 individual images per panorama. The camera can optionally take lossless images and images with compression losses that require less storage space and bandwidth for transmission.

The fixed focal length lens has been optimized for recording the polar regions. The equatorial regions of Jupiter can be photographed in the perijovum with resolutions of up to 3 pixels per kilometer. The camera can also take pictures of moons close to Jupiter such as Io or Amalthea , but only with poorer resolution because of the distance.

It is expected that the camera will suffer radiation damage with each orbit, which can show up as hot pixels or in failure of the electronics, but the camera should last for at least the first seven orbits.

The public is involved both in the selection of the goals and in the evaluation of the images.

particularities

Image of the badge

In memory of the discoverer of the great moons of Jupiter, Juno wears an aluminum plaque with the portrait and a handwritten note by Galileo Galilei as well as three Lego figures made of aluminum , which represent Galileo, Jupiter and his wife Juno .

Amateur radio reception during swing-by

During swing-by on October 9, 2013, radio amateurs were asked to synchronously send Morse code to Juno, which should be received by the Waves instrument. The message should consist of the letters "H" and "I" in Morse code ("Hi" stands for "Hello"). It was transmitted extremely slowly, with each of the six Morse "points" lasting 30 seconds because this corresponded to the period of rotation of the probe. In this way, NASA scientists could determine whether there are any modulation effects due to the rotation. The message "HI" is thereby stretched to 10 minutes. The radio amateurs should, according to the last letter of their callsign, distribute themselves as evenly as possible to frequencies between 28,000 and 28,450 MHz in the 10-meter band in order to achieve a broadband signal. The Waves instrument could have received lower frequencies, but these transmitted signals would have been reflected by the ionosphere and would not have reached space from Earth. The action began at 18:00 UTC when Juno was over South America. The closest approach took place at 19:21 at an altitude of 559 km over South Africa, the action ended at 20:40 UTC when Juno was over Central Asia and receding from Earth. Thus the word "HI" was sent 16 times from Earth to Juno and received on board by the Waves instrument.

literature

Juno. In: Bernd Leitenberger: With space probes to the planetary spaces : New beginning until today 1993 to 2018 , Edition Raumfahrt Kompakt , Norderstedt 2018, ISBN 978-3-74606-544-1 , pp. 303-311

Scott Bolton: Close-up on Jupiter: The Juno spacecraft is changing how we see Earth's largest neighbor. (Cover story) In: American Scientist , March – April 2020, pp. 98–105

Web links

Commons : Juno (space probe) - collection of images, videos and audio files

NASA's Juno page (English)
Juno on the website of NASA's New Frontiers Program ( Memento from December 18, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
Juno at NASA's Science Missions Directorate ( Memento from February 21, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
Juno Mission Overview at JPL (English)
Juno page at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (English)
The Juno Mission to Jupiter ( Memento from May 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
PDFs about Juno in DSpace at JPL (English)
Juno is on his way to Jupiter (Raumfahrer.net, August 5, 2011)
Juno Launch Press Kit at JPL (English; PDF; 7.0 MB)
Juno mission design timeline trajectories extensive description of the mission
Record for solar-powered probe (astronews.com, January 19, 2016)
JunoCam - Technical data (English; PDF; 4.6 MB)

