List of the ancient Egyptian kings (Josephus)
The list of the ancient Egyptian kings (also list of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs ) names the Egyptian kings ( pharaohs ). The copies do not contain any dynasty division. The division made in this article was made for organizational reasons.
Lore
The basis is the script Aegyptiaca created by Manetho (approx. 3rd century BC) . The information in this document was taken over by Flavius Josephus (approx. 37-100 AD) in his work on the originality of Judaism .
Josephus did not make a comprehensive chronological list that names all the ancient Egyptian kings, since he was primarily concerned with the evidence of the descent of the Israelites . Josephus equated them as “shepherd kings” with the Hyksos , although these mentions were certainly not present in the original Manethonic records.
The royal chronicle of Eusebius of Caesarea (A) was created in the 4th century AD based on the traditions of Jerome (347–420 AD). At the beginning of the 9th century AD Georgios Synkellos translated this Manethonic version.
The Armenian version (B) was created between the 6th and 8th centuries AD based on the traditions of Eusebius of Caesarea. At the beginning of the 9th century AD Georgios Synkellos translated this Manethonic version.
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Manetho Aegyptiaca (Three Books) |
Text changes by pro and anti-Jewish writers as well as by Jewish historians |
Flavius Josephus " Contra Apionem " (1st century AD) |
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Armenian version of Eusebius (sixth to eighth centuries AD) |
Eusebius of Caesarea Chronicae (fourth century AD) Narrated by Hieronymus |
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Tradition according to Eusebius (Chronicle) (A)
Hyksos
According to Eusebius tradition, the total length of government of the six Hyksos kings was 254 years.
| Greek name | Egyptian name | Reign | Commentary by Josephus |
|---|---|---|---|
| Salads | Salitis | 13 years | First king who Auaris founded |
| Beon | Beon | 44 years | Another after Salatis named Beon |
| Apachnas | Apachnas | 36 years and 7 months | After him (Beon) another named Apachnas |
| Apophis | Apopi I. | 61 years | And then Apophis |
| Janias | Chajan | 50 years and 1 month | |
| Assis | Chamudi | 49 years and 2 months | After all these (kings) Assis |
17th dynasty
No years of government are given for the 17th Dynasty .
| Greek name | Egyptian name | Reign | Commentary by Josephus |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alisfragmouthosis | Kamose | No information | Alisfragmouthosis, the king who steamed the Hyksos |
18th dynasty
The total length of reign of the 13 listed kings of the 18th dynasty was, according to Eusebius tradition, 241 years and eleven months.
| Greek name | Egyptian name | Reign | Commentary by Josephus |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thummosis | Ahmose I. | 25 years and 4 months | Son of Alisfragmouthosis |
| Chebron | Thutmose II. | 13 years | Son of Thummosis |
| Amenhotep | Amenhotep I. | 20 years and 7 months | After him then Amenhotep |
| Interest | Hatshepsut | 21 years and 9 months | Sister of Amenhotep |
| Mephres | Thutmose I. | 12 years and 9 months | Son of amesses |
| Mephramouthosis | Thutmose III. | 25 years and 10 months | Son of Mephres |
| Tethmosis | Thutmose IV. | 9 years and 8 months | Son of Mephramouthosis |
| Amenhotep | Amenhotep II | 30 years and 10 months | Son of Thmoses |
| Orus | Amenhotep III | 36 years and 5 months | Son of Amenhotep |
| Acencheres | Nefertiti | 12 years and 1 month | Daughter of Oros |
| Rhatotis | Akhenaten | 9 years | Brother of the Acencheres |
| Acencheres | Tutankhamun | 12 years and 5 months | Son of Rhatotis |
| Acencheres | Semenchkare | 12 years and 3 months | Then another acencheres |
19th dynasty
The total length of government for the 19th dynasty cannot be determined as only a few kings are named.
| Greek name | Egyptian name | Reign | Commentary by Josephus |
|---|---|---|---|
| Armais | Haremhab | 4 years and 1 month | After Acencheres came Armais |
| Ramesses | Ramses I. | 1 year and 4 months | He came to Armais |
| Armesses Miammoun | Ramses ii | 66 years and 2 months | After Ramesses came Armesses Miammoun |
| Amenhotep | Merenptah | 19 years and 6 months | After Armesses Miammoun came Amenhotep |
| Sethosis and Ramesses | ??? | no information | After him came Sethosis and Ramesses, two brothers, it is said on the one hand. Later on, Sethosis (his brother) killed Ramesses and appointed another person to be the viceroy of Egypt. But another story is told as well. |
Armenian version of Eusebius (B)
Hyksos
According to the Armenian Eusebius tradition, the total length of the reign of the six Hyksos kings was 260 years.
| Greek name | Egyptian name | Reign | Commentary by Josephus |
|---|---|---|---|
| Salitis | Salitis | 19 years | First king to rebuild Auaris |
| Beon | Beon | 44 years | Another named Beon |
| Apachnas | Apachnas | 36 years and 7 months | After him (Beon) another, Apachnas |
| Apophis | Apopi I. | 61 years | And then Apophis |
| Iannas | Chajan | 50 years and 1 month | |
| Assis | Chamudi | 49 years and 2 months | And finally, Assis |
18th dynasty
The total length of the reign of the 13 listed kings of the 18th dynasty was 241 years and eleven months according to the Armenian Eusebius tradition.
