Kamose

Name of Kamose
Horus name	Chai-her-nesetef Ḫˁj-ḥr-nst = f Who has appeared on his throne Nefer-hab-taui Nfr-ẖ3b-t3wj The perfect one who bends the two lands Sedjefa-taui Sḏf3-t3wj Who supplies the two countries
Sideline	Wehem-menu Wḥm-mnw Who increases the fortresses
Gold name	Seheru-taui Shrw-t3wj Who satisfies the two countries
Throne name	Wadj-cheper-Re W3ḏ-ḫpr-Rˁ With a thriving form, a Re
Proper name	Kamesiu (qen) (Ka mesiu [qen]) K3 msjw (qn) The bull is born
Greek	ΆλισΦραγμοὑθὠσις (Alisfragmouthosis)

Kamose ( ancient Egyptian Kamesiu ) was the last ancient Egyptian king ( pharaoh ) of the 17th Dynasty ( Second Intermediate Period ) and ruled from around 1554 to 1550 BC (After Franke from 1545 to 1539 BC).

family

His parents were probably Senachtenre and Tetisheri . He was probably married to Ahhotep II . In Egyptology , the not yet completely ruled out possibility is still being discussed that Kamose could also be a son of Seqenenre . He would be either the uncle or the older brother of Ahmose I.

Because of the name Ahmose Satkamose ( Ahmose, daughter of Kamose ) would be considered as the only daughter , an exact family relationship has not been proven. In the resulting direct traditions of the of Flavius Josephus written work about the originality of Judaism and the Chronicle of Eusebius of Caesarea Kamose is considered the father of Ahmose I called.

Regency

Term of office

Although the Egyptologists put his rule for five or six years, only his third year of reign is documented. An inscription on the stele by Emhab, a drummer from the Kamose army, shows that these three years of reign were all militarily marked:

“I am one who followed his master on his campaigns, who showed no weakness towards the orders he gave. Then I arranged that all mighty ones were bowed in (my) hands. ... I spent every day beating the drum for three years. I followed my Lord in all his affairs. "

- Emhab's stele inscription

Domain

Kamose's dominion stretched from Elephantine in the south to roughly Tepihu in the north. The Hyksos king Apopi I ruled in the core area up to Memphis , with further assured trade contacts up to Qus . Nubia formed its own kingdom set up pro-Hyksos. As can be seen from the Kamose steles, Hyksos and Thebans appeared to have lived in peaceful coexistence up to this time. There was a so-called modus vivendi : the Thebans had grazing rights in the Nile Delta , received grain deliveries as pig feed and in return gave the Hyksos access to Upper Egyptian quarries . Agriculture and trade flourished.

Campaigns against the Hyksos

Inscriptions

Second stele of Kamose ( Luxor Museum )

Kamose continued the fight against the Hyksos after the death of his predecessor Seqenenre . Two steles and a writing table tell of the Kamose campaigns against the Hyksos . The beginning of the first stele has been known as a copy since 1908, found in the rubble of Dra Abu el-Naga (Carnarvon tablet). In 1932 and 1935, two fragments of stelae were found in the third pylon of the Karnak Temple , which belong in the upper right half of the destroyed limestone stele. The second stele was recovered undamaged in 1954. It served as the foundation of a Ramses II statue in Karnak and originally came from the 12th dynasty . Inscriptions and depictions of Sesostris I can still be seen on one side .

According to the inscriptions, Kamose conquered the fortress Neferusi at Hermopolis , Perschak , Perdjetgen and Initentchenet as well as the Baharija oasis in his third year of reign , and stood with his troops in front of Auaris , the Hyksos capital, which he attacked only in the outskirts and then besieged. He intercepted a cry for help from Apopi to the Nubian prince. At the time of the Nile flood , Kamose returned to Thebes to proclaim his successful campaign on steles across the country .

Tradition according to Flavius ​​Josephus

The following statements are known about Kamose as king who subdued the Hyksos from the traditions of the work On the Originality of Judaism :

" ⁸⁶  During the reign of a king named Alisfragmouthosis ... the shepherds (Hyksos) were finally locked up after a defeat ... Auaris is the name of this place ... ⁸⁸  The son of Alisfragmouthosis, Thummosis (Ahmose I.) ... has concluded an agreement that they (Hyksos) leave Egypt. "

- Traditions of Flavius ​​Josephus

After death

Mummy and coffin

Kamose's coffin, Luxor

Nothing specific is known about Kamose's death. Auguste Mariette and Heinrich Brugsch found an unknown coffin in 1857 at the northern end and in the plain of Dra Abu el-Naga. It contained a mummy that had crumbled to dust, some lost amulets, a scarab, a bronze mirror, one of the two “bracelets” with the name of Ahmose, a dagger with a gold handle and two lions in gold. It was only through George Daressy that this coffin could be correctly identified and attributed to Kamose. It is not a royal coffin, but a later created private Rishi-type coffin , which was hastily converted into a royal coffin . The contained mummy was apparently insufficiently mummified.

The special thing about the coffin is that it was the only ruler's funeral from the end of the 17th to the middle of the 18th dynasty whose mummy was not transferred to the cachette of Deir el-Bahari . The exact position of the place where the coffin was found and the details of the find are not recorded any further. All we know is that it was found near the coffin of Ahhotep I or II , a little down the hill, a few dozen meters east of TT155 (tomb of Intef).