Individual evidence

↑ Juno Spacecraft Passes the Test . JPL, March 18, 2011.
↑ ^a ^b ^c NASA Extends Exploration for Two Planetary Science Missions . NASA press release dated January 8, 2021.
^ Juno Spacecraft and Instruments. In: NASA.gov. July 31, 2015, accessed July 3, 2016.
↑ NASA Administrator: NASA's Juno Spacecraft Launches to Jupiter. In: NASA.gov. August 5, 2011, accessed July 3, 2016 .
↑ Mission Acronyms & Definitions. List of NASA abbreviations, status 2008 (PDF).
^ Juno Spacecraft and Instruments. In: NASA.gov. July 31, 2015, accessed July 3, 2016.
↑ NASA Re-plans Juno's Jupiter Mission . NASA, June 18, 2018.
↑ NASA mission extension enables first flybys of Jupiter's moons in 20 years . Spaceflight Now, January 11, 2021.
^ Atlas Launch Report - Mission Status Center. In: SpaceflightNow.com. August 5, 2011, accessed July 3, 2016 .
↑ NASA's Jupiter-Bound Juno Changes its Orbit. In: NASA.gov. August 30, 2012, accessed July 3, 2016 .
↑ NASA's Juno Gives Starship-Like View of Earth Flyby. In: NASA.gov. December 9, 2013, accessed July 3, 2016 .
↑ NASA's Juno Spacecraft Burns for Jupiter. In: NASA.gov. February 3, 2016, accessed July 3, 2016 .
Jump up ↑ Fastest-Ever Spacecraft to Arrive at Jupiter Tonight. In: space.com. Retrieved July 7, 2016 .
↑ What's the Fastest Spacecraft Ever? In: livescience.com. Retrieved July 7, 2016 .
↑ NASA's Juno Spacecraft in Orbit Around Mighty Jupiter. In: NASA.gov. NASA / JPL, accessed July 7, 2016 .
↑ Stephen Clark: Live coverage: NASA's Juno spacecraft arrives at Jupiter. In: spaceflightnow.com. Retrieved July 7, 2016 .
↑ Mission Overview - Jupiter Orbit Insertion Press Kit. In: NASA.gov. NASA / JPL, accessed July 7, 2016 .
^ Juno Mission & Trajectory Design. In: spaceflight101.com. Retrieved July 3, 2016 .
↑ NASA's Juno Successfully Completes Jupiter Flyby. NASA , August 27, 2016, accessed October 18, 2016 .
↑ ^a ^b Stephn Clark: NASA approves three-year extension for Juno mission orbiting Jupiter. Spaceflight Now, June 8, 2018, accessed June 11, 2018 .
↑ ^a ^b Juno Spacecraft Is Rewriting What We Know About Jupiter. At: Texas Public Radio. February 27, 2017, accessed March 9, 2017.
↑ Juno Solves 39-Year Old Mystery of Jupiter Lightning , NASA, June 6, 2018
↑ ^a ^b Juno Mission to Jupiter. Juno Fact Sheet from 2009 (PDF; 159 kB).
↑ See picture.
↑ Juno. Spacecraft Overview. ( Memento of January 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive ).
↑ Juno. In: NASA.gov. NASA / JPL, archived from the original on May 31, 2010 ; Retrieved July 3, 2016 .
↑ FlugRevue: Radiation protection for Juno. September 2010, p. 81.
↑ ^a ^b Say “Hi” to Juno. In: NASA.gov. NASA / JPL, archived from the original on October 18, 2013 ; accessed on July 3, 2016 .
^ Spacecraft Information. At: spaceflight101.com. Comprehensive article for technical description.
↑ Juno Is On Final Approach To Jupiter. In: spaceref.com. Retrieved June 28, 2016 .
↑ CJ Hansen, MA Caplinger, A. Ingersoll, MA Ravine, E. Jensen, S. Bolton, G. Orton: Junocam: Juno's Outreach Camera . In: Space Science Reviews . 23 August 2014, ISSN 0038-6308 , p. 1-32 , doi : 10.1007 / s11214-014-0079-x .
↑ Jupiter probe Juno: The first photo from orbit. In: heise.de. Retrieved July 13, 2016 .
↑ Understanding Juno's Orbit: An Interview with NASA's Scott Bolton - Universe Today. In: universetoday.com. January 8, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2016 (American English).
↑ A website was set up for this purpose: JunoCam.
Jump up ↑ Juno Spacecraft to Carry Three Figurines to Jupiter Orbit. In: NASA.gov. March 8, 2011, accessed July 3, 2016.

[1] Juno Spacecraft Passes the Test . JPL, March 18, 2011.

[verlängerung-2] NASA Extends Exploration for Two Planetary Science Missions . NASA press release dated January 8, 2021.

[3] Juno Spacecraft and Instruments. In: NASA.gov. July 31, 2015, accessed July 3, 2016.

[4] NASA Administrator: NASA's Juno Spacecraft Launches to Jupiter. In: NASA.gov. August 5, 2011, accessed July 3, 2016 .