| Greek name | Egyptian name | Reign | Commentary by Josephus |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tethmoses | Ahmose I. | 25 years and 4 months | Tehtmoses, the king who drove out the Hyksos, ruled for 25 years and 4 months after their departure |
| Chebron | Thutmose II. | 13 years | Son of tethmoses |
| Amenhotep | Amenhotep I. | 20 years and 7 months | After him then Amenhotep |
| Interest | Hatshepsut | 21 years and 9 months | Sister of Amenhotep |
| Mephres | Thutmose I. | 12 years and 9 months | Son of amesses |
| Mephramouthosis | Thutmose III. | 25 years and 10 months | Son of Mephres |
| Thmoses | Thutmose IV. | 9 years and 8 months | Son of Mephramouthosis |
| Amenhotep | Amenhotep II | 30 years and 10 months | Son of Thmoses |
| Oros | Amenhotep III | 36 years and 5 months | Son of Amenhotep |
| Akencheres | Nefertiti | 12 years and 1 month | Daughter of Oros |
| Rhatotis | Akhenaten | 9 years | Brother of the Akencheres |
| Akencheres I. | Tutankhamun | 12 years and 5 months | Son of Rhatotis |
| Akencheres II. | Semenchkare | 12 years and 3 months | Son of Akencheres I. |
19th dynasty
The total length of government for the 19th dynasty cannot be determined as only a few kings are named.
| Greek name | Egyptian name | Reign | Commentary by Josephus |
|---|---|---|---|
| Harmais | Haremhab | 4 years and 1 month | Son of Akencheres II. |
| Rhamesses | Ramses I. | 1 year and 4 months | Son of Harmais |
| Rhamesses Miamoun | Ramses ii | 66 years and 2 months | Son of the Rhamesses |
| Amenhotep | Merenptah | 19 years and 6 months | Son of Rhamesses Miamoun |
| Sethos | ??? | (at least 60 years) | Son of Amenhotep, also called Rhamesses, brother of Harmais. This king appointed Harmais viceroy and sent him on an expedition to Cyprus and Phenicia , later against the Assyrians and Medes . He also boldly subjugated the cities and countries of the East. After a long period of his stay abroad, he acted against his brother's instructions and revolted against him. Seti rushed to Pelusium to take back his land, which was named after him. And so it is said that Sethos was also called Aegyptus and his brother Harmais was called Danaos. |
Reviews of Josephus on Manetho's chronology
In his work “ Contra Apionem ”, Josephus finally assessed Manetho's statements in the first book to the effect that the Hyksos could explicitly only be the “ Jewish shepherd kings ”:
“This is Manetho's report. Obviously, if one calculates the time from the dates mentioned, that the so-called shepherds, our ancestors, after they had left Egypt, settled this our land 393 years earlier than Danaos arrived in Argos ... Two things So, two very important ones, Manetho testified to us from ancient Egyptian literature: First, that we immigrated to Egypt from elsewhere and, second, that the departure probably preceded the events of Troy by almost 1,000 years. With regard to what Manetho did not add from the Egyptian literature, but - as he himself admits - from the abandoned myths, I will later provide counter- evidence by showing in detail the unbelievability of his fables . "
The term "shepherd kings" is unknown in the ancient Egyptian language. The Greek name “Hyksos” is derived from the ancient Egyptian title “Heqa-chaset / Heqa-chasut”, which means “ruler of foreign lands”. Later in the second book of "Contra Apionem" Josephus speaks again about the exodus from Egypt and transfers his conclusions to Manetho:
“Manetho says that the Jewish withdrawal under the reign of Tetmose took place 393 years before Danaos fled to Argos. But Lysimachus said under Bokchoris (719–714 BC), that is, 1,700 years ago; But Molon and certain other persons, as they pleased. But the most reliable of all, Apion , fixed the Exodus precisely for the seventh Olympiad , namely the first year (752 BC) in which, according to him, the Phoenicians founded Carthage . "
See also
literature
- Eusebius : works. Volume 5: The Chronicle (= The Greek Christian writers of the first three centuries. Vol. 20). Translated from Armenian with text-critical commentary. Published by Josef Karst. Hinrichs, Leipzig 1911.
- Flavius Josephus : About the originality of Judaism (Contra Apionem) (= writings of the Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum . Vol. 6). Published by Folker Siegert. 2 volumes. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-54206-4 .
- Dagmar Labow: Flavius Josephus "Contra Apionem", Book I. Introduction, text, text-critical apparatus, translation and commentary (= contributions to the science of the Old and New Testament. Vol. 167 = Volume 9, No. 7). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-17-018791-0 (also: ainz, Univ., Diss., 2004).
- Georgius Syncellus : Ecloga chronographica (= Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana ). Edited by Alden A. Mosshammer. Teubner, Leipzig 1984.
- Gerald P. Verbrugghe, John M. Wickersham: Berossos and Manetho, introduced and translated. Native traditions in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor MI 2000, ISBN 0-472-08687-1 .
- William Gillian Waddell: Manetho (= The Loeb classical library. Vol. 350). Heinemann et al., London 1940 (Reprinted edition. Harvard University. Press et al., Cambridge MA 2004, ISBN 0-674-99385-3 ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ The total reign of the previous kings since the departure of the Hyksos is 333 years. According to Manetho's report, Josephus calculates 393 years.
- ↑ a b Gerald P. Verbrugghe, John M. Wickersham: Berossos and Manetho. 2000, pp. 159-160; William Gillian Waddell: Manetho. 1940 = 2004, pp. 106-107.
- ↑ Gerald P. Verbrugghe, John M. Wickersham: Berossos and Manetho. 2000, p. 160.