Nothing is known about the tomb of Kamose, except that it was located in Dra Abu el-Naga at the end of the 20th dynasty and appeared to have been intact ( protocol of the Tomb Robber Commission ). Daniel Polz suspects that the pyramid tomb K94.1 was originally intended for Kamose, as it is only 250 m away from the presumed coffin site. In addition, it appears to be just as unfinished as the burial undertaken and the coffin found.

Succession

Ahmose succeeded him. He managed through further sieges to drive the Hyksos out of Egypt without a fight and to reunite the empire. Therefore, Ahmose is considered to be the first ruler of the New Kingdom and founder of the 18th Dynasty .

See also

• Ahmosides

literature

• Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Egyptian Pharaohs, Volume I: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty (3300-1069 BC). Bannerstone Press, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9 , pp. 162-165.
• C. Blankenberg-van Delden: Kamosis. In: Göttinger Miszellen (GM) 60 , Göttingen 1982, pp. 7-8.
• Alfred Grimm, Sylvia Schoske: In the sign of the moon. Egypt at the beginning of the New Kingdom (=  writings from the Egyptian collection . Volume 7 ). State Collection of Egyptian Art, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-87490-691-4 .
• Gabriele Höber-Kamel: From the Hyksos to the New Kingdom . In: Kemet, issue 2 . 2003, ISSN  0943-5972
• Ursula Kaplony-Heckel : The war campaign of the Ka-mose against the Hyksos . In: Otto Kaiser : Texts from the environment of the Old Testament (TUAT); Vol. 1, Delivery 6; Historical-chronological texts III. Mohn, Gütersloh 1985, ISBN 3-579-00065-9 , pp. 525-534.
• Daniel Polz : The beginning of the New Kingdom: On the prehistory of a turning point. de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, ISBN 3-11-019347-7 .
• Thomas Schneider : Lexicon of the Pharaohs. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3 , pp. 143-144.
• Thomas Schneider: The Relative Chronology of the Middle Kingdom and the Hyksos Period (Dyns. 12-17) . In: Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, David A. Warburton (eds.): Ancient Egyptian Chronology . (=  Handbook of Oriental studies. Section One. The Near and Middle East . Volume 83) . Brill, Leiden / Boston 2006, ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5 , pp. 168–196 ( online [accessed October 24, 2014]).
• Lothar Störk: "He is a god, while I am a ruler." The contestation of Hyksosusceranity under Kamose. In: Göttinger Miszellen 43 , Göttingen 1981, pp. 63-66.

Remarks

1. ^ ^{A b} Claude Vandersleyen: L'Egypte et la vallée du Nil. Tome 2: De la fin de l'Ancien Empire à la fin du Nouvel Empire. Paris 1995, p. 195
2. ^ Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing : A Theban grave find from the beginning of the New Kingdom. Table 4 (8)
3. ^ Rainer Hannig: Large Concise Dictionary Ägyptisch-Deutsch (2006 edition) . P. 1301.
4. ↑ As a metaphor for rulers . Also establishes the relationship to the moon and sun, the two bulls of the sky . In: Hans Bonnet : Lexicon of the Egyptian religious history. 3rd, unchanged edition, Nikol, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-937872-08-6 , p. 752.
5. ↑ With the other surnames The Strong Ruler , The Elder Ruler and The Ruler of the South . Reference to Hyksos ( rulers of foreign countries ).
6. ^ Name form in the Eusebius Chronicle: Book 1, line 86, Flavius ​​Josephus: About the originality of Judaism.
7. ↑ ^{a b} manuscripts Laurentianus, Eliensis and Schleusingensis and in Vatican excerpt M .
8. ↑ ^{a b c} In the indirect tradition Praeparatio evangelica a misfragmouthosis (ΜισΦραγμοὑθὠσις) is listed instead of the kamose.
9. ↑ Folker Siegert: Flavius ​​Josephus: About the originality of Judaism (Contra Apionem). Vol. 1: First collation of the entire tradition (Greek, Latin, Armenian), literary critical analysis and German translation (= writings of the Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum 6, 1 ). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-54206-4 , p. 112.
10. ↑ Alfred Grimm, Sylvia Schoske: In the sign of the moon. P. 65.
11. ↑ Gabriele Höber-Kamel: From the Hyksos to the New Kingdom. In: Kemet, issue 2 . 2003, ISSN  0943-5972 , p. 9.
12. ↑ More precisely, the coffin of Luigi Vassalli was found during an excavation of Mariette.
13. ^ Herbert E. Winlock: The Tombs of the Kings of the Seventeenth Dynasty at Thebes. In: Journal of Egyptian Archeology 10, pp. 259-263.
14. ↑ HW Müller , King Ahmose's 'Armreif' and the archer's wrist protection in ancient Egypt and the Middle East , SDAIK 25, pp. 1–5
15. ^ Heinrich Brugsch, in: Monthly reports of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin from 1858 , p. 70
16. ↑ Georges Daressy, in: Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte 9, pp. 61–63
17. ↑ G. Daressy, in: ASAE 12 , pp. 64-68
18. ↑ Material: sycamore wood, Kairo Temp. 14.12.27.12, dimensions 2.02 m x 0.53 m x 0.56 m
19. ↑ A royal beard was added, some inscriptions on the coffin lid and base were incorrect, the name of the king was without a cartridge ring
20. ↑ Daniel Polz: The beginning of the New Kingdom. P. 169
21. ↑ Daniel Polz: The beginning of the New Kingdom. P. 172

predecessor	Office	successor
Seqenenre	Pharaoh of Egypt 17th Dynasty (late)	Ahmose I.