[5] Mission Acronyms & Definitions. List of NASA abbreviations, status 2008 (PDF).

[6] Juno Spacecraft and Instruments. In: NASA.gov. July 31, 2015, accessed July 3, 2016.

[7] NASA Re-plans Juno's Jupiter Mission . NASA, June 18, 2018.

[8] NASA mission extension enables first flybys of Jupiter's moons in 20 years . Spaceflight Now, January 11, 2021.

[9] Atlas Launch Report - Mission Status Center. In: SpaceflightNow.com. August 5, 2011, accessed July 3, 2016 .

[10] NASA's Jupiter-Bound Juno Changes its Orbit. In: NASA.gov. August 30, 2012, accessed July 3, 2016 .

[11] NASA's Juno Gives Starship-Like View of Earth Flyby. In: NASA.gov. December 9, 2013, accessed July 3, 2016 .

[12] NASA's Juno Spacecraft Burns for Jupiter. In: NASA.gov. February 3, 2016, accessed July 3, 2016 .

[13] Jump up ↑ Fastest-Ever Spacecraft to Arrive at Jupiter Tonight. In: space.com. Retrieved July 7, 2016 .

[14] What's the Fastest Spacecraft Ever? In: livescience.com. Retrieved July 7, 2016 .

[15] NASA's Juno Spacecraft in Orbit Around Mighty Jupiter. In: NASA.gov. NASA / JPL, accessed July 7, 2016 .

[16] Stephen Clark: Live coverage: NASA's Juno spacecraft arrives at Jupiter. In: spaceflightnow.com. Retrieved July 7, 2016 .

[17] Mission Overview - Jupiter Orbit Insertion Press Kit. In: NASA.gov. NASA / JPL, accessed July 7, 2016 .

[Juno_Mission_&_Trajectory_Design-18] Juno Mission & Trajectory Design. In: spaceflight101.com. Retrieved July 3, 2016 .

[19] NASA's Juno Successfully Completes Jupiter Flyby. NASA , August 27, 2016, accessed October 18, 2016 .

[sfn_180608-20] Stephn Clark: NASA approves three-year extension for Juno mission orbiting Jupiter. Spaceflight Now, June 8, 2018, accessed June 11, 2018 .

[TPR2017-02-21] Juno Spacecraft Is Rewriting What We Know About Jupiter. At: Texas Public Radio. February 27, 2017, accessed March 9, 2017.

[22] Juno Solves 39-Year Old Mystery of Jupiter Lightning , NASA, June 6, 2018

[JUNOFactSheet2009-23] Juno Mission to Jupiter. Juno Fact Sheet from 2009 (PDF; 159 kB).

[24] See picture.

[25] Juno. Spacecraft Overview. ( Memento of January 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive ).

[26] Juno. In: NASA.gov. NASA / JPL, archived from the original on May 31, 2010 ; Retrieved July 3, 2016 .

[27] FlugRevue: Radiation protection for Juno. September 2010, p. 81.

[hijuno-28] Say “Hi” to Juno. In: NASA.gov. NASA / JPL, archived from the original on October 18, 2013 ; accessed on July 3, 2016 .

[Juno_Spacecraft_Information-29] Spacecraft Information. At: spaceflight101.com. Comprehensive article for technical description.

[30] Juno Is On Final Approach To Jupiter. In: spaceref.com. Retrieved June 28, 2016 .

[31] CJ Hansen, MA Caplinger, A. Ingersoll, MA Ravine, E. Jensen, S. Bolton, G. Orton: Junocam: Juno's Outreach Camera . In: Space Science Reviews . 23 August 2014, ISSN 0038-6308 , p. 1-32 , doi : 10.1007 / s11214-014-0079-x .

[32] Jupiter probe Juno: The first photo from orbit. In: heise.de. Retrieved July 13, 2016 .

[33] Understanding Juno's Orbit: An Interview with NASA's Scott Bolton - Universe Today. In: universetoday.com. January 8, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2016 (American English).

[34] A website was set up for this purpose: JunoCam.

[35] Jump up ↑ Juno Spacecraft to Carry Three Figurines to Jupiter Orbit. In: NASA.gov. March 8, 2011, accessed July 3, 2